Las Iglesias Rupestres De Tigrai (Etiopía)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Las Iglesias Rupestres De Tigrai (Etiopía) PATRIMONIO REMOTO 1 LAS IGLESIAS RUPESTRES DE TIGRAI (ETIOPÍA) Las agrestres montañas de la región de Tigrai, al norte de Etiopía, albergan un asombroso y ampliamente desconocido conjunto de más de 150 iglesias rupestres excavadas a lo largo de al menos quince siglos Texto: Francisco Zamora Fotografías: Lina Jiménez 40 revista internacional del patrimonio histórico 040-053_PATREMOTO.indd 40 21/3/09 13:30:54 2 41 040-053_PATREMOTO.indd 41 21/3/09 13:31:01 PATRIMONIO REMOTO Las Iglesias Rupestres de Tigrai 3 1. Iglesia de Abreha- n un país de personalidad cultural e con el régimen comunista, y también de discurre por sus polvorientos caminos per- wa-Atsbeha: la histórica tan acendrada como Etiopía, esta región es el actual Jefe del Estado etíope. cibe prontamente una intensa sensación de Santísima Trinidad y E querubines de estilo la región de Tigrai ha tenido un papel des- En resumen, se puede afirmar que Tigrai aislamiento y soledad. gondarino. tacado en la conformación de dicha iden- constituye el núcleo duro de la identidad Los rincones más escondidos y remotos tidad. Los restos de la primera civilización histórica y cultural de Etiopía. de estas montañas albergan un extraordina- 2. Oficios en Abreha- etíope (datada hace más de 2800 años) La región de Tigrai es la más norteña de rio patrimonio cultural constituido por más wa-Atsbeha. Se 2 aprecian restos de se han hallado en la ciudad tigriña de Ye- Etiopía. Tiene alrededor de 80.000 km y la de 150 iglesias horadadas en la roja arenisca fuego en los techos. ha, y cerca de allí se encuentra Axum, cuna pueblan unos 3.5 millones de habitantes. de los acantilados o en promontorios roco- histórica de Etiopía y origen de la famosa Su característico relieve a base de macizos sos, muchas de ellas con impresionantes pin- 3. Paisaje civilización axumita. Su rey Ezana, dirigió montañosos de cumbres planas, llamados turas murales, que han sido valoradas como característico de Tigray. en el siglo IV la conversión del país al cris- “ambas”, que descienden a las onduladas “el patrimonio histórico-cultural más im- tianismo, históricamente la más antigua llanuras mediante abruptos acantilados portante del pueblo etíope”2. La mayor parte 4. Nartex de la después de la de Armenia. En Adua, locali- de arenisca roja, y la abundancia de altos de estas iglesias continúa abierta al culto, y Iglesia de Debre dad próxima a Axum, tuvo lugar en 1896 pitones aislados en forma de pináculo, todas ellas están impregnadas de un aura de Tsión. Obsérvese el deterioro de los una célebre victoria etíope sobre las tropas confieren al paisaje un aspecto épico que espiritualidad y misterio que parece brotar frescos. italianas invasoras. Esta batalla, en la que recuerda intensamente al de los parajes que de la roca misma en la que están excavadas. por primera vez un gran ejército moderno John Ford hizo famosos en su mítica pelí- Es en estos remotos monumentos de Tigrai fue vencido por fuerzas indígenas, hizo cula “La diligencia”. La escasa población, donde se puede presenciar, mejor que en de Etiopía el único país de África que, sal- que arranca con gran esfuerzo una misera- ningún otro lugar, la naturaleza radicalmente vando la breve invasión italiana de 1935 a ble subsistencia a la tierra reseca mediante diferente del cristianismo etíope. Durante la 1942, no ha tenido un pasado colonial. En una agricultura primitiva, posee un fiero misa, o en las festividades religiosas, estos Tigrai se inició el movimiento que acabó espíritu de independencia. El viajero que extraños santuarios rocosos albergan escenas que parecen salidas del Antiguo Testamento. Los fieles, envueltos en sus blancas shamas o togas, oran, entonan cánticos y se postran delante del altar, mientras en el exterior fa- milias completas comparten rústicas tortas de injera, el ubicuo alimento básico en toda Etiopía. Esta asombrosa colección de iglesias, construidas a lo largo de al menos quince siglos, ha permanecido hasta hace pocos años ignorada para el resto del mundo, a lo que sin duda ha contribuido la in- accesibilidad de los lugares en los que la mayoría de ellas