•

CHRONOLOGY • 1820 Congregational missionaries from Boston, Massachusetts arrive 1n. Hawa1 . I.1 . 9

• 1831 The native Hawaiian population of Kaua•i stands at about 12,000. 10

1833 Peter A. Brinsmade, William Ladd, and William Hooper arrive in 1 • Hawai 1 i from Boston.

1834 The native Hawaiian population in the Koloa district stands at 6 • 2,166. h Rev. Peter Gulick and family arrive in Koloa. 6h

1835 A small-scale Chinese-owned sugar mill is operating in the • Koloa district, but is out of operation by 1840 or 1841. 1

Ladd & Co. leases a tract of land (980 acres) on the east side of Waihohonu Stream from Kamehameha III. The lease is for • fifty years with an annual rental of $300. William Hooper undertakes the management of the sugar plantation. 1 Ladd & Co. is also given permission to hire native laborers. 3

• Rev. Peter Gulick establishes the Koloa Mission. 9•19

1836 Twenty-five acres of sugarcane is planted; a mill dam and water-powered sugar mill are constructed. Although some • molasses is made, no sugar is produced. Men from China with experience in sugar manufacture arrive to work in the mill as sugar boilers. 1

• 1837 Sherman Peck & Co. leases a parcel of land from Ladd & Co. and attempts to raise silk. The venture fails a few years later. 1

• A-1 A-2 •

Dr. Thomas Lafon, Kaua•i •s first missionary doctor, arrives on the island. 10 Dr. Lafon is sent to work with Rev. Peter Gulick at Koloa. 9 •

The original Koloa Church is built. 19

1838 A new dam and an improved mill for Koloa Plantation are built • at Maulili Pool . 1 1839 Governor Ka1 . k.1oewa d.1es. 10 • Charles Burnham replaces William Hooper as Koloa Plantation manager. 1

1839- Koloa Plantation produces approximately 79 tons of sugar • 6 1842 and 12,000 gallons of molasses annually. h 1840 Drought. 9 • Ladd & Co. conveys a 50 percent interest in Koloa Plantation to W. H. Cary of New York for $12,500, but this conveyance is not recorded until November 5, 1847. 6h •

1841 Koloa Plantation builds a new mill at the Waihohonu site (near the confluence of 6ma•o and Waikomo Streams) and the mill at the Maulili site is abandoned. 1 •

Native laborers on Koloa Plantation hold a general strike (one or two weeks• duration) for higher wages 1 and over the method of payment. 3 Some of the strikers ask for twenty-five cents a day, while others demand fifty cents a day. 6h •

Father Arsenius Walsh arrives in Koloa, 10 and founds the first Catholic mission in Po 1 ipu. The first mass is celebrated on • the beach at Po 1 ipu on Christmas day. 9•19 • • A-3

A permanent schoolhouse is built in Koloa for Hawaiian children by Rev. Peter Gulick. Instruction is carried out in the 11 • . The school survives until 1884.

9 1842 The silk-raising venture in Koloa is abandoned.

• The quality of Koloa Plantation sugar improves due to the efforts of M. Prevost. 6h

The Hawaiian Treasury Board enters into a contract with Ladd & • Co. to accept Koloa Plantation scrip at its face value for taxes and other demands. 6h • Dr. James W. Smith, a missionary/doctor, comes to Koloa to succee d Rev. Gu l 1c. k as res1 . d en t m1ss1onary. . . Gh

1843 Father Walsh obtains land (seventeen acres) in Koloa from • Kamehameha III and begins building St. Raphael •s Catholic Church. 9•15

6 • A fire consumes seven or eight houses on Koloa Plantation. h 1844 Ladd & Co. is in very poor financial condition, and Koloa Plantation is mortgaged to Dr. Robert W. Wood . 1

• 1845 The property of Ladd & Co. at Koloa is sold at a second sheriff•s sale. Ladd & Co. ownership of Koloa Plantation ends and the Hawaiian government becomes the owner of half of Koloa Plantation. 1•6h Wood takes over the operation of Koloa • Plantation after buying the final two months of Charles Burnham•s lease . 6h

1846 Kamehameha III names Paul Kanoa governor of Kaua•i. Kanoa • serves until 1877. 10

• A-4 •

1848 Dr. Robert W. Wood becomes the sole owner of Koloa Plantation. Gorham D. Gilman replaces James N. Lindsey as plantation manager, and is himself replaced a few months later by Napoleon • B. Morse. 1 1849 Lihu•e Plantation is founded. 14 • 1850 The Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society (RHAS) is founded partly as a response to a plantation labor shortage. 10

