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ASMA GIYORGIS AND HIS WORK HI STORY OF THE GÄLLÄ AND THE KINGDOM OF SAWÄ EDITED BY BAIRU TAFLA FRANZ STEINER VERLAG WIESBADEN GMBH STUTTGART 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents " 7 Geleitwort des Herausgebers 15 Preface 17 Key to Abbreviations 19 Introductory Remarks 47 A. The Oromo in History 47 B. The Author and His Work 53 C. Some Remarks on the Translation 70 D. Key to the Dates in the Text 73 PART I Introduction 79 1. Scope of the work - The problems of recörding history^n. Ethiopia - Wayzaro Agäyä's book - A legendary origin of the Galla T An examination of the legend - Ase Lehna Dengel and Rägu'el's prophecy - A commentary on the prophecy 79 2. A criticism against the Ethiopian clergy - The age of exploration and discovery - The origin of tobacco - Further criticism against the clergy - The increase of Muslim power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries - A censure of the Ethiopian clergy 103 3. History and law - Natural law and the institution of Rako - Failure of the Ethiopian clergy to christianize the Galla - Confiscation of the Galla lands - The Galla observe nine of the Ten Commandments - The institution of the Gada - Segmentation and abolition of the Caffe - Spread of Islam among the Galla 119 Chapters: 1. First settlement of the Galla in Bäle - Thetwo branches of the Galla - The early migrations of the Galla - The accounts of Abbä Bährey - The outbreak of the Gällä-Amärä war - The first five Lubä - The campaign of Ase Galäwdewos against the Galla - The victory of Amir Nur and the death of Ase Galäwdewos - The devastation of Harar by the Christians and the Galla - The spread of the Akkeccu in and around Harar - Age cycle and circumcision among the Gällä 137 2. Devastation of the central highlands by the Gällä - Various rebellions and invasions in the sixteenth Century - Origins of the Gällä, Oromo and Sidämä appellations - The second five Lubä and the campaigns of Ase Sarsa Dengel - The devastation of Goggäm, Dämot and Bagemeder by the Gällä - An attempt at Gällä-Amärä reconciliation - Defeat of the Gällä in Dämot - Return of Susenyos from captivity - Early Gällä-Amärä integration - Military initiatives of Mu'altä - Gällä expansion beyond Leqä hampered by forests - The Anfillo 7 - A new generation must conquer a new territory - Extermination of the Weren- tesä - The position of the sovereigns in battle - Traditional military awards - Cambering the shield, a Galla contribution - Education and the writing of history under Sarsa Dengel - An inquiry into the military strength of the Galla and the Amärä - War with the Türks and the bravery of Yonä'el 149 3. The Caffe, the Abbä mudä and the Gelä - The Qiltu and the Asäd - Susenyos in captivity - Origin of royal titles - Death of Ase Sarsa Dengel»- Flight of Susenyos to the Galla - Enthronement of Ase Yä'eqob 179 4. Return of Susenyos and his second flight to the Galla - Susenyos raises an army and begins to plunder - His itineraries in Sawä -Xonquering the Galla and other peoples to the south of the Abbäy - The Cawä regiments and the origin of the Amärä - The theory of the Gaulish origin of the Galla - The cryptic nature of Amärenä - The origin of the Guräge - An abortive expedition of Susenyos to Goggäm 189 4.(sic) The military campaigns of Susenyos in Guräge and Hadiyä - History of the Hadiyä and Dämot empire - A criticism against the Coptic metropolitans and the Ethiopian clergy - The legend of the serpent ruler - The journey of the Queen of Säbä to Jerusalem - Comments on Gabaza Aksum - Ancient temples - Käleb, Abreha and Arabia Mahammad, the prophet - A legend about the Coming of Selläta Muse - The Gällä adopting the cult of the Zär from the Christians - The monarchy in Zängero and the ceremony of coronation - The Cawä regiments 211 5. Military campaigns of Susenyos in Guräge - The meanings of Qäs and related terms - Further itineraries of Susenyos in Sawä - The historical significance of Mount Belat - Settlement of the Telomä in Belat - Susenyos devastates Amärä with a Gällä army - The captivity of Färes - Appointment of Yolyos over Marhabete - Military campaigns of Susenyos in Ennäryä - Military campaigns of Susenyos in Ennamor - Susenyos settles the Tulomä between Dabra Libänos and Magazaz - Origin of the Argobbä ^ The early inhabitants of Ethiopia - Ennäryä, Gäfat and the Faläsä - Yohannes Madaber - Gadla Aragäwi and the chronology of the Ethiopian rulers - The establishment of Christianity in Ethiopia - Unvocalized inscriptions of