fueron excavadas. Du- 42 revista internacional del patrimonio histórico 040-053_PATREMOTO.indd 42 21/3/09 13:31:12 43 4 040-053_PATREMOTO.indd 43 21/3/09 13:31:17 PATRIMONIO REMOTO Las Iglesias Rupestres de Tigrai rante el siglo XIX la región fue cruzada en diversas ocasiones por unos pocos viajeros occidentales (Henry Salt, Nathaniel Pierce, F. H. Smith y algún otro) sin que ninguno de ellos se apercibiera de que a poca dis- tancia de su ruta se encontraba uno u otro ejemplar de este tesoro artístico. En 1868, una expedición militar británica dirigida contra el emperador Tewodros pasó por la aldea tigriña de Wukro, en cuyas cerca- nías algunos oficiales vieron asombrados una iglesia excavada en un macizo rocoso que estaba decorada con extraordinarias pinturas murales (con toda probabilidad se trataba de la hoy conocida como iglesia de Chirkos). Durante decenios, este fue el único contacto del mundo exterior con este rico patrimonio. En la primera mitad del si- glo XX alguna iglesia más fue “descubierta” para los ojos occidentales, pero cuando en 1963 Roger Sauter publicó una lista hasta entonces exhaustiva de iglesias etíopes ex- cavadas en la roca, eran solo nueve las que situaba en la región de Tigrai3. Esta ignorancia explica la sacudida que sufrió el mundo académico especializado cuando, con motivo de un congreso de estudios etíopes celebrado en Addis Abeba en 1966, el sacerdote etíope abba4 Tewelde Medhin Josief anunció la existencia en Tigrai de más de 120 iglesias excavadas en la roca, la mayoría de ellas aun en uso activo5. Tan sorprendente revelación des- encadenó el interés académico por estos monumentos y, a partir de los estudios de Buxton, Pearce y Plant (que fueron publi- cados fundamentalmente en Archaeolo- gia y en el Ethiopian Observer en 1971 y 1973) las iglesias excavadas en la roca de Tigrai empezaron a ser popularizadas entre el público especializado y algunos “amateurs”. Para entonces, el inventario de iglesias había aumentado a 153 ejem- plares, sin contar algunas otras conocidas sólo de oído. La revolución de 1974, que depuso al último “Negus” y dio paso al régimen comunista del Derg, supuso un abrupto alto a la investigación en esta región, pa- réntesis que no se cerró hasta la caída del régimen en 1991. A partir de esta fecha, comenzaron a reactivarse los proyectos de investigación y el interés por la conser- vación de este patrimonio. Los investiga- dores franceses Claude Lepage y Jacques 5 Mercier (que ya habían trabajado sobre 44 revista internacional del patrimonio histórico 040-053_PATREMOTO.indd 44 21/3/09 13:31:21 6 7 4) Estilo de Basílica Tigriña Primitiva (si- Todos estos monumentos están impregnados glos XIII y XIV) 5) Estilo de Basílica Tigriña Tardía (siglos de un intenso aura de espiritualidad y misterio XIV y XV) Por su parte, Claude Lepage y Jacques las iglesias de Tigrai de 1971 a 1975) lle- Mercier, en su ya citada y mucho más mo- varon a cabo en 1997 y 1998 un riguroso derna monografía (vid. nota 6), y con base trabajo de campo de muchas de las iglesias en una investigación histórica comparada, y su estado de conservación, que dio lugar han clasificado estos monumentos en tres a la publicación en 2005 de una excelente amplios períodos: monografía6. Por su parte, la historiadora -Primer período. Iglesias post-axu- del arte española Maria José Friedlander mitas (siglos VII al XI). A este período (nacida Junquera) ha realizado durante pertenecerían iglesias como Abreha- varios años, a partir de 1998, un detallado wa-Atsbeha, Mikael-Amba, Weqro y trabajo descriptivo de estas iglesias y de Debra-Selam, entre otras. sus pinturas, que ha visto la luz en 2007, -Segundo período: Renacimiento mo- por el momento sólo en inglés7. nástico (siglos XI-XV). Iglesias importantes El problema de la datación de las igle- dentro de este grupo serían las de Debre sias rupestres de Tigrai es un tema abierto Tsion, Daniel Qorqor y Abuna Yemata Guh. a la conjetura. Por una parte, cada una ellas -Tercer período: de los monjes a los tiene su propia tradición oral relativa a la príncipes (siglos XVII-XIX). Destacarían época de su excavación, pero muchas de 8 entre las de este período las iglesias de Maa- estas tradiciones son incongruentes o con- qudi, Ara-Ero, Mellehayzengi