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Imaginative Writings on Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa: Supplement and Update IMAGINATIVE WRITINGS ON ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN OF AFRICA: SUPPLEMENT AND UPDATE Author(s): Richard Pankhurst Source: Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Anno 48, No. 2 (GIUGNO 1993), pp. 267-284 Published by: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40760785 Accessed: 15-12-2015 09:19 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 213.55.104.103 on Tue, 15 Dec 2015 09:19:39 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions IMAGINATIVE WRITINGS ON ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN OF AFRICA: SUPPLEMENT AND UPDATE Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa,as noted in a previousarticle 0), have been the subjectover the centuriesof considerablenumber of novels,short stories,plays and poems. The present study,which is based on further investigationin an area scarcelycharted with bibliographies,is designed to supplement,as well as to update,the earlierwork. Both articles,it should be noted,are concernedexclusively with works in languagesother than those of the region.The latterdeserve a study,or studies,of theirown. AncientWritings The ancientGreeks, whose writingswere scarcelycovered in the earlier article,used the termEthiopia, as is well known,to designateall dark-skinned people south of Egypt. They made many referencesto Ethiopia in their literature.In the 9th centuryB.C. Homer in his Odesseywrites of the Ethiopiansas eschatoiandron, or the most remoteof men. In Book I of his Miad he has Zeus, the kingof the gods, leave heavenfor twelve days, with all the other gods, to visit the "blameless Ethiopians", while the goddess Isis later to their to in sacrificialrites to the immortal goes country participate " In the the sea god Poseidon is likewisesaid to have lingered gods. " Odessey delighted at one of the banquetsof the Ethiopians. Later, in the fifthcentury B.C., the dramatistAeschylus had Io, the " " wanderingwoman of PrometheusBound, travel to a far-offland inhabited " " " " by a nationof black men who lived near the fountainof the sun and " " the riverAethiops . Such ideas were slow to die. In the firstcentury B.C. the historian Diodorus Siculusthus wrote, in Homericvein, that Hercules and Bacchus,the " " son of Zeus, were both awed by the piety of the Ethiopians. In the 7th centuryA.D. the Byzantinewriter Placiduslikewise " Stephanus " observedthat the were loved by the because of justice , " Ethiopians gods and adds: Juniperfrequently leaves heaven and feastswith thembecause of theirjustice and the equityof theircustoms. For the Ethiopiansare said to be the justestmen and for that reason the gods leave theirabode frequentlyto visit them". (Quoted in F.M. Snowden, Blaks in Antiquity,Cambridge, Massachusetts,1970, p. 148). (DR. Pankhurst, "ImaginativeWritings (Novels, Short Stories and Plays) on Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa",Africa, Anno XL n. 4, dicembre1985, pp. 637-663. This content downloaded from 213.55.104.103 on Tue, 15 Dec 2015 09:19:39 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 268 NOIE E TESTIMONIANZE Sixteenth,Seventeenth and EighteenthCentury European Writings Among European literaryworks referringto Ethiopia in late medieval times mention must be of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, published in Italian in 1515-33. Préster John figuresin Book XXII, while Astolfo flies over Ethiopia in Canto XXXIII. The historic background to these passages is discussed by " Enrico Cerulli in D volo di Astolfo sull'Etiopia nelTOrlando Furioso", Rendicontidella Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche (1932), Vm, 19-38. The subsequent visit to France in the seventeenth century of the Ethiopian adventurerSaga Krestos inspired the writingof a short anonymous French historicalnovelette La reine d'Ethiopie.Historiette comique (Paris, 1670). The author, presumablywishing to distinguishthe hero from other, and more negroid, Africans, notes that he was handsome, had an aqueline nose, and " " was without thick lips . In 1789, the year of the French Revolution, there appeared in Trêves a curious two-volume anonymous French work, entitled Grandor ou le héros abissin,histoire héroi-politique . It purported to be a translationof an Ethiopian " " sold a in to a traveller . Set in manuscript by Copt Egypt European " " Gondar and other parts of Ethiopia during the reign of