Passage of the Masters and Servants Act. 10 •

Koloa Plantation has 450 acres in cultivation.8b

Construction of St. Raphael •s Catholic Church begins. 15 •

1851 Samuel Burbank becomes manager of Koloa Plantation . 1

1852 The first group of Chinese contract laborers (280 people) are • brought to Hawai 1 i by the RHAS. Some of these workers are employed at Koloa Plantation. 3•10

1853 Draining of Koloa Marsh for Waita Reservoir begins. 1 •

Regular interisland steamship service is established. 10

Two steam engines and centrifugals are installed at Lihu•e • Plantation. 14

Hackfeld & Co. is designated as the agent and shipper for Koloa Plantation. 7b• 10 •

1854 Koloa Plantation mill is upgraded. 1 • Rev. James W. Smith becomes the pastor of the Hawaiian • A-5 •

Protestant Church at Koloa .

• ca. 1855 Koloa is designated as the port of entry for Kaua•i. 10

1855 Rev. Daniel Dole moves to Koloa with his family, buys ten acres of mission land from Dr. James W. Smith, and opens a school for • twelve missionary children on the present site of Koloa 11 School .10 • • 1856 Severe drought. 8b St. Raphael •s Catholic Church is consecrated.9

Lihu•e Plantation initiates the irrigation of sugarcane fields • 1n. Hawa1 . I 1.• 14

1859 John M. Burbank becomes Koloa Plantation manager. 1

• A new Koloa Church (the ••white Church") is erected by members of the Congregational church on the site of the original (1837) chapel, which is demolished to make way for the new • structure.9•19

1860 Roughly half of the Chinese workers in Hawai 1 i are non-contract laborers . • Kerosene begins to replace whale oil as fuel for lighting, thereby leading to the decline of the whaling industry. 10

• 1862 Dr. and Mrs. James W. Smith establish a boarding school for Hawaiian girls on a site makai of the present Koloa Missionary Church. 11

• 1864 The Hawaiian government establishes the Bureau of Immigration to coordinate the import of workers to Hawai 1 i. 14 • A-6 •

1866 Hackfeld & Co. becomes the agent for Grove Farm Plantation. 14

1867 George H. Dole replaces John Burbank as Koloa Plantation • manager. 1

1 3 1868 The first group of Japanese workers arrives in Hawai i. • 1869 A steam engine is installed in the Koloa Mill to compensate for inadequate water power during drought. 1

Lihu•e Plantation builds mill. 10 •

1870 George N. Wilcox buys Grove Farm Plantation from Herman Widemann. Four years later, Wilcox has 200 acres under cane cu 1t1va . t•1on. 10 •

1871 Jonah Kuhio Kalaniana•ole is born at Koloa. 5

Queen Emma comes to Lawa•i for an extended stay.9 •

1872 Robert W. Wood sells Koloa Plantation to a partnership consisting of Paul Isenberg, John Wright, and Adolf Haneberg. Wright is appointed plantation manager. 1 •

Kaua•i •s native Hawaiian population is an estimated 5,200 persons. 10 • 1874 David Kalakaua is elected king and visits Koloa. 10 •14 Rev. Daniel Dole sells his Koloa property to George Charman. 11 • 1875 Reciprocity Treaty is signed . Effective in the fall of 1876, it allows unrefined Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. duty free. 1

1876 Lands at Lawa•i are leased to Duncan McBryde. 9 • • • A-7

1877 Paul Isenberg conveys his 50 percent interest in Koloa Plantation to Judge Alfred S. Hartwell. Adolf Haneberg conveys • his 25 percent interest in the plantation to William 0. Smith. 1

The Board of Education approves a petition for financial support for Koloa School, making it the first public school on • Kaua•i. J. K. Burkett is appointed principal .9•11

The first locomotive to be used on a plantation in Hawai 1 i is • put into service on o•ahu. 14 Makee Sugar Company and Kilauea Plantation are founded. 14 • Eight plantations are operating on Kaua•i. 17 The first group of Portuguese contract laborers is recruited. 17 • 1878 Koloa Plantation begins raising sugarcane in Maha•ulepu Valley. 1

1879 James H. Wodehouse, the British consul, reports poor housing • conditions for laborers on Kaua•i•s six plantations.3