y Tchelleqot. tradictorias, cuando no abiertamente dis- El estado de conservación de estas igle- paratadas. Por otra, se sospecha que muchas nos investigadores han avanzado intentos sias y de las pinturas que albergan es, en su iglesias pueden haber sufrido ampliaciones de colocar estos monumentos dentro de inmensa mayoría, deplorable, como puede 5. La iglesia o haber sido repintadas una o más veces a lo una estructura temporal coherente, aunque deducirse de los siglos transcurridos desde monástica de Debre largo de su historia. La datación de las pin- expresando que la cronología resultante es su construcción, las inclemencias atmosfé- Tsión. turas, por su parte, ofrece en muchos casos provisional y ha de tomarse con todas las ricas, los asaltos, incendios y expoliaciones 6. Debre Tsion: 8 datos inconsistentes con la de la excavación precauciones. Así, David Buxton divide las que han sufrido y la hasta hace poco nula deambulatorio y de la iglesia en la que se hallan, ya que la iglesias en cinco estilos cronológicos: conservación. Claude Mercier, con moti- entrada al Oratorio mayoría han sido pintadas muy posterior- 1) El tipo de Basílica Etíope Arcaica, en- vo de las visitas realizadas en 1972/75 y de Abraham. mente. Se piensa, incluso, que algunas de las tre los siglos X y XI.
Recommended publications
  • Wolqait Tegede RB Edited Version
    1 Forceful Annexation, Violation of Human Rights and Silent genocide: A Quest for Identity and Geographic Restoration of Wolkait-Tegede, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia By: Achamyeleh Tamiru 1. Introduction Ethiopian history has been studied and written by both foreign and local scholars for many centuries. Some of the writers were purely scholars while others were travelers documenting their trip experiences. These writers have extensively defined the boundaries of the many administrations, languages, cultures, traditions, faiths and other characteristics of Ethiopia. These factual documentations were especially true of Northern Ethiopia. It's also essential to note that these historical documentations were done in several European languages as well as Amharic and Geez. One of the many areas described by writers ever since the 14th century is the area surrounding the Tekeze River and the people of Ethiopia on both sides of the 4th largest river in Ethiopia. One of the notable regions and the interest of this article is the locality and the people of Wolkait-Tegede in historical Gondar, Ethiopia. Historical documents and maps dated from about 1434 to 1991 show that Wolkait-Tegede were pars of the Gondar province of Amhara. Despite the availability of a mountain of evidence to support this fact however, the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) has annexed the Wolkait-Tegede region into historical Tigray region in 1991. In fact during its bush days, it was in 1979 when TPLF entered Wolkait-Tegede and declared the land as part of its newly coming “Greater Republic of Tigray”. In other words, to bring it to today's Ethiopian reality, a region in Amhara Federal State is transferred to Tigray Federal State by force.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of World Civilization. 3 Cyclus (1450-2070) New Time ("New Antiquity"), Capitalism ("New Slaveownership"), Upper Mental (Causal) Plan
    The history of world civilization. 3 cyclus (1450-2070) New time ("new antiquity"), capitalism ("new slaveownership"), upper mental (causal) plan. 19. 1450-1700 -"neoarchaics". 20. 1700-1790 -"neoclassics". 21. 1790-1830 -"romanticism". 22. 1830-1870 – «liberalism». Modern time (lower intuitive plan) 23. 1870-1910 – «imperialism». 24. 1910-1950 – «militarism». 25.1950-1990 – «social-imperialism». 26.1990-2030 – «neoliberalism». 27. 