DOCSLIB.ORG

“…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” March 21, 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” March 21, 2021 Jewish Congregation of Marco Island “Ta Sh’ma” Life-Long Learning Program “…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” March 21, 2021 The Lay of the Land (or: Knowing the Imperial Players) - --- 753 BCE traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus The Roman Republic 509 overthrow of Tarquinius frees Rome from Etruscan rule 63 Pompey deposes Aristobulus II, and crowns John Hyrcanus II 60 First Triumvirate (Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar) Julio-Claudian Dynasty 44 Gaius Julius Caesar > dictator perpetuo 43 Lex Titia establishes the Second Triumvirate 1 27 BCE Gaius Octavius > Imperator Caesar divi filius Augustus 6 CE Iudea incorporated as a Province of Rome 2 14 CE Tiberius Caesar Augustus 3 37 Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 4 41 Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 5 54 Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 66 First Judean Rebellion Civil War - The Empire in Flux 6 68 Servius Galba Caesar Augustus 7 69 Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus “Year of the 8 69 Aulus Vitellius Four Emperors” Flavian Imperial Dynasty 9 69 Vespasianus (military commander of Legio X Fretensis) 70 sack of Jerusalem 73 Fall of Masada 10 79 Titus Caesar Vespasianus (commander of Lexio X) 11 81 Titus Flavius Domitianus Nerva-Antonine Imperial Dynasty 12 96 Marcus Cocceius Nerva 13 98 Trajan (Caesar Nerva Traianus) 115-7 Tumultus Iudaicus (“Kitos War”) “the Five Good 14 117 Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Emperors” 133 Bar-Kochba Rebellion 135 Hadrianic persecution (per Niccolo Machiavelli 15 138 Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius 16 161-169 Lucius Verus 17 161-180 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus concurrent co-governance 18 177-192 Commodus - continued “…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” (March 21, 2010) – page 2 the eastern Mediterranean at height bronze sestertius of Vespasian of the Roman Empire, 117 CE inscription: “Captive Judea” “The imperial military depots were resupplied by ship, “S[enatus] C[onsulto]” which made it difficult for Roman armies to operate more than seventy-five miles from a coast or large river. This explains why Rome conquered only the lands fringing the shores of the Mediterranean, and why the northern boundaries of its territory were defined by rivers” – Tom Standage, An Edible History of the World A) Babylonian Talmud, Yoma 69a - B) Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea (265-339), Chronicon 5 - When the Samaritans had obtained permis- sion from Alexander to destroy the Temple Alexander arrived [at Jerusalem in 332 BCE] in Jerusalem, the high priest Shim’on the with a victorious army, and was full of rage Just (garbed in his golden vestments, and against the Judeans because they would not accompanied by a host of Judean dignita- fight against his enemy Darius. ries) went out to meet the conqueror. At the Yet a day or two later he departed with the sight of Shim’on, Alexander fell prostrate at greatest love and kindness for the Jude- his feet. ans— permitting them to live by their He explained to his astonished companions ancient laws; forgiving them the tribute of the year“ שנת שמיטה] that the image of the Jewish high priest the Sabbatical Year was always with him in battle, fighting of release” - ref. Leviticus 25]; and willingly for him and leading him to victory. Shim- inviting their people to fight for him, as his on vindicated the sentiments of his country- allies. men, declaring that— far from being rebels— they offered prayers in the Temple for the welfare of the king and his dominions. portrait of Alexander the Great (depicted as Zeus Ammon) silver tetradrachma of Lysimachus, c. 290 BCE - continued “…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” (March 21, 2010) – page 3 C) Josephus Flavius (37-100?), D) from Ezra 4 - Antiquities of the Jews 14:10:6 - The [Samaritan and Arab] adversaries of Ju- Gaius [Julius] Caesar had decreed that the dah and Benjamin sent a letter to Emperor Judeans shall possess Jerusalem, and may Xerxes in Persia: “Let it be made known to encompass that city with walls; that Hyrca- Your Majesty that the Judeans who have nus, the son of Alexander, the high priest come up from you have arrived at Jeru- and