King Saghed (presumably a distortion of one of the royal names of the period, such as Malak Sagad or Adyam Sagad), it tells the imaginary story of an Ethiopian nobleman called Grandor. Its main thrustis, however, to provide a discussion on of greater interest to late eighteenth century France, such as questions " " Democracy, Aristocracy, Arist-Democracy , and Despotism, etc. The Legend of PrésterJohn In addition to the creative writingsinspired by the legend Préster John, which were referred to in the previous article, mention may be made to a little known seventeenth century fictional French work: Philippe d'Alcripe's La nouvellefabrique des excellentstraits de vérité (Rouen, 1620?) which bore the sub-titleLivre pour inciterles resveurs[sic] tristeset merancoliques[sic] à vivre de It was afterwardsreprinted in Paris in 1853. The latter plaisir. long" edition states that it was augmentée des Nouvelles de la terre de Prestre Jehan". For the historyof the Préster John legend see in addition to the earlier cited works: Pierre Gustave Brunet, La légende du Pretre-Jean(Bordeaux, 1877), from the Actes de l'Académie des Sciences,Belle-Lettres at Arts reprinted " de Bordeaux-,Giuseppe Manacorda's La leggenda del Prete Gianni in Abissínia", in Luigi Ferrari's volume of essays Tonioli (Perugia, 1906); and Robert Silverberg,The Realm of PrésterJohn (New York, 1972), wich contains a valuable bibliographyon pp. 325-8. This content downloaded from 213.55.104.103 on Tue, 15 Dec 2015 09:19:39 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions NOTEE TESTIMONIANZE 269 NineteenthCentury Songsters and Pseudo-TravelLiterature The termEthiopia was appropriatedin the middle of the 19th century a number of or Black American,minstrels. Several of them by Negro, " producedmusical works which bore the title Ethiopia", but in facthad no connectionwith the countryof that name. These publicationsincluded: EthiopianQuadrilles. Dances and Songsby the VirginiaMinstrels (New York 1843), which were arrangedfor the piano by A. Nagerj Onyqjva;Ethiopian Serenaders(Phildelphia, 1845), containingnine songs and a set of cotillons; two worksby the thenpopular musicologist Elias Howe, reportedlycontaining "new melodies": EthiopianAccordian Instructor (Boston, 1848), and The Ethiopianflute Instructor(Boston, 1848); two works under the pseudonym "Gumbo Chaff": The EthiopianGlee Book (Boston, 1848) and The Ethiopian ViolinInstructor (Boston, 1848); and an anonymouspublication The Ethiopian SerenadersOwn Book (New York, 1854, reprinted:Philadelphia, 1857). The growingpopularity of travelliterature in this period also led, as noted in the previous article, to the production of several imaginary traveloguesto Ethiopia.One of the best known,William Dalton's TigerPrince or Adventuresin the Wilds of Abyssinia(London, 1863), cited in the earlier article,was subsequentlytranslated into German by Elisabeth Hobirt, and appeared as Der Tigerfürst.Erlebnisse und Abenteuer. Natur - und Sittenschilderungenaus den WildnissenAbessiniens (Leipzig and Berlin,*1881). The namingof a Scottishship Ethiopiain 1874 led to the publicationof a volume of poems and humorousanecdotes, entitled Ethiopian Memorabilia July8-20, 1874 (Glasgow, 1874). This slim volume, which has of course nothingto do with Ethiopia as such, was dedicated to the BritishIndia Companyas well as to the vessel's builders. " " American interest in the name Ethiopia also resulted in the appearanceshortly afterwards, by RobertM. De Witt,of EthiopianPlays (New York, 1875). This volume containedcreative pieces by severaldifferent, and today unknown,authors. The TwentiethCentury to 1940 Beside the novels related to King Solomon and thé Queen of Sheba mentionedin the earlierarticle reference should be made of a novel entitled Makeda, reine vierge.Roman de la reine de Soba (Paris, 1940). This " work," which was written,the title claims, a certain Prince Yacoub page "by , described, probably erroneously,as an ancien conseilleurde l'empire d'Ethiopie". The Frenchtext was by Gabriel d'Aubrède. The Queen of Sheba, and a Princecalled Menilek,also appear in a work of twentiethcentury fantasy, François de Courel'sLa fillesauvage. Pièce en six actes (Paris, 1902) which was first at the Theatre Antoine in performed" Februaryof thatyear. Three acts are set in at barbarouscountry", which is This content downloaded from 213.55.104.103 on Tue, 15 Dec 2015 09:19:39 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 270 NOTEE TESTIMONIANZE " "
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