2030-2070 – «neoromanticism». New history. We understand the new history generally in the same way as the representatives of Marxist history. It is a history of establishment of new social-economic formation – capitalism, which, in difference to the previous formations, uses the economic impelling and the big machine production. The most important classes are bourgeoisie and hired workers, in the last time the number of the employees in the sphere of service increases. The peasants decrease in number, the movement of peasants into towns takes place; the remaining peasants become the independent farmers, who are involved into the ware and money economy. In the political sphere it is an epoch of establishment of the republican system, which is profitable first of all for the bourgeoisie, with the time the political rights and liberties are extended for all the population. In the spiritual plan it is an epoch of the upper mental, or causal (later lower intuitive) plan, the humans discover the laws of development of the world and man, the traditional explanations of religion already do not suffice. The time of the swift development of technique (Satan was loosed out of his prison, according to Revelation 20.7), which causes finally the global ecological problems.
    [Show full text]
  • CONFLITOS, ATORES, AGENDAS E AMEAÇAS
    SÉRIE AFRICANA CONFLITOS, ATORES, AGENDAS e AMEAÇAS © Nilton César Fernandes Cardoso 1ª edição: 2020 Direitos reservados desta edição: CEBRAFRICA – UFRGS [email protected] | ufrgs.br/cebrafrica Revisão: Paulo Fagundes Visentini Projeto Gráfico: Walter Diehl e João Corrêa Capa: Walter Diehl Diagramação: Walter Diehl e Luana Margarete Geiger Impressão: Gráfica UFRGS Apoio: Reitoria UFRGS e Editora UFRGS Série Africana Conselho editorial: Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira (UFRGS) - coordenadora do CEBRAFRICA Paulo Fagundes Visentini (UFRGS) - coordenador do NERINT José Carlos dos Anjos (UFRGS - UniCV) Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro (UFRGS) Marco Cepik (UFRGS) Alfa Diallo (UFDG) Pio Penna Filho (UnB) Mamoudou Gazibo (Univ. de Montréal - Canada) Gladys Lechini (U.N. Rosário - Argentina) Gerhard Seibert (UFBA) Hilário Cau (ISRI - Maputo, Moçambique) Loft Kaabi (ITES - Cartago, Tunísia) Chris Landsberg (Univ. de Joanesburgo - África do Sul) [T]he peace of Africa is to be assured by the exertions of Africans themselves. The idea of a “Pax Africana” is the specifically military aspect of the principle of continental jurisdiction. ALI A. MAZRUI SUMÁRIO PREFÁCIO 11 INTRODUÇÃO 15 [ 1 ] ÁFRICA NO SISTEMA INTERNACIONAL: ESTRUTURA, AGÊNCIA E ‘DEPENDÊNCIA’ 23 1.1 Estabelecimento do Sistema de Relações Interafricanas (1946–1970) 26 1.2 Reordenamento, Crises e Tensões (1970–1990) 39 1.3 Vazio Estratégico, Marginalização e Crise dos Estados (1991–2000) 47 1.4 Renascimento e Reafirmação da África (2000–2017) 55 [ 2 ] CONSTRUÇÃO DE ESTADO E FORMAÇÃO DO CHIFRE DA
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template
    REPRESENTATION, HERITAGE, AND ARCHAEOLOGY AMONG THE WOLAITA OF ETHIOPIA By JUSTIN DUNNAVANT A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Justin Dunnavant To the life and memory of Warren Dunnavant, Sr. (1953-2011), Professor Mark E. Mack (1961-2012), and Dolores “Bunny” McCullough (1931-2014). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I must acknowledge the support and sacrifice of my friends and family. I give thanks for all that they have done and continue to do to help me to grow as an individual and scholar. Thanks Tiffany Walker for the continued support and encouragement during the extended fieldwork trips and long writing sessions. I would like to thank my committee for the support and guidance throughout the dissertation process. Thanks to Dr. James Davidson for allowing me to participate in the Kingsley Plantation Field School and hone my archaeological field method skills. Dr. Terje Ostebo provided positive critique on the socio-historical context of Ethiopia. Dr. Paul Ortiz served as an academic and personal mentor and demonstrated how academic work is paired with social activism. Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Steven Brandt for extending the initial invitation to come to Ethiopia and giving me the freedom to explore new and interesting questions related to historical archaeology in the country. I am also indebted to him for reading previous drafts of this dissertation in a relatively short time frame and providing critical feedback. I am indebted to all of those in Ethiopia who helped to facilitate my research in Addis Ababa and Wolaita.
    [Show full text]
  • Throne Names, Pen Names, Horse Names, and Field Names: a Look at the Significance of Name Change in the Ethiopian Political Sphere
