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A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY of R7?S Alula 1875

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A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY of R7?S Alula 1875 A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF R7?S ALULa 1875 - 1897 to y Haggai Erlicfi A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy a t the U n iversity o f London School of Oriental and African Studies June 1973 ProQuest Number: 10672713 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672713 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT Ras Alula played a significant role in the political history of northern Ethiopia during the period between the Egyptian in­ vasion o f 1875 nnd the I ta lia n d efeat at Adv/a in 1896 . This son o f a peasant managed to avoid the iocczi social scale by becoming the b est general o f the Tigrean Emperor Yohannes. As such, he helped his master to consolidate Tigrean hegemony in Ethiopia and was appointed as the governor of the problematic frontier province of the future Eritrea, External threats to this province made him a key figure in Ethiopia’s relations with its African neighbours and with European powers. Alula's power, based on his imperial rank and provincial function, was at its height during the period of 188^-1887. His activities during those years culminated in military victories Cat KufTt against the Mahdists and at Dogali against the Italians) but resulted in the collapse of his dual basis of power: Eritrea and the Tigrean emperor. Back in Tegre after the death of Yohannes in 1889 , A lu la 's only way to avoid returning to the lower rungs of the feudal ladder was to preserve the Tigrean hegemony. Thus, as the coun­ s e llo r of Yohannes's h e ir , Has Mangasha, A lula became throughout the period of 1889-1893 the most persistent fighter for a Tegre independent o f the Shoan Emperor Menilek I I , His p o lic y , how­ ever, based on u n itin g the Tigrean e l i t e under Mangasha and a t­ tracting the Italians in Eritrea to join hands against the em­ peror was unsuccessful. The Tigrean nobles never forgot his humble origin and the Italians could not forgive him for Dogali. Thus, in 189 ^, A lula f u lly recognised M snilek's hegemony just to return to the position of a 'King's man'. As such he fought in the battle of Adwa and met iis death a year later. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It gives me especial pleasure to thank all those who have assisted me in the preparation of this study. % research was encouraged and supported by the Faculty of Humanities and the Department of Middle Eastern and African History of Tel- Aviv University, by the Central Research Fund of London Univer­ sity, and by the British Council. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Professor R. Gray, for his encouragement and guidance. Professor E. Ullendorff and Professor G. Goldenberg offered me invaluable advice and tuition. My teachers, colleagues and friends in Tel Aviv University, Professor S. Shamir, Professor U. Dann, Dr. H. Shaked, Mr. S. Raz, Mr. I. Grinfeld and others were more than helpful in offer­ ing their aid; my debt of gratitude to them is heavy. The Institute of Ethiopian Studies was a pleasant as well as a most useful place, thanks to Professor and Mrs. R. Pankhurst. Professor S. Rubenson and Professor P.M.Holt were kind enough to give me important Sudanese and Egyptian documents. Dadjazmach Dr. Zawde Gabra Sellasse's advice shed light on many difficult So hetpf^ty problems and Mr. R. Cowley /translated for me the Ge*ez MS. of Alula's histoxy. Dr. R. Caulk was most encouraging and helpful in generously giving me Ethiopian documents and guiding me through the French archives. Last,but not least, ny deepest gratitude goes to my wife Hanna who had shared the burden and d e lig h t o f th is work w ith me. k. ABBREVIATIONS AA Rub.Col, ‘Abidin Archives (Cairo). Egyptian documents available in Rubenson's Collection, IES. A.S.MAI Archlvio Storico del ^oppresso Ministero dell'A frica Italana, Rome, BM B r itis h Museum. BN Bibliotheque National©. Bad j . Dadjazmach. D .I. Diarii Informazioni in A.S.MI, DN The Daily News F i t , F ita w r a r i, FO Foreign Office. H.S.I.U. Haile Sellassie I University, Addis Ababa. IES Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa. I n t. Interview with. JES Journal of Ethiopian Studies. LV Libro Verde. MAE Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Rome. MAE(F) Minister© des Affaires Etrangeres, Paris. M.d.G. Ministero della Guerra. MG The Manchester Guardian NA