ethnarch of the Judeans, may hold it salem, and are rebuilding that wicked and in any manner he pleases; and that the Ju- rebellious city. If this city is rebuilt, and deans are allowed a remittance of tribute, its walls completed, they will not pay tri- the year following the Sabbatical year. bute, nor poll-tax, nor land-tax, to the deleterious effect of the Empire. “You will find in the Imperial archives of your forebears that this city is harmful to kings and states, with sedition rife within its walls since early days. If this city’s walls are rebuilt, you will no longer have any in- fluence in the province Beyond the River.” E) Emil Schürer (1844-1910), Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu - The policies of [the first Roman Emperor] Augustus toward the Jews of the Empire in general, and the inhabitants of Judea in particular, followed the favorable line established by Julius Caesar. Judea was incorporated into the Empire, as part of the Province of Syria, when Augustus deposed Herod Archelaus, successor to Roman client-king Herod the Great. Augustus extended favorable treatment to Jews throughout the Diaspora. He ensured the “inviolability of their sacred books and synagogues” and exempted them from the need to appear in court on the Sabbath, or on Friday after The Ninth Hour [ = 3:00 p.m.]. F) David Noy (1959- ), “A Sight Unfit to See”: Jewish Reactions to the Roman Imperial Cult – In 39 or 40 the [third Roman] Emperor Gaius Caligu- la decided to have a statue of himself installed in the Jewish Caligula Temple in Jerusalem. He ordered the governor of Syria, Petronius, to use as much military force as necessary to erect it. But Petronius was confronted with thousands of protesting Judean Jews before he had even left Syria. Jews throughout the Roman world were horrified at the greatest threat to the monotheistic and aniconic nature of their worship for 200 years [cf. I Maccabees 1:54-56 = 167 BCE]. [King Marcus Julius] Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great and current ruler of a client-kingdom northeast of Judea that A narcissistic sociopath, included the Galilee, happened to be in Rome. When he was four of whose five years as informed about the statue, he apparently had a stroke, but Emperor were character- recovered sufficiently to write to Caligula with a lengthy ized by every kind of profli- argument against the statue. Caligula’s mind was changed, igacy and cruelty. and he ordered the icon returned to Syria. - continued “…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” (March 21, 2010) – page 4 G) Babylonian Talmud, Sotah 41a – [When the Covenant was renewed every seven years, with a public reading of Torah in the Temple (per Deuteronomy 31:10-13),] how did they conduct the reading of The Paragraph About Portrait coin of Agrippa I The King [ = Deuteronomy 17:14-20]? The High Priest ( ) presents [the Torah scroll] to the King, who stands to from Caesarea, 42 receive it and then reads it while seated. King Agrippa [Marcus Julius Agrippa, ruled 41-44 CE] rose to receive it, but remained respectfully standing to read it, for which the sages lauded him. But when he got to the verse “you may not appoint a foreigner over you” [ = Deuteronomy 17:15], he stop- ped reading and his eyes brimmed with tears. They reassured him: “Fear not, Agrippa— you are our brother, you are our brother!” Acts 12:1 - Herod the Great Aristobulus IV Marcus Julius Agrippa (Edomite) (Hasmonean) (King Agrippa I / Herod Agrippa) | | | Mariamne Berenice Cypros (Hasmonean) (daughter of Herod’s sister) (daughter of Mariamne’s daughter) H) F. F. [Frederic Fyvie] Bruce (1910-1980), New Testament History - The cruelty of [Marcus Antonius Felix, Roman procurator of Judea 52-60], coupled with his accessibility to bribes (see Acts 24:26), led to a great increase Babylonian Talmud, Yoma 9b - of crime in Judaea. The period of his rule was marked by internal feuds and disturbances, On account of what was the Second Temple which he put down with severity. destroyed? Because gratuitous hatred prevailed within it. His successor Porcius Festus [procurator of Ju- dea 60-62,] inherited the problems of his predecessor in regard to the Roman practice of creating civic privileges for Jews. During his administration, Judean hostility to Roman policy was greatly inflamed by the civic privileges issue. Feelings were aroused which played an important part in the closely following uprising of 66. I) Babylonian Talmud, Gittin 56a - As [the fifth Roman Emperor] Caesar Nero came up against them [in 67 to lay siege to the Judean capital], he shot an arrow towards the east, and it fell on Jerusalem. He then shot one towards the west— and it, too, fell on Jerusalem. So he fired arrows towards all four points of the compass— yet each one fell on Jeru- salem. Whereupon he said to a young boy nearby: “Recite for me the last verse of Scripture you learned!” To which the boy obediently re- sponded: “Now I will lay My vengeance upon Edom by the hand of My people Israel” [Ezekiel 25:14]. The Emperor thought to himself: “The Holy And Blessed One wishes to lay waste to His Own house, but to wash His Own Hands of it and lay the blame on me!” So he turned and ran away and became a proselyte; Rabbi Mei’ir was descended from him. - continued “…But Was Caesar Good for the Jews?” (March 21, 2010) – page 5 J) Babylonian Talmud, Gittin 56b - The wicked Titus [who oversaw the destruction of Jerusalem at the order of the ninth Emperor, Vespasian (whom he then succeeded as the tenth)] blasphemed and insulted Heaven.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Roman Province of Judea: a Historical Overview
    BYU Studies Quarterly Volume 36 Issue 3 Article 23 7-1-1996 The Roman Province of Judea: A Historical Overview John F. Hall Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq Part of the Mormon Studies Commons, and the Religious Education Commons Recommended Citation Hall, John F. (1996) "The Roman Province of Judea: A Historical Overview," BYU Studies Quarterly: Vol. 36 : Iss. 3 , Article 23. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol36/iss3/23 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in BYU Studies Quarterly by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hall: The Roman Province of Judea: A Historical Overview p d tffieffiAinelixnealxAIX romansixulalealliki glnfin ns i u1uaihiihlanilni judeatairstfsuuctfa Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 1996 1 BYU Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, Iss. 3 [1996], Art. 23 the roman province judeaofiudeaofofjudea A historical overview john E hall the comingcoining of rome to judea romes acquisition ofofjudeajudea and subsequent involvement in the affairs of that long troubled area came about in largely indirect fashion for centuries judea had been under the control of the hel- lenilenisticstic greek monarchy centered in syria and known as the seleu- cid empire one of the successor states to the far greater empire of alexander the great who conquered the vast reaches of the persian empire toward the end of the fourth century
    [Show full text]
  • Josephus As Political Philosopher: His Concept of Kingship
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Josephus As Political Philosopher: His Concept Of Kingship Jacob Douglas Feeley University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Jewish Studies Commons Recommended Citation Feeley, Jacob Douglas, "Josephus As Political Philosopher: His Concept Of Kingship" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2276. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2276 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2276 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Josephus As Political Philosopher: His Concept Of Kingship Abstract Scholars who have discussed Josephus’ political philosophy have largely focused on his concepts of aristokratia or theokratia. In general, they have ignored his concept of kingship. Those that have commented on it tend to dismiss Josephus as anti-monarchical and ascribe this to the biblical anti- monarchical tradition. To date, Josephus’ concept of kingship has not been treated as a significant component of his political philosophy. Through a close reading of Josephus’ longest text, the Jewish Antiquities, a historical work that provides extensive accounts of kings and kingship, I show that Josephus had a fully developed theory of monarchical government that drew on biblical and Greco- Roman models of kingship. Josephus held that ideal kingship was the responsible use of the personal power of one individual to advance the interests of the governed and maintain his and his subjects’ loyalty to Yahweh. The king relied primarily on a standard array of classical virtues to preserve social order in the kingdom, protect it from external threats, maintain his subjects’ quality of life, and provide them with a model for proper moral conduct.
    [Show full text]
  • First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate
    First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate • An alliance of the three most powerful men in Rome, Marcus Licinus Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Gneaus Pompey Magnus. Rome was in chaos and the 3 seized control of the Republic. • The three would dominate Roman politics for personal gains throughout the territories of the Republic. Julius Caesar • In Rome, Julius Caesar was elected as the tribune of the Plebs, military tribune, and governor of many provinces throughout the Republic. • Believed Crassus helped Julius Caesar win the election to become the Propraetor or governor of Hispania in 63 B.C.E. • Julius returned to Rome after his term as governor. Caesar had a business or political agreement with Pompey and Crassus in 60 B.C.E. Caesar was the consul while Pompey and Crassus were in the senate. • Created the First Triumvirate • After his term, Julius was in deeply in debt politically and financially to Crassus and desperately needed to raise money. Marcus Crassus • Crassus was the richest man in all the Roman Republic. He was sharp and clever in Roman politics. He would be a senator and even become consul a few times. • He was a mentor to Julius Caesar in his early career. • Gained much fame during the Spartacus rebellion but much of it was stolen by Pompey. • He was a longtime rival to Pompey Magnus and this would be his eventually downfall. He would ally with Caesar and Pompey, but strived for military victory over Pompey. He went to Parthia where he was defeated at Carrhae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople1
    STEFANOS ATHANASIOU The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople1 A Religious Minority and a Global Player Introduction In the extended family of the Orthodox Church of the Byzantine rite, it is well known that the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople takes honorary prece- dence over all other Orthodox autocephalous and autonomous churches.2 The story of its origins is well known. From a small church on the bay of the Bos- porus in the fishing village of Byzantium, to the centre of Eastern Christianity then through the transfer of the Roman imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople in the fourth century, and later its struggle for survival in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. Nevertheless, a discussion of the development of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is required to address the newly- kindled discussion between the 14 official Orthodox autocephalous churches on the role of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in today’s Orthodox world. A recalling of apposite historical events is relevant to this discussion. As Karl Löwith remarks, “[H]istorical consciousness can only begin with itself, although its intention is to visualise the thinking of other times and other people. History must continually be recalled, reconsidered and re-explored by each current living generation” (Löwith 2004: 12). This article should also be understood with this in mind. It is intended to awaken old memories for reconsideration and reinterpretation. Since the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ecumenical Patriarchate has taken up the role of custodian of the Byzantine tradition and culture and has lived out this tradition in its liturgical life in the region of old Byzantium (Eastern Roman Empire) and then of the Ottoman Empire and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reception of Agrippina, Mother of Nero, in Handel's Opera Agrippina
    In die Skriflig / In Luce Verbi ISSN: (Online) 2305-0853, (Print) 1018-6441 Page 1 of 6 Original Research Agrippina as prima donna: The reception of Agrippina, mother of Nero, in Handel’s opera Agrippina Author: This article examines the way in which Agrippina, the mother of the emperor Nero, is depicted 1 Betine van Zyl Smit in Handel’s opera Agrippina. The opera’s libretto, written by Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani, Affiliation: draws upon the historical information in Suetonius’ biography of Claudius and upon the 1Department of Classics and events described in books 12 to 14 of Tacitus’ Annals. The article shows how Grimani juggled Archaeology, University of the chronology, events and relationships among the characters to omit the tragic and gruesome Nottingham, Nottingham, details, and to create a satirical comedy of succession. United Kingdom Keywords: Georg Friedrich Handel; Vincenzo Grimani; Agrippina Opera; Emperor Nero; Corresponding author: Betine Smit, Emperor Claudius; Empress Agrippina; Suetonius’ Biography of Claudius; Tacitus Annals [email protected] 12–14; Opera Libretto; Poppaea Sabina; Otho. Dates: Received: 07 June 2019 Accepted: 25 July 2019 Introduction Published: 31 Oct. 2019 The relationships and events at the heart of the Roman Empire in the middle years of the 1st century AD1 contain plenty of drama and intrigue. The accounts of Tacitus in his Annals and in the How to cite this article: Van Zyl Smit, B., 2019, biographies of the emperors Claudius and Nero by Suetonius, depict a series of marriages and ‘Agrippina as prima donna: murders that would make material for the most lurid fiction. Such events occurred at the courts The reception of Agrippina, of Claudius (41–54) and Nero (54–64).
    [Show full text]
  • Let's Review Text Structure!
    Grade 6 Day 18 ELA q I Grade 6 Day 18 ELA Grade 6 Day 18 ELA W o Grade 6 Bearcat Day 18 Math pl Grade 6 Bearcat Day 18 Math P2 Grade 6 Bearcat Day 18 Math 173 Grade 6 Bearcat Day 18 Math 104 Grade 6 Day 18 Science pl Grade 6 Day 18 Science P2 Grade 6 Day 18 Science 123 Question for you to turn in. Describe how processes were used to form a landform. Use vocabulary and evidence from the passage to support your answer. RACE. Grade 6 Day 18 Social Studies Grade 6 Day 18 Social Studies to . I ] l n n t t e o o r n n m i i i t r r t t a a p t t h e e a a . r r m h h 1 o o m m t t E r r 0 p p O O e o o n s f f m m r n a i i i l n n o i i r m e e o m p i R t / l m ? ? d d e l l a l l E e e h a a , ci s s T f f s e u u n n n a a m o sp w w o i C C r o o s/ f t t ct t n D D a a e n a s h h s s e i i t m e W W h h n o h r t / co s o t e d r i n n s s p o a i e e e e t i i m s v v n e p r r m m / e i l t e e e e g t c r s s n n a e e o o l E E R R e s.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MADNESS of the EMPEROR CALIGULA (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus) by A
    THE MADNESS OF THE EMPEROR CALIGULA (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus) by A. T. SANDISON, B.Sc., M.D. Department of Pathology, the University and Western Infirmaty, Glasgow THROUGHOUT the centuries the name of Caligula has been synonymous with madness and infamy, sadism and perversion. It has been said that Marshal Gilles de Rais, perhaps the most notorious sadist of all time, modelled his behaviour. on that of the evil Caesars described by Suetonius, among whom is numbered Caligula. Of recent years, however, Caligula has acquired his apologists, e.g. Willrich; so also, with more reason, has the Emperor Tiberius, whose reputation has been largely rehabilitated by modern scholarship. Our knowledge of the life of Caligula depends largely on Suetonius, whose work D)e vita Caesarum was not published, until some eighty years after the death of Caligula in A.D. 41. Unfortunately that part ofTacitus's Annals which treated of the reign. of Caligula has been lost. Other ancient sources are Dio Cassius, whose History of Rome was written in the early third century and, to a lesser extent, Josephus, whose Anht itates Judaicac was published in A.D. 93, and Philo Jqdaeus, whose pamphlet Legatio ad- Gaium and In Flaccum may be considered as contemporary writings. It seems probable that all these ancient sour¢es are to some extent prejudiced and highly coloured. Suetonius's Gaius Caligula in De vita Caesarum is full of scabrous and sometimes entertaining stories, on some ofwhich little reliability can be plat-ed. Nevertheless, the outlines of Caligula's life-history are not in doubt, and a usefiul summary is given by Balsdon (i949) in the Oxford-Classical Dictionary.
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Republic in 5 Timelines (Teacher Guide and Notes)
    1 180 BC: lex Villia Annalis – a law regulating the minimum ages at which a individual could how political office at each stage of the cursus honorum (career path). This was a step to regularising a political career and enforcing limits. 146 BC: The fall of Carthage in North Africa and Corinth in Greece effectively brought an end to Rome’s large overseas campaigns for control of the Mediterranean. This is the point that the historian Sallust sees as the beginning of the decline of the Republic, as Rome had no rivals to compete with and so turn inwards, corrupted by greed. 139 BC: lex Gabinia tabelleria– the first of several laws introduced by tribunes to ensure secret ballots for for voting within the assembliess (this one applied to elections of magistrates). 133 BC – the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, who along with his younger brother, is seen as either a social reformer or a demagogue. He introduced an agrarian land that aimed to distribute Roman public land to the poorer elements within Roman society (although this act quite likely increased tensions between the Italian allies and Rome, because it was land on which the Italians lived that was be redistributed). He was killed in 132 BC by a band of senators led by the pontifex maximus (chief priest), because they saw have as a political threat, who was allegedly aiming at kingship. 2 123-121 BC – the younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus was tribune in 123 and 122 BC, passing a number of laws, which apparent to have aimed to address a number of socio-economic issues and inequalities.
    [Show full text]
  • A BRIEF HISTORY of ANCIENT ROME a Timeline from 753 BC to 337 AD, Looking at the Successive Kings, Politicians, and Emperors Who Ruled Rome’S Expanding Empire
    Rome: A Virtual Tour of the Ancient City A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME A timeline from 753 BC to 337 AD, looking at the successive kings, politicians, and emperors who ruled Rome’s expanding empire. 21st April, Rome's Romulus and Remus featured in legends of Rome's foundation; 753 BC mythological surviving accounts, differing in details, were left by Dionysius of foundation Halicarnassus, Livy, and Plutarch. Romulus and Remus were twin sons of the war god Mars, suckled and looked-after by a she-wolf after being thrown in the river Tiber by their great-uncle Amulius, the usurping king of Alba Longa, and drifting ashore. Raised after that by the shepherd Faustulus and his wife, the boys grew strong and were leaders of many daring adventures. Together they rose against Amulius, killed him, and founded their own city. They quarrelled over its site: Romulus killed Remus (who had preferred the Aventine) and founded his city, Rome, on the Palatine Hill. 753 – Reign of Kings From the reign of Romulus there were six subsequent kings from the 509 BC 8th until the mid-6th century BC. These kings are almost certainly legendary, but accounts of their reigns might contain broad historical truths. Roman monarchs were served by an advisory senate, but held supreme judicial, military, executive, and priestly power. The last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown and a republican constitution installed in his place. Ever afterwards Romans were suspicious of kingly authority - a fact that the later emperors had to bear in mind. 509 BC Formation of Tarquinius Superbus, the last king was expelled in 509 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Coins
    HCpLAToR g2z; UF s:z9 i,l t! <H o rri*rx ITISTORY AND COINAGE OF TITE ARI<ADIAN LEAGAE OF 37O BCE COINS AND TITE SYT{OPTIC PROBLEM TIIE CELTIC COIN TITAT SAYS IT IS CELTIC Visit www.TomCederlind.com ... SYRACUSE. c. 404-400 Be. Si lver Dekadrachm, unsigned dies by Kimon . ... or call for a complimentary catalog .. .. TOM CEDERLIND NUMISMATICS & ANTIQUIT IE S PO Box 1963, Dept. C (503)228-2746 Portland, OR 97207 Fax (503)228-8130 www.TomCederlind.com/[email protected] Vol. 24. No.2 TIle CelatoY" Inside The CelatoY'9 ... February 2010 Consecutive Issue No. 272 Incorporating ROIlum Coins mId Clliwre FEATURES Publisher/Editor Kerry K. Wcttcrstrom [email protected] 6 History and Coinage of the Arkadian League of 370 BCE Associate Editors by Steve M. Benner Robert L. Black Michael R. Mehalick 24 Coins and the Synoptic Problem Page 6 by Peter E. Lewis For Back bsues From The Celtic Coin That Says It Is Celtic 1987 to May 1999 contact: 37 Wayne Sayles by Chris Rudd [email protected] DEPARTMENTS Art: Parnell Nelson 2 Editor's Note Coming Next Month Maps & Graphic An: Page 24 Kenny Grady 4 Letters to the Editor 41 The "Alliance" Deniers of Duke Richard I of P.O. Box 10607 Lancaster, PA 17605 Normandy Tel/Fax: 717-656-8557 by Alan S. DeShazo For FedEx & UPS deliveries: Kerry K. Welterstrom 42 Art and the Market 87 Apricot Ave Leola, PA 17540-1788 ~rofittS: in ilumiS:1l1i1ti( S: www.ceIator.com 43 Art and the Market The eels/or (ISSN .,048-0986) is an Independent joumal pub­ 44 Coming Events Page 37 lished on the first day 01 each month at 87 Apricot Ave .
    [Show full text]
  • The Jewish Context of Early Church History ROMAN CHURCH *KEY AD EMPEROR YEAR EVENT 26 TIBERIUS 27
    The Jewish Context Of Early Church History ROMAN CHURCH *KEY AD EMPEROR YEAR EVENT 26 TIBERIUS -7 {Sabbatical} th 27 (14 ) -6 [Year 1 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] th 28 (15 ) -5 [Year 2 of Daniel’s 70th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] *John began immersing in the Spring. th 29 (16 ) -4 [Year 3 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] *Jesus was immersed in the Fall. th 30 (17 ) -3 [Year 4 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] *Jesus began preaching in the Spring. th 31 (18 ) -2 [Year 5 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] th 32 (19 ) -1 [Year 6 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] th 33 (20 ) 1 {Sabbatical} [Year 7 of Daniel’s 70 th Sabbatical Cycle Begins In Fall ] *THE ATONEMENT 34 (21 st ) 2 *Saul of Tarsus took the lead in persecuting “The Way.” 35 (22 nd ) 3 *Saul of Tarsus was converted at Damascus, easing the persecution. 36 (23 rd ) 4 *The book of James was written around this time.1 37 GAIUS 5 38 (2 nd ) 6 *Peter preaches to Gentiles for the 1 st Time around this time. 39 (3 rd ) 7 th 2 40 (4 ) 8 {Sabbatical} *Gaius tried to have his image set up in the Jewish Temple. 41 CLAUDIUS 9 42 (2 nd ) 10 *Barnabas sent to oversee the predominately Gentile Church at Antioch. 43 (3 rd ) 11 *Saul of Tarsus works with Barnabas at Antioch.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing God's Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation
    Constructing God’s Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation in Bilad al-Sham, 640-743 CE Nissim Lebovits Senior Honors Thesis in the Department of History Vanderbilt University 20 April 2020 Contents Maps 2 Note on Conventions 6 Acknowledgements 8 Chronology 9 Glossary 10 Introduction 12 Chapter One 21 Chapter Two 45 Chapter Three 74 Chapter Four 92 ​ Conclusion 116 Figures 121 Works Cited 191 1 Maps Map 1: Bilad al-Sham, ca. 9th Century CE. “Map of Islamic Syria and its Provinces”, last modified 27 December 2013, accessed April 19, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham#/media/File:Syria_in_the_9th_century.svg. ​ ​ 2 Map 2: Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, early 8th century CE. Khaled Yahya Blankinship, The End of the ​ Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Albany: ​ State University of New York Press, 1994), 240. 3 Map 3: The approximate borders of the eastern portion of the Umayyad caliphate, ca. 724 CE. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State, 238. ​ 4 Map 4: Ghassanid buildings and inscriptions in Bilad al-Sham prior to the Muslim conquest. Heinz Gaube, “The Syrian desert castles: some economic and political perspectives on their genesis,” trans. Goldbloom, in The ​ Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures, ed. Fred Donner (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2012) ​ 352. 5 Note on Conventions Because this thesis addresses itself to a non-specialist audience, certain accommodations have been made. Dates are based on the Julian, rather than Islamic, calendar. All dates referenced are in the Common Era (CE) unless otherwise specified. Transliteration follows the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), including the recommended ​ ​ ​ ​ exceptions.
    [Show full text]