    Mehari 1 Throne Names, Pen Names, Horse Names, and Field Names: A Look at the Significance of Name Change in the Ethiopian Political Sphere Krista Mehari Academic Director: Heran Sereke-Brhan Project Advisor: Bahru Zewde Hope College Psychology Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Ethiopia: Sacred Traditions and Visual Culture, SIT Study Abroad, Spring Semester 2007 Mehari 2 Table of Contents I. Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..p. 3 II. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...p. 4 III. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………p. 5 IV. Throne Names…………………………………………………………………………..p. 7 V. Horse Names…………………………………………………………………………….p. 10 VI. Pen Names……………………………………………………………………………....p. 12 VII. Field Names……………………………………………………………………………p. 14 VIII. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….p. 19 IX. References………………………………………………………………………………p. 21 X. Primary Sources………………………………………………………………………….p. 21 XI. Appendices……………………………………………………………………………...p. 22 Mehari 3 Abstract This study examines the motivations for name changes and the purposes the chosen names accomplish, specifically relating to the Ethiopian political sphere. Throne names and horse names were used solely by the emperors and the ruling class. Those name changes exalted the bearer by either stating his authority or connecting him to divine power. Pen names and field names were used by people not in power to hide their identity from people with the power to harm them. Although the purpose of those name changes was to disguise, the names that
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Kebra Nagast and Al-Najāshī: The Meaning and Use of Collective Memory in Christian-Muslim Political Discourse in Ethiopia David Chrisna One of the earliest recorded Christian-Muslim encounters took place in Ethiopia, when the prophet Muhammad sent some of his followers to seek asylum in the land. However, in its development, Christian- Muslim relations in Ethiopia have often experienced tensions due to conflicting political interests, inter- ethnic relations and religious aspirations. In this paper, I analyze the use of Ethiopian Christianity’s Kebra Nagast and Islam’s Al-Najāshī narratives in Christian-Muslim political discourse in Ethiopia during the rule of Yohannes IV, Menilek II, Leg Iyasu and Haile Selassie. By using Maurice Halbwachs’s collective memory theory I hope to cast an image of harmonious Christian-Muslim relation in the future Ethiopia. Keywords: Christian-Muslim relations, interreligious, interfaith, collective memory, Ethiopia, peace Introduction Ethiopia has a unique and vital role in the history of Christian-Muslim encounters. In this country, one of the oldest, harmonious encounters between adherents of these two world religions has taken place back in Islam’s earliest history. In the religious memory of Muslims all over the world, Ethiopia stands as the haven that saved the lives of some first followers of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. However, it is unfortunate that the Christian-Muslim relations in the following times in this country have not always been harmonious. Like in many parts of the world, Christian-Muslim relations in Ethiopia have experienced ebb and flow, which are sometimes marked by violent conflict. As I will show below, these conflicts are not entirely based on Islam’s and Christianity’s theological differences.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Representative Land
    1 A SURVEY OF REPRESENTATIVE LAND CHARTERS OF THE ETHIOPIAN EMPIRE (1314-1868) AND RELATED MARGINAL NOTES IN MANUSCRIPTS IN THE BRITISH LIBRARY, THE ROYAL LIBRARY AND THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES OF CAMBRIDGE AND MANCHESTER by Haddis Gehre-Meskel Thesis submitted to the University of London (School of Oriental and African Studies) for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 1992 ProQuest Number: 10672615 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672615 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 This work is humbly dedicated to the memory of His Grace Abune Yohannes, Archbishop of Aksum. ( 1897 - 1991 ) May his lifelong work in the service of the Ethiopian Church and people continue to bear fruit and multiply. 3 ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to compile and analyse information about ownership, sales and disputes of land in Ethiopia helween 1314 and 1868 on the basis of documents which are preserved in the marginalia of Ethiopia manuscripts in the Collections of the British Library, the Royal Library at Windsor Castle and the University Libraries of Cambridge and Manchester.
