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Chapter Fourteen Rabbinic and Other Judaisms, from 70 to Ca
Chapter Fourteen Rabbinic and Other Judaisms, from 70 to ca. 250 The war of 66-70 was as much a turning point for Judaism as it was for Christianity. In the aftermath of the war and the destruction of the Jerusalem temple Judaeans went in several religious directions. In the long run, the most significant by far was the movement toward rabbinic Judaism, on which the source-material is vast but narrow and of dubious reliability. Other than the Mishnah, Tosefta and three midrashim, almost all rabbinic sources were written no earlier than the fifth century (and many of them much later), long after the events discussed in this chapter. Our information on non-rabbinic Judaism in the centuries immediately following the destruction of the temple is scanty: here we must depend especially on archaeology, because textual traditions are almost totally lacking. This is especially regrettable when we recognize that two non-rabbinic traditions of Judaism were very widespread at the time. Through at least the fourth century the Hellenistic Diaspora and the non-rabbinic Aramaic Diaspora each seem to have included several million Judaeans. Also of interest, although they were a tiny community, are Jewish Gnostics of the late first and second centuries. The end of the Jerusalem temple meant also the end of the Sadducees, for whom the worship of Adonai had been limited to sacrifices at the temple. The great crowds of pilgrims who traditionally came to the city for the feasts of Passover, Weeks and Tabernacles were no longer to be seen, and the temple tax from the Diaspora that had previously poured into Jerusalem was now diverted to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome. -
Did You Know?
Did You Know? By *Marjorie Charlot Black presence in the military and in wars can be traced to various periods of the ancient world and across cultures. Jugurtha was a North African patriot who initiated the Jugurthine War (112–105 B.C.). His guerrilla warfare would inflict embarrassing defeat upon the Roman legions. Authors Brunson and Rashidi quote Graham Webster when he wrote, “The wars of Jugurtha demonstrated the value of the nimble Moorish horsemen who Trajan later found so useful against the Dacians.”1 Black Conquistadors Juan Bardales was a free black slave who participated in the conquests of Honduras and Panama. For the part he played in the conquest of Honduras, he received an award consisting of an annual subsidy of 50 pesos.2 Nuflo de Olano was a slave conquistador and explorer. He was part of the Vasco Núñez de Balboa expedition, along with 30 other Africans, 190 Spaniards, and 1,000 Native Americans when they went through the jungle to cross the Isthmus of Panama. De Olano in 1513 was with Balboa when they first saw the Pacific Ocean.3 Antonio Pérez was a free North African who was a cavalryman and one of Diego de Losada’s most valued captains in 1568. Pérez took part in the conquest of Venezuela.4 He was described as “an old soldier of African wars who had been with the emperor at the storming of Tunis.”5 Juan Portugués was either black African or black Portuguese. He was involved in the conquest of Venezuela.6 Miguel Ruíz was a free Spanish mulatto who was a conquistador in Peru and one of two blacks in Francisco Pizarro’s company at Cajamarca. -
12 Judaea in the Early Years of Hadrian's Reign
12 JUDAEA IN THE EARLY YEARS OF HADRIAN'S REIGN* (with I. Roll) Mommsen doubted that the legion VI Fmata was in Judaea at all, questioning the truth of Dio's statement that it was based there. 1 Ritterling has shown that, not later than 152, it was in garrison in Galilee, at Caparcotna, called 'Legio' by Eusebius. 2 The arrival of the legion was dated by von Rohden from the time of the Second Jewish Revolt, 132-5.3 Mc Elderry preferred to make it earlier, A.D. 11 7, noting that Lusius Quietus, Trajan's governor ofJudaea in that year was a consularis. 4 The date at which Judaea became a consular province with two legions has remained a problem ever since. 5 If we * This paper was written in the framework of the activities of the Israel Mile stones Committee. For various suggestions and comments we are grateful to Prof. S. Applebaum and Prof. M. Gichon. Further we would like to record the great assistance afforded by Mr. I. Ben-Shalom and Dr. A. Oppenheimer in interpreting Jewish sources. 1 Note on GIL iii 6641. Dio IV 23 (113). 2 Rheinisches Museum, 58 (1903), 633-5; P-W, xii, s.v. 'Legio', col. 1591. Caparcotna is mentioned as castra of VI Ferr. in GIL iii, 6814-16; W.M. Ramsay, ]RS 6 (1916), 129-31; B. Levick, ]RS 48 (1958), 75-6; AE 1920.78. See: 'Caporcotani' on the Tabula Peuti.ngeriana (ed. Miller, segm. x, 1-2); Ka1tapKO'tVE'i in Ptolemy, v, 15, 4. The name is derived from Kefar 'Otnay, a village mentioned in Jewish sources, inhab ited both before and after the Second Revolt by Jews and Samaritans: Mishna, Gittin, 1:5; 7:7; Tos. -
Perceptions of the Ancient Jews As a Nation in the Greek and Roman Worlds