Nuova Antologia. RMI Rivista M ilitare Italiana. SOAS School of Oriental and African Studies, London University. W, Wayzaro. wo War* Office- Note on Transliteration I tried to be consistent about transliterating Ethiopian names, title s etc- from their Amharic form* I used a for the fourth order and s for the sixth--*■ T h u s: = Dadjazmach Hayla Sellasse. Arabic names appearing in the text are rendered phonetically, only the *ayn and hamza have been specifically designated. Thus: jpjv _ Banu 'i&nir. ^ = Ea’ib. The spelling of names familiar to English readers is some­ times given in the form commonly accepted by English publi­ cations: Massawa, Addis Ababa. In quotations from Italian sources I have left the Italian form. Thus: Mangasha = Mangascia. ^"A different system was used by R„ Cowley, who translated th e G e'ez Ms. of Mannawe. 6. CONTENTS page A b s t r a c t ................................................ ......................... * 1 Acknowledgements ............................................................. 3 Abbreviations .. .. ** A. A lula flWadi Qubi" •« *. .• ......................................... .. 7 B. l8?2-l876i Shalaqa Alula ....................... 12 C. l877-l879: The king’s man: "Eas Alula whp is a 23 Turk Basha" ......................... ......................... D. 1880-1882: "Rival of Shoa. Ruler of Massawa" .. ,. J +5 E. 1883 : The eve of a second % yptian-E thiopian war . 6l F. 188 **: Treaty with Britain ........................ 69 6 * 188**: Disillusionm ent ........................ 82 I H. 1885 : "The yeaijin which the Dervishes were cut down" 93 I . Asmara ............................................. 139 J* 1883 - 1886 : The I ta lia n s in Massawa: From a European neighbour to a local rival •• •• .. 133 K. 1886 - 1887 : D ogali ............................................. 171 lu 1887 : The end of Alula’s government in the Marab M o lla sh .............................................. .... •• 191 M. 1888-1889: The end of the Tigrean emperor .. .* 219 N* 1889 - 1890 : Alula’s failure to preserve Tigrean hegemony •• •• 2**1 0. 1890-1892: Alula’s failure to create a Tigrean- Eritrean front against Menilsk .. 277 P* 1892 - 189 **: "Wadi Qubi" challenges the son of Yohannes 307 Q. l89*f-l897: A king’s man again: An acceptance of Shoan hegemony .... 320 Conclusion •• .. • * * 330 Genealogy of Alula and the Tigrean elite •• .. •• 337 G l o s s a r y ................................................ 35g Bibliography .. 361 Indexed maps .................................................................................................. 371 A. ALULK WADI QUBI When Eas Alula died on 19 th February 1897 he was famous enough to be lamented by a contemporary British historian in the following words: "The greatest leader that Abyssinia has produced sin ce the death o f the Emperor Theodore in 1868, was undoubtedly Eas Alula; a chief whose honour­ able and fearless character often stood out in bold relief against the background of intrigue that fills every picture of Abyssinian political l i f e ." 1 Yet only a few old people in the small village of Manhawe, some fifteen miles south of Abbi-Addi the capital of Tamben district in Tegre, could remember h is fa th e r 's name: *sngda Qubi, a 2 humble farmer. Qubi, A lu la 's grandfather, was probably more ~Z famous than his son and the child, born in the 1840s in the v illa g e o f 2iuq!/ , two m iles west o f Mannawe, was nicknamed "Wadi Qubi", the son of Qubi. Ato *engda Qubi and h is w ife, Wgyzaro Garada (th e daughter of Nagid, a local notable from the neighbouring village of Baga) 4 were simple balakars, farmers. Information based on an inter- vew with Alula according to which he "was born a soldier because ^ .F .B e r k e le y , The Campaign o f Adowa and the R ise o f M enelik, London, 1902; New E d ition , London 1933» p .13. 2 A collective interview in Mannawe, February 1972. Interview with FitawrarT Bayana Abreha, a descendant of Alula)Aksum, February 1972. 3 ~ Many sources are contradictory as to Alula's date of birth. H ill's suggestion of 1847 seems the more likely. R.Hill, A Bio­ graphical Dictionary of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Oxford 1931 (second E d., London 1967 ). 4 This fact is agreed by all the written and oral sources, with the excep tion o f G .P u g lisi, Chi e? d e l l 1 E ritrea . Asmara 1932, p.l4. Puglisi suggested that "Abba Gubbi" was a Dajjazmach. ^L.Mercatelli, "Nel Paese di Has Alula", Corriere di Napoli. 13.6.1891. Based on interviews conducted with Alula in March and May 1891 .
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