    [Show full text]
  • Tha Battle of Adwa.Book
    THE BATTLE OF ADWA THE BATTLE OF ADWA REFLECTIONS ON ETHIOPIA’S HISTORIC VICTORY AGAINST EUROPEAN COLONIALISM Edited by Paulos Milkias & Getachew Metaferia Contributors Richard Pankhurst Zewde Gabra-Selassie Negussay Ayele Harold Marcus Theodore M. Vestal Paulos Milkias Getachew Metaferia Maimire Mennasemay Mesfin Araya Algora Publishing New York © 2005 by Algora Publishing All Rights Reserved www.algora.com No portion of this book (beyond what is permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the United States Copyright Act of 1976) may be reproduced by any process, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without the express written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 0-87586-413-9 (softcover) ISBN: 0-87586-414-7 (hardcover) ISBN: 0-87586-415-5 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data — The Battle of Adwa: reflections on Ethiopia’s historic victory against European colonialism / edited by Paulos Milkias, Getachew Metaferia. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87586-413-9 (trade paper: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-87586-414-7 (hard cover: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-87586-415-5 (ebook) 1. Adwa, Battle of, Adwa, Ethiopia, 1896. I. Milkias, Paulos. II. Metaferia, Getachew. DT387.3.B39 2005 963'.043—dc22 2005013845 Front Cover: Printed in the United States This book is dedicated to all peoples of the world who have stood up to colonial subjugation and courageously sacrificed their lives for the love of freedom and liberty ETHIOPIAN TITLES Afe-Nigus — (“Mouthpiece of the Emperor”) equivalent to the U.S. “Chief Justice.” Asiraleqa — (“Commander of 10”) Corporal, as a military title.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Warfare in Ethiopia
    ISSN 1908-6295 Women and Warfare in Ethiopia Minale Adugna Gender Issues Research Report Series - no. 13 Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa Women and Warfare in Ethiopia A Case Study of Their Role During the Campaign of Adwa, 1895/96, and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-41 Minale Adugna Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa Gender Issues Research report Series - no. 13 CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements............................................................................................ vi Abstract ............................................................................................................. 1 1. Women and War in Ethiopia: From Early Times to the Late 19th Century 1 1.1 The Role of Women in Mobilization ...................................................... 2 1.2 The Role of Women at Battlefields ........................................................ 7 2. The Role of Women during the Campaign of Adwa, 1895/96 ......................... 13 2.1 Empress Taitu and the Road to Adwa .................................................... 13 2.2 The Role of Women at the Battle of Adwa ............................................ 19 3. The Ethiopian Women and the Italio-Ethiopian War, 1935-41 ........................ 21 4. The Impact of War on the Life of Ethiopian Women ....................................... 33 References ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • University of California, San Diego