Perceptions of the Ancient Jews as a Nation in the Greek and Roman Worlds By Keaton Arksey A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Classics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2016 by Keaton Arksey Abstract The question of what made one Jewish in the ancient world remains a fraught topic for scholars. The current communis opinio is that Jewish communities had more in common with the Greeks and Romans than previously thought. Throughout the Diaspora, Jewish communities struggled with how to live amongst their Greco-Roman majority while continuing to practise their faith and thereby remain identifiably ‘Jewish’. To describe a unified Jewish identity in the Mediterranean in the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE is incorrect, since each Jewish community approached its identity in unique ways. These varied on the basis of time, place, and how the non-Jewish population reacted to the Jews and interpreted Judaism. This thesis examines the three major centres of Jewish life in the ancient world - Rome, Alexandria in Egypt, and Judaea - demonstrate that Jewish identity was remarkably and surprisingly fluid. By examining the available Jewish, Roman, and Greek literary and archaeological sources, one can learn how Jewish identity evolved in the Greco-Roman world. The Jews interacted with non-Jews daily, and adapted their neighbours’ practices while retaining what they considered a distinctive Jewish identity. Each chapter of this thesis examines a Jewish community in a different region of the ancient Mediterranean. -
The Jewish Context of Early Church History ROMAN CHURCH *KEY AD EMPEROR YEAR EVENT 26 TIBERIUS 27
The Jewish Context Of Early Church History ROMAN CHURCH *KEY AD EMPEROR YEAR EVENT 26 TIBERIUS -7 {Sabbatical} th 27 (14 ) -6 [Year 1 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] th 28 (15 ) -5 [Year 2 of Daniel’s 70th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] *John began immersing in the Spring. th 29 (16 ) -4 [Year 3 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] *Jesus was immersed in the Fall. th 30 (17 ) -3 [Year 4 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] *Jesus began preaching in the Spring. th 31 (18 ) -2 [Year 5 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] th 32 (19 ) -1 [Year 6 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] th 33 (20 ) 1 {Sabbatical} [Year 7 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] *THE ATONEMENT 34 (21 st ) 2 *Saul of Tarsus took the lead in persecuting “The Way.” 35 (22 nd ) 3 *Saul of Tarsus was converted at Damascus, easing the persecution. 36 (23 rd ) 4 *The book of James was written around this time.1 37 GAIUS 5 38 (2 nd ) 6 *Peter preaches to Gentiles for the 1 st Time around this time. 39 (3 rd ) 7 th 2 40 (4 ) 8 {Sabbatical} *Gaius tried to have his image set up in the Jewish Temple. 41 CLAUDIUS 9 42 (2 nd ) 10 *Barnabas sent to oversee the predominately Gentile Church at Antioch. 43 (3 rd ) 11 *Saul of Tarsus works with Barnabas at Antioch. -
Sidirountios3
ZEALOT EARLY CHRISTIANITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF ANTI‑ HELLENISM GEORGE SIDIROUNTIOS A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London (Royal Holloway and Bedford New College) March 2016 1 Candidate’s declaration: I confirm that this PhD thesis is entirely my own work. All sources and quotations have been acknowledged. The main works consulted are listed in the bibliography. Candidate’s signature: 2 To the little Serene, Amaltheia and Attalos 3 CONTENTS Absract p. 5 Acknowledgements p. 6 List of Abbreviations p. 7 Conventions and Limitations p. 25 INTRODUCTION p. 26 1. THE MAIN SOURCES 1.1: Lost sources p. 70 1.2: A Selection of Christian Sources p. 70 1.3: Who wrote which work and when? p. 71 1.4: The Septuagint that contains the Maccabees p. 75 1.5: I and II Maccabees p. 79 1.6: III and IV Maccabees p. 84 1.7: Josephus p. 86 1.8: The first three Gospels (Holy Synopsis) p. 98 1.9: John p. 115 1.10: Acts p. 120 1.11: ʺPaulineʺ Epistles p. 123 1.12: Remarks on Paulʹs historical identity p. 126 2. ISRAELITE NAZOREAN OR ESSENE CHRISTIANS? 2.1: Israelites ‑ Moses p. 136 2.2: Israelite Nazoreans or Christians? p. 140 2.3: Essenes or Christians? p. 148 2.4: Holy Warriors? p. 168 3. ʺBCE CHRISTIANITYʺ AND THE EMERGENCE OF ANTI‑HELLENISM p. 173 3.1: A first approach of the Septuagint and ʺJosephusʺ to the Greeks p. 175 3.2: Anti‑Hellenism in the Septuagint p. 183 3.3: The Maccabees and ʺJosephusʺ from Mattathias to Simon p. -