1880s The preparation of land for sugar cultivation undergoes 14 • mechanization through the introduction of steam plows. 1880 Koloa Sugar Co. becomes the owner of Koloa Plantation. By this time, Judge Alfred S. Hartwell has sold his interest in the company to Adolf Haneburg and John Wright. Of the 200 total • shares, 75 shares are held by John Wright, 75 are held by Adolf Haneburg, and the remaining 50 shares are held by William 0. Smith. 1

• Rev. J. H. Mahoe reports that 391 South Pacific Islanders reside on Kaua•i. 10 • A-8 •

George N. Wilcox of Grove Farm Plantation helps to establish a • . 13 te 1ep hone company on Kaua 1. • 1881 Kilauea Plantation introduces narrow-gauge railroad to Kaua'i. 10

The first group of German workers recruited by Hackfeld & Co. • arrives in Hawai 'i. They are all sent to Lihu'e Plantation. 10

George N. Wilcox buys 10,500 acres of land at Ha'iku from Princess Ruth, increasing Grove Farm's acreage tenfold. 10 •

1882 John Wright sells his entire interest in Koloa Plantation to W. E. Anton Cropp for $125,000. Wright leaves Koloa, and Cropp succeeds him as Koloa Plantation manager. Cropp also functions • as Koloa Sugar Co. vice-president. 1

Koloa Plantation purchases thirty-inch-gauge railroad track and cars to transport sugarcane. 1 •

The Planters' Labor and Supply Co. is formed by plantation owners in order to facilitate the importation of laborers. 10 Later it was to become the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association • (HSPA). Chinese Exclusion Act takes effect. 2 • 1883 William 0. Smith and Adolf Haneburg each sell some of their shares in Koloa Sugar Co. to various parties, making W. E. Anton Cropp the company's major stockholder. 1 • 1884 Waimea Plantation is established. 14

The schoolhouse built in Koloa in 1841 by Rev. Peter Gulick is • abandoned. 11 • • A-9

1885 An agreement is reached with the Japanese government to permit the immigration of Japanese agricultural labor to Hawai 1 i. 3 • Japanese immigration begins under the auspices of the Planters• Labor and Supply Co. 14

All plantations on Kaua•i are using railroads to transport cane • to the mills. 14

1886 There are 223 Japanese, 309 Portuguese, 563 Chinese, and 409 • Hawaiian laborers at work on Kaua•i •s plantations. 10 Koloa Plantation begins using commercial fertilizers. 1 • Duncan McBryde•s widow buys the Lawa•i estate. 9 1887 Dr. James W. Smith, medical missionary at Koloa for forty-five years, dies. 11

• 1888 Koloa Plantation purchases a new locomotive (Paulo). 1

Koloa Plantation laborers are paid nine dollars per month. 1 • Two steam plows are put into service at Grove Farm. 10

1889 The Hawaiian Sugar Co. (later known as Olokele Sugar Co.) is • established. 14

1890s Contract cane-cultivation system is introduced. 14

• 1890 The inspector of immigrants reports that laborers• housing on Koloa Plantation shows marked improvement. 3

1 14 • Seventy-two sugar plantations are operating in Hawai i. Full-time Japanese contract workers arrive at Grove Farm. 14 • A-10 •

1891 McKinley tariff goes into effect resulting in a drop in sugar pr1ces.. 1 • Lili •uokalani succeeds Kalakaua. 14

1892 Koloa Plantation spends heavily on machinery . A second locomotive (Haupu) is delivered to the plantation, and a pair • of steam plows are put into use. 1

1893 A provisional government is established following the overthrow of the monarchy. 14 •

Koloa Plantation imports a Fowler steam plow. 1

1894 Koloa Plantation employes 413 immigrant workers . Eighty-nine • percent of the laborers in Koloa are Japanese. 19

A mob of Japanese laborers chases a luna through the streets of Koloa after he beats a Japanese worker. 5 •

1895 The Hawaiian Sugar Planters• Association (HSPA) is formed, replacing the Planters• Labor and Supply Co. 3•14 • 1897 Dr. Jared Smith, Koloa government physician and son of Dr. James W. Smith, is murdered at his home in Koloa. Dr. Smith was presumably killed to prevent him from signing an order to send a possible leprosy victim to . 10 •

A third locomotive (Puuhi) is put into service at Koloa Plantation, and six wells are drilled in Maha 1 ulepu to • supplement the water supply. 1

1 3 1898 Hawai i is annexed by the United States. • Kekaha Sugar Company is established. 14 • • A-