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Intelligible Tolerance, Ambiguous Tensions, Antagonistic Revelations: Patterns of Muslim-Christian Coexistence in Orthodox Christian Majority Ethiopia A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by John Christopher Dulin Committee in charge: Professor Suzanne Brenner, Chair Professor Joel Robbins, Co-Chair Professor Donald Donham Professor John Evans Professor Rupert Stasch 2016 Copyright John Christopher Dulin, 2016 All rights reserved The Dissertation of John Christopher Dulin is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication in microfilm and electronically: Co-chair Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……….....……………………..………………………………….………iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………iv List of Figures……...…………………………………………………………...………...vi Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………....vii Vita…………...…….……………………………………………………………...….…...x Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...………xi Introduction Muslim-Christian Relations in Northwest Ethiopia and Anthropological Theory…………..…………………………………………………………………..……..1 Chapter 1 Muslims and Christians in Gondaré Time and Space: Divergent Historical Imaginaries and SpatioTemporal Valences………..............................................................……….....35 Chapter 2 Redemptive Ritual Centers, Orthodox Branches and Religious Others…………………80 Chapter 3 The Blessings and Discontents of the Sufi Tree……………………...………………...120
    [Show full text]
  • A Rising Regional Power: Making Sense of Ethiopia's Influence in the Horn of Africa Region
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 10-16-2020 A Rising Regional Power: Making Sense of Ethiopia's Influence in the Horn of Africa Region Yonas K. Mulat [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Mulat, Yonas K., "A Rising Regional Power: Making Sense of Ethiopia's Influence in the Horn of Africa Region" (2020). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4590. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/4590 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida A RISING REGIONAL POWER: MAKING SENSE OF ETHIOPIA’S INFLUENCE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Yonas Ketsela Mulat 2020 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Yonas Ketsela Mulat and entitled A Rising Regional Power: Making Sense of Ethiopia’s Influence in the Horn of Africa, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. __________________________________________ Felix Martin __________________________________________ Eric Lob __________________________________________ Hilary Jones __________________________________________ John Clark, Major Professor Date of Defense: October 16, 2020 The dissertation of Yonas Ketsela Mulat is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Tenure and Agrarian Social Structure in Ethiopia, 1636-1900
    LAND TENURE AND AGRARIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN ETHIOPIA, 1636-1900 BY HABTAMU MENGISTIE TEGEGNE DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Emeritus Donald Crummey, Chair Associate Professor Carol Symes Professor Emeritus Charles Stewart Assistant Professor James Brennan Associate Professor Kenneth Cuno Abstract Most scholars have viewed property in pre-modern Ethiopia in ―feudal‖ terms analogous to medieval Europe. According to them, Ethiopia‘s past property arrangement had been in every respect archaic implying less than complete property rights, for, unlike in modern liberal societies, it vested no ownership or ―absolute‖ rights in a single individual over a material object. By draining any notions of ownership right, historians therefore characterized the forms of property through which the Ethiopian elites supported themselves as ―fief-holding‖ or rights of lordship, which merely entitled them to collect tribute from the subject peasantry. By using land registers, surveys, charters, and private property transactions, which I collected from Ethiopian churches and monasteries, this dissertation challenges this conception of property in premodern Ethiopia by arguing that Ethiopian elites did exercise ownership rights over the land, thus providing them a means by which to control the peasantry. Through the concepts of rim (a form of private property in land exclusively held by social elites) and zéga (a hitherto unrecognized serf-like laborers), I explore the economic and social relationship between rulers and ruled that defined political culture in premodern Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]