Roman Depiction of the Aethiops Type in Literature and Artwork Evin Demirel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 6 Article 16 Fall 2005 Roman Depiction of the Aethiops Type in Literature and Artwork Evin Demirel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/inquiry Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Demirel, Evin (2005) "Roman Depiction of the Aethiops Type in Literature and Artwork," Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 6 , Article 16. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/inquiry/vol6/iss1/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Inquiry: The nivU ersity of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Demirel: Roman Depiction of the Aethiops Type in Literature and Artwork INQUIRY Volume 6, 2005 Evin Demirel: Roman Depiction of the Aethiops Type 1 ROMAN DEPICTION OF THE AETHIOPS TYPE IN LITERATURE AND ARTWORK AN EXCERPT FROM THE HONORS THESIS “BLACK AND WHITE IN ANCIENT ROME: AN ANALYSIS OF FOUR INFLUENTIAL WORKS ON THE ISSUE OF RACISM IN ANTIQUITY.” By Evin Demirel Classical Studies Program Faculty Mentor: Dr. David Fredricks Classical Studies Program Acknowledgements I want to thank first of all my advisor, Dave Fredrick, for his loaning of materials, recommendations, insight, editing, and translation of the party scene from Dio. Certainly, thesis composition is one matter in which this il Papa is not infallible. I also want to thank Daniel Levine for his generous loaning of materials and help with editing, Mike Riha for his aid in editing, and Charles Robinson and Beth Juhl for their helpful assistance. -
Hadrian and the Limits to Power
HADRIAN AND THE LIMITS TO POWER Abstract: Roman emperors were influenced by precedent and by the expectations of various groups in the Roman Empire that followed from precedent. Yet, imperial decisions by individual emperors influenced groups of Romans and changed their expectations of later emperors. This article analyses this process through the lens of the emperor Hadrian. It pays particular attention to Hadrian’s accession, and to the consequences that the way in which he came to power had for some of his imperial Olivier Hekster behaviour, noticeable the ways in which the emperor dealt with Radboud University, Nijmegen the provinces. Both the constraints which Hadrian faced in his [email protected] early reign because of the context in which he came to power, and the ways in which his mode of reign seems to have shifted expectations of later rulers are reflected in the way the emperor DOI: 10.14795/j.v7i1_SI.486 was (numismatically) represented. ISSN 2360 – 266X Keywords: Hadrian, Roman emperorship, Roman provinces, Imperial roles, Imperial representation. ISSN–L 2360 – 266X oman emperors were sole rulers of their Empire. But even they were not completely free in the way they held their power. Each emperor had to Rdeal with various groups, of which soldiers, senators, the people of Rome, members of the court, and the elite of the provinces were the most important ones. Those groups had expectations about how their rulers had to act, expectations that were determined by precedents from the immediate and more remote past. For that reason alone, the rule of individual Roman emperors and the way they portrayed themselves through coins and other media must always be viewed in the context of the behaviour of their predecessors.1 THE BURDEN OF THE PAST A case in point is the reign of Hadrian. -
2014 03 02 the Destiny of Israel
March 2, 2014! !Forgiveness Sunday! Father Pat’s Pastoral Ponderings! !The Destiny of Israel! History was not kind to the Jewish people during the century following the trial of Jesus. Just before that trial, Israel’s last prophet wept over Jerusalem and foretold the destruction of its Temple, and within a generation of that prophecy the Holy Land was engulfed in a series of Jewish revolts against Rome, a running conflict culminating in the fall of Jerusalem to the Roman army. The fall itself, in July of A.D. 70, was preceded by a siege of three and a half years, during which many thousands of Jews perished of hunger, disease, and incessant infighting among the city’s defenders. Although Titus, the commander of the Roman forces, was disposed to preserve the Temple after the city’s fall, it was gutted by a fire that spread from some neighboring buildings. According to Josephus, the Jewish historian present during the entire tragedy, 97,000 Jews were captured and enslaved. ! Even then, however, the unrest did not end; it moved south. Just west of the Dead Sea stands a very high plateau known in antiquity as “the fortress,” in Hebrew metzadah, from which name it has long been called “Masada.” On this nearly invincible site a remnant of Jews held out against the Romans for three more years. In the end most of them finally preferred suicide to capture.! Nor did the fall of Masada finish Jewish nationalism and resistance to Rome. Early in the second century there were Jewish uprisings in Cyrene, Egypt, Cyprus, and the Fertile Crescent. -
Trinity 25, 2013