Ethiopia - The trilingual inscription of Ezänä - Overthrow of Yä'eqob and the enthronement of Zadengel - The repeated devastation of Goggäm by Susenyos . : 239 6. Victory of Zadengel over Susenyos - Zadengel killed by the Qurbän - A letter of Susenyos to Räs Atnätewos - Coronation of Susenyos in Goggäm - The Gällä grouped by Susenyos into regiments - Letters exchanged between Susenyos and Zaselläse 275 7. Devastation of Bagemeder by the Gällä army of Susenyos - Return of Yä'eqob from exile - Military campaigns of Susenyos in Sawä - Susenyos delimits the territory of the Karrayu and settles the Wallo in Beta Amärä - Defeat of Zaselläse - Defeat of Ase Yä'eqob - Settlement of the Marawä in Angot - Letters exchanged between the Qurbän-Aqetzer regiments and Susenyos - The tradition of writing letters in Amärenä - Death of Ase Yä'eqob - The meaning of Qurbän and Aqetzer - A royal genealogy 285 8. The Gällä realize that Susenyos is a Christian king - Defeat of the Liban and 9 8 the Digälo in Goggäm - Harro Wuläbu, the nucleus of the Galla - A pretender in Tegre - Defeat of Susenyos by the Marawä in Bagemeder - Revenge of Susenyos on the Marawä - The seven victories of Susenyos - The immoralities of war culture - The formal coronation of Susenyos 307 9. The troublesomeness of the Waranasä - Attack by Susenyos - Reconciliations - Settlement of the Waranasä in Ganz - Susenyos subjugates Acafar and Agaw - Settling various Galla gro.ups in Acafar and Kurbäha - Contributions of the Jesuits - The military campaigns of Räs Yamäna Krestos against the Tulomä - An uprising of the Faläsä - An expedition of Räs Se'ela Krestos and Goggäm nagäs Keflo against Bizämo and Walal - The Gällä threaten the kingdom - An expedition of Räs Se'ela Krestos against the Ittu - Retirement of the Ittu and the Waranasä to Carcar and Fatagär - An expedition of Susenyos against Senaar - A plot against his life - Contributions of the Jesuits - Defeat of the plotters - The clergy being obscurantists - The traditional procedures of administering justice 323 10. A conflict between the Boran and the Yahabatä - An attack on the Calleha Abbo - An attack on the Abbo and the Akäko - Resettlement of the Yahabatä in Goggäm - The Wito - The Meccä invade Bizämo and Goggäm - The defeat of the Meccä in Goggäm - Devastation of Goggäm by the Tulomä - The tradition of feeding the army by plunder - The foundation of Gondar. 345 11. The Gelle and the Marawä invade Amärä - The defeat of the invading Gällä in Bagemeder - The laws of marriage among the Gällä - Mutilation of the Gällä - Retreat of the Gällä - The beginning of the Qeb'at faith - A rebellion in Ennäryä - A great drought in Ethiopia and the beginning of the Meteccä - Criticism against the Ethiopian clergy 365 12. The military campaigns of Susenyos in Angot - The Meccä attack western Goggäm and Agaw Meder - Defeat of the Meccä and the christianization of the Agaw - The Qemänt, the Agaw and the Faläsä - Wars with the Faläsä - Various regiments celebrating the Sabbath in Goggäm 381 13. Resettlement of the Yahabatä in Darha and Weddo - An attack on the Amest Bet Gällä - An attack on the Saddaccä or Wallo - A pretender in Sawä Retreat of the Gällä to Sawä and Harar -Death of Susenyos and enthronement of Fäsiladas - Criticism against the Ethiopian clergy - Expulsion of the Jesuits and persecution of the Catholics - Campaigns of Fäsiladas against the Gällä - The reign of Yohannes I - The execution of two foreign Catholic monks ...... 395 14. Expeditions of Iyäsu I against Wallo and Darrä - The Yahabatä and the Qäla Gandä - The first and the second expeditions of Iyäsu to Sawä - An expedition of Iyäsu against the Guderu - Campaigns of Iyäsu in Meccä and the Gibe region - Retirement and death of Iyäsu - The reign of Takla Haymänot the Accursed - The reign of Ase Tewoflos - The rebellion of Tege - The Gällä burn Atronsa Märyäm - The reigns of Yostos and Däwit III - The reigns of Bakäfa and Iyäsu II - The Gällä of Goggäm save Iyäsu II - The age of mockery and the integration of the Gällä - The institutions * of Moggäsä and Kollu - Doctrinal conflicts - The secession of Sawä - Power struggle in Gondar - Political ascent of the Gällä ; 411 15^The rule of Räs Ali and Aligäz - Destruction of the Amärä princes - Räs Gugsä and his successors - Death of Sab'agädis - Influence of the Gällä - 9 The rule of Ras Ali II - Defeat of Dagäzmäc Webe - The age of corruption - The rebellion of Dagäzmäc Käsä- Defeat of Etege Manan and Dagäzmäc Gossu - A genealogy of the Goggäm princes - Rebellions of the Goggäm princes - Defeat and flight of Ras Ali - Captivity of Berru Gossu - Captivity of Dagäzmäc Webe and coronation of Tewodros II - A religious proclamation - The fall of the Solomonic dynasty and the rule of the Galla - Campaigns of Tewodros in Wallo - A traditional manner of fighting - The reign of-Ase Takla Giyorgis II - The reign of Ase Yohannes IV - The reign of Ase Menilek II. 437 17. (sie) Two emperors campaigned hardest against the Gällä - Social weakness of the Christian kingdom - A military social strueture of the Gällä - A list of the Ethiopian emperors - A list of the various Lubä - The assistance of the Portuguese - Expulsion and curse of Bermudez - The invasion of the Gällä as a punishment - The systematic rule of Menilek II over the Gällä - The genealogy of Räs Gobanä - The genealogy of Dabtarä Dastä of Galän 461 PART II 1.
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    Aethiopica 21 (2018) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies ________________________________________________________________ NAMOUNA GUEBREYESUS, École des Hautes Études des Sciences Sociales, Paris, HIRUY ABDU, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University Article The Establishment of Gwǝlt and Rim Landholdings in Eighteenth•Century Gondärine Churches with a Special Focus on Ḥamärä Noḫ Śälästu Mǝʾǝt Däbr Aethiopica 21 (2018), 137–163 ISSN: 1430•1938 ________________________________________________________________ Edited in the Asien•Afrika•Institut Hiob•Ludolf•Zentrum für Äthiopistik der Universität Hamburg Abteilung für Afrikanistik und Äthiopistik by Alessandro Bausi in cooperation with Bairu Tafla, Ulrich Braukämper †, Ludwig Gerhardt, Hilke Meyer-Bahlburg, and Siegbert Uhlig The Establishment of Gwǝlt and Rim Landholdings in Eighteenth­Century Gondärine Churches with a Special Focus on Ḥamärä Noḫ Śälästu Mǝʾǝt Däbr∗ NAMOUNA GUEBREYESUS, École des Hautes Études des Sciences Sociales, Paris, HIRUY ABDU, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University Introduction In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, churches in the region of Gondär were favoured by kings who granted them sizeable estates.1 Churches with a large number of clerics and vast estates were classified as däbr. The churches enjoyed tax exemptions, and most of them were allowed to give asylum to criminals who invoked their protection.2 Däbrs were endowed with lands and their entitlement to the holdings was proclaimed and registered in written deeds known as gwǝlt charters.3 Following the grant, officers of the king executed the terms of the grant, drawing up a list of clerics and registering the distribution of the gwǝlt lands as individual holdings for each cleric. In the registers of these churches the clerical holdings on gwǝlt lands are noted as rim.
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template

    University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template

    REPRESENTATION, HERITAGE, AND ARCHAEOLOGY AMONG THE WOLAITA OF ETHIOPIA By JUSTIN DUNNAVANT A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Justin Dunnavant To the life and memory of Warren Dunnavant, Sr. (1953-2011), Professor Mark E. Mack (1961-2012), and Dolores “Bunny” McCullough (1931-2014). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I must acknowledge the support and sacrifice of my friends and family. I give thanks for all that they have done and continue to do to help me to grow as an individual and scholar. Thanks Tiffany Walker for the continued support and encouragement during the extended fieldwork trips and long writing sessions. I would like to thank my committee for the support and guidance throughout the dissertation process. Thanks to Dr. James Davidson for allowing me to participate in the Kingsley Plantation Field School and hone my archaeological field method skills. Dr. Terje Ostebo provided positive critique on the socio-historical context of Ethiopia. Dr. Paul Ortiz served as an academic and personal mentor and demonstrated how academic work is paired with social activism. Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Steven Brandt for extending the initial invitation to come to Ethiopia and giving me the freedom to explore new and interesting questions related to historical archaeology in the country. I am also indebted to him for reading previous drafts of this dissertation in a relatively short time frame and providing critical feedback. I am indebted to all of those in Ethiopia who helped to facilitate my research in Addis Ababa and Wolaita.