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Sidirountios3 ZEALOT EARLY CHRISTIANITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF ANTI‑ HELLENISM GEORGE SIDIROUNTIOS A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London (Royal Holloway and Bedford New College) March 2016 1 Candidate’s declaration: I confirm that this PhD thesis is entirely my own work. All sources and quotations have been acknowledged. The main works consulted are listed in the bibliography. Candidate’s signature: 2 To the little Serene, Amaltheia and Attalos 3 CONTENTS Absract p. 5 Acknowledgements p. 6 List of Abbreviations p. 7 Conventions and Limitations p. 25 INTRODUCTION p. 26 1. THE MAIN SOURCES 1.1: Lost sources p. 70 1.2: A Selection of Christian Sources p. 70 1.3: Who wrote which work and when? p. 71 1.4: The Septuagint that contains the Maccabees p. 75 1.5: I and II Maccabees p. 79 1.6: III and IV Maccabees p. 84 1.7: Josephus p. 86 1.8: The first three Gospels (Holy Synopsis) p. 98 1.9: John p. 115 1.10: Acts p. 120 1.11: ʺPaulineʺ Epistles p. 123 1.12: Remarks on Paulʹs historical identity p. 126 2. ISRAELITE NAZOREAN OR ESSENE CHRISTIANS? 2.1: Israelites ‑ Moses p. 136 2.2: Israelite Nazoreans or Christians? p. 140 2.3: Essenes or Christians? p. 148 2.4: Holy Warriors? p. 168 3. ʺBCE CHRISTIANITYʺ AND THE EMERGENCE OF ANTI‑HELLENISM p. 173 3.1: A first approach of the Septuagint and ʺJosephusʺ to the Greeks p. 175 3.2: Anti‑Hellenism in the Septuagint p. 183 3.3: The Maccabees and ʺJosephusʺ from Mattathias to Simon p. 193 3.4: ʺJosephus,ʺ from John Hyrkanos to the arrival of the Romans p. 214 4. ZEALOTS, SIKARIOI, GALILEANS AND THE FOLLOWERS OF THE MESSIAH 4.1: Do any sources name the first Christians as revolutionaries? p. 222 4.2: Galileans and the massacre of the innocent infants. p. 226 4.3: Galilee and the signa p. 237 4.4: Buy a sica, get a whip and fight for the Lord? p. 242 4.5: Christian participation in the Great Revolt? p. 252 CONCLUSIONS p. 267 Epilogue p. 271 APPENDICES 1: Greeks or Hellēnes? p. 276 2: Lost and censored works p. 277 3: Jewish (?) Pseudepigrapha p. 279 4: Greeks in the works of Philo of Alexandria p. 281 5: Eviōnaioi/Engratites, some of the first Christians? p. 286 6: Parting of the ways during the first century? p. 289 7: Greeks in the Early Church? p. 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY Lexica p. 321 Primary Sources p. 323 Secondary Studies p. 337 4 ABSTRACT The present thesis explores and tests the validity of the hypothesis raised by Reimarus (1694‑1768) that the first Christians aimed at establishing an earthly and not a heavenly kingdom. The INTRODUCTION presents the problem and how this has been approached by previous scholars. It also outlines the aim and scope of the thesis and the methodology employed. CHAPTER 1 is a critical presentation of the main sources upon which the findings of the thesis are based, namely Maccabees I‑IV, Josephus (fl. 1st c.) and the New Testament. It examines the issues of authenticity, dating, reliability, alterations and interpolations of the texts. CHAPTER 2, examines the case that the Early Christians were continuators of certain pre‑ existing Messianic traditions and perceived themselves as original Israelites. It also explores the validity of the hypothesis that the first Christians were Essenes. CHAPTER 3 covers the historical period from the reign of the Greek Antiochos IV Epiphanēs (175‑164 BCE), when according to a certain Church tradition the first ʺChristiansʺ do appear in history as martyrs. It ends with the last years of the Hasmonean dynasty (c.37 BCE). This chapter also investigates the rise of religious anti‑Hellenism. CHAPTER 4 starts with the war Herod the Great (c.73‑4 BCE) raised against certain Galileans and ends with the last events of the Great Revolt. Also, it questions what did the first Christians do during this period of repeated conflicts? How did the Gentiles perceive the Christians and who were the Greeks in the Early Church? The CONCLUSIONS summarise the findings on the validity of the ʺearthly kingdomʺ hypothesis, and the thesis ends with APPENDICES. 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am most grateful to my supervisor Dr David Gwynn, and to all other scholars and friends whose names will always be with me. My sincere gratitude to the staff of all Libraries where my research was carried out, to the staff of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae Digital Library of Greek Literature and to the administrative staff of Royal Holloway. Omiroupolis February 2016 6 ABBREVIATIONS A.H. Irenaeus, Contra haereses, ed. W.W. Harvey, Sancti Irenaei episcopi Lugdunensis libros quinque adversus haereses, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1857) Agouridēs, Ο χριστιανισμός S. Agouridēs, Ο χριστιανισμός έναντι Ιουδαϊσμού και Ελληνισμού κατά το Β΄ αι. μ.Χ. (Αthens, 1997) Alexander, Apocalyptic Paul J. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, ed. D. de F. Abrahamse (Berkeley, 1985), (henCeforth Alexander, Apocalyptic) Alon, Jews G. Alon, The Jews in their Land in the Talmudic Age, translated and edited by G. Levi, 2 vols., (Jerusalem, 1980‑1984) Ἀληθὴς Celsus, Ἀληθὴς λόγος, ed. R. Bader, Der Ἀληθὴς λόγος des Kelsos (Stuttgart, 1940) Ant. Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, 4 vols. (Berlin,1887‑1890) in ed. B. Niese, Flavii Iosephi opera, 6 vols (Berlin, 1887‑1894) Apostolic Fathers ed. Kirsopp Lake, The Apostolic Fathers 2 vols (Loeb: London, 1912‑1913) Applebaum, ʹZealotsʹ Shimon Applebaum ʹThe Zealots: The Case for revaluation,ʹ in JRS, vol. 61 (1971), pp. 155‑170 Aristidēs, Apologia ed. C. Vona, L’apologia di Aristide (Rome, 1950) Aristobulus, Fragmenta Aristobulus Judaeus, Fragmenta pseudepigraphorum quae supersunt Graeca, ed. A. Denis (Leiden, 1970) Arnal William Arnal, ʹThe Q DoCumentʹ in Jewish Christianity Reconsidered: Rethinking Ancient Groups and Texts, ed. Matt JaCkson‑MCCabe (Minneapolis, 2007), pp. 119‑154 Aslan, Zealot Reza Aslan, Zealot: the life and times of Jesus of Nazareth (London, 2013) Assumption Assumption of Moses, ed. R. H. Charles (London, 1897) Atwill, Caesar’s J. Atwill, Caesar’s Messiah, the Roman Conspiracy to invent Jesus (Charleston, 2011) Aune, Blackwell David E. Aune, The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament (Oxford, 2010) 7 Autolycum Theophilus, Ad Autolycum ed. R.M. Grant in Theophilus of Antioch (Oxford, 1970) Bammel, ʹRevolutionaryʹ E. Bammel, ʹThe revolutionary theory from Reimarus to Brandonʹ, in Jesus and the Politics of His Day, ed. Ernst Bammel and C. F. D. Moule (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 11‑68 Barnard, ‘The origins’ L. W. Barnard, ‘The origins and emergenCe of the ChurCh in Edessa during the first two Centuries A.D.’, in Vig. Chr. 22 (1968) pp. 161‑175 Barnett, Jesus Paul W. Barnett, Jesus and the Logic of History (LeiCester, 1997) Bartlet, 1 Macc. John R. Bartlet, 1 Maccabees (Sheffield, 1998) Bassler, ‘Paulʹ Jouette M. Bassler, ‘Paul and his Letters’, in Aune, Blackwell, pp. 373‑397 BDT A. Blasi, J. Duhaime, P. TurCotte, eds., Handbook of Early Christianity, Social Science Approaches (Walnut Creek, 2002) Becker‑Reed Adam H. BeCker and Annette Y. Reed, eds., The Ways that Never Parted : Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages (Tübingen 2003) Bel. Josephus, De Bello Judaico, in ed. B. Niese, Flavii Iosephi opera, 6 vols (Berlin, 1887‑1894), vol. 6 (1894) Bellinzoni Arthur J. Bellinzoni, The Two‑Source Hypothesis: a Critical Appraisal (MerCer, 1985) Benko‑Oʹ Rourke S. Benko and J. Oʹ Rourke, eds. The Catacombs and the Colosseum, the Roman empire as the Setting of Primitive Christianity (Valley Forge, 1971) Berger, Qumran Klaus Berger, Qumran und Jesus: Wahrheit unter Verschluss? (Stuttgart, 1993), trans. James S. Currie, The Truth under Lock and Key (Louisville, 1995) Betz‑Riesner O. Betz and R. Riesner, Jesus, Qumran und der Vatikan. Klarstellungen (Giessen, 1993), trans J. Bowden, Jesus, Qumran and the Vatican: Clarifications (London, 1994) BiCkerman, ʹThe nameʹ Elias BiCkerman, ʹThe name of Christians,ʹ in Studies in Jewish and Christian history 3 (Leiden, 1986), pp. 139‑151 Bird, Crossing MiChael Bird, Crossing over Sea and Land: Jewish Missionary Activity in the Second Temple Period (Peabody, Mass., 2010) BlaCk, Scrolls Matthew BlaCk, The Scrolls and Christian Origins (London, 1961) 8 BoCk, Studying Darrell L. BoCk, Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods (Grand Rapids, 2002) Bond, ʹQuestʹ Helen K. Bond, ʹThe Quest for the HistoriCal Jesus: An Appraisal,ʹ in The Blackwell Companion to Jesus, ed. Delbert Burkett (Oxford, 2011), pp. 337‑353 Bormann Lukas Bormann, Kelly Del TrediCi, Angela Standhardtinger, eds, Religious Propaganda and Missionary Competition in the New Testament World: Essays Honoring Dieter Georgi (Leiden, 1994) Brandon, Fall Samuel G. F. Brandon, The fall of Jerusalem and the Christian Church: a study of the effects of the Jewish overthrow of A.D. 70 on Christianity (London, 19782) Brandon, Jesus S. G. F. Brandon, Jesus and the Zealots, a study of the Political factor in primitive Christianity (ManChester, 1967) Brandon, Trial S. G. F. Brandon, The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth (London, 1968) Burkill, ‘SyrophoeniCian’ T. A. Burkill, ‘The SyrophoeniCian woman: The CongruenCe of Mark 7:24‑31,’ in Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche 57, ed. Walther Eltester (Berlin, 1966), pp. 23‑37 Cadbury, Making Henry J. Cadbury, The Making of Luke‑Acts (New York, 19582) Carson, ‘Pseudonymity’ D. A. Carson, ‘Pseudonymity and Pseudepigraphy,’ in Dictionary of New Testament Background, eds Craig A. Evans and Stanley E. Porter (Downers Grove, 2000), pp. 857‑864 CCB H. C. Kee, Meyers, Rogerson and Saldarini, eds., The Cambridge Companion to the Bible (Cambridge, 1997) CCSG Corpus Christianorum Series GraeCa CCOC The Cambridge history of Christianity, Origins to Constantine, eds.
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