Trinity XXV 1 St. Stephen’s Anglican Church 11856 Mays Chapel Rd., Timonium, MD 21093 W The Twenty Fifth Sunday After Trinity, November 17th, 2015 X In The Name of The Father and of The Son and of The Holy Ghost. Amen. X Folks often assume that today’s Gospel reading Century AD audience pictured messiahs and shows Jesus at his most unworldly. False messiahs prophets. And first and foremost, we need to and false prophets aren’t really a problem for understand that messiahs and prophets were seen sensible down-to-earth people like our selves. We as much as political figures as religious ones. can recognize a 21-carat phony when we see one. King David’s 22nd, 23rd and 24th Psalms Jesus’ warnings, we assume, are aimed at people graphically foretell the crucifixion and spell out who are eagerly awaiting the end of the world and the messianic vision. But in 1st Century AD it was the second coming – the sort of folks, who from his military prowess that made him the prototype time to time, find themselves sitting on mountain of the messiah. Isaiah and Jeremiah performed tops or church roofs, in anticipation of the heavens political as well as prophetic roles. As well as opening and the Son of Man descending in clouds proclaiming God’s word, they also served as “the with great glory. loyal opposition” to the Judean political establishment of their days. But nothing could be further from the truth. When Jesus says “If any man shall say unto you, Lo, here In the First Century AD, the messiah was viewed is the Christ, or there; believe it not . -
The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614CE Compared with Islamic Conquest of 638CE
The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614CE compared with Islamic conquest of 638CE. Its Messianic nature and the role of the Jewish Exilarch By Ben Abrahamson and Joseph Katz Abstract: Explores the conquests of Jerusalem in 614CE and 638CE within the context of previous attempts at Jewish restoration. Discusses reasons for a Persian-Jewish alliance and later a Judeo-Arab alliance. In an attempt to reconcile contemporary sources, an account is given of Babylonian Jewish Exilarch Nechemiah ben Hushiel, his brother Shallum (Salmaan Farsi) and nephew Yakov (Ka'b Al-Ahbar) who played pivotal roles in these conquests. Proposes that the twelve men who went to Mecca to meet with the Prophet were Jewish refugees from Edessa, by way of Medina. Suggesting that the authors of Sefer Zerubavel and of the Prayer of Shimon Roman Invitations and Jewish attempts bar Yochai were Jews from Medina. to rebuild the Temple Jerusalem and the Temple, attempts at 70 C.E., Temple is Destroyed restoration 100 C.E., Trajan gives Jews permission to rebuild the Temple which, however, they neither could nor would make any use. After the destruction of the Jewish Temple (70 C.E) and subsequent Jewish Revolt (135 C.E.), 118 C.E., Hadrian allows the Jews to return to Jerusalem and Jerusalem passed into the hands of Rome. It's grants permission for the rebuilding of their Holy Temple, but soon reneges. name was changed by the Romans to Aelia Capitolina and Jews were officially forbidden to 132 C.E., Rebel Bar Kochba re-institutes ritual sacrifice in live there. -
“…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” March 21, 2021
Jewish Congregation of Marco Island “Ta Sh’ma” Life-Long Learning Program “…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” March 21, 2021 The Lay of the Land (or: Knowing the Imperial Players) - --- 753 BCE traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus The Roman Republic 509 overthrow of Tarquinius frees Rome from Etruscan rule 63 Pompey deposes Aristobulus II, and crowns John Hyrcanus II 60 First Triumvirate (Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar) Julio-Claudian Dynasty 44 Gaius Julius Caesar > dictator perpetuo 43 Lex Titia establishes the Second Triumvirate 1 27 BCE Gaius Octavius > Imperator Caesar divi filius Augustus 6 CE Iudea incorporated as a Province of Rome 2 14 CE Tiberius Caesar Augustus 3 37 Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 4 41 Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 5 54 Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 66 First Judean Rebellion Civil War - The Empire in Flux 6 68 Servius Galba Caesar Augustus 7 69 Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus “Year of the 8 69 Aulus Vitellius Four Emperors” Flavian Imperial Dynasty 9 69 Vespasianus (military commander of Legio X Fretensis) 70 sack of Jerusalem 73 Fall of Masada 10 79 Titus Caesar Vespasianus (commander of Lexio X) 11 81 Titus Flavius Domitianus Nerva-Antonine Imperial Dynasty 12 96 Marcus Cocceius Nerva 13 98 Trajan (Caesar Nerva Traianus) 115-7 Tumultus Iudaicus (“Kitos War”) “the Five Good 14 117 Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Emperors” 133 Bar-Kochba Rebellion 135 Hadrianic persecution (per Niccolo Machiavelli 15 138 Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius 16 161-169 Lucius Verus 17 161-180 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus concurrent co-governance 18 177-192 Commodus - continued “…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” (March 21, 2010) – page 2 the eastern Mediterranean at height bronze sestertius of Vespasian of the Roman Empire, 117 CE inscription: “Captive Judea” “The imperial military depots were resupplied by ship, “S[enatus] C[onsulto]” which made it difficult for Roman armies to operate more than seventy-five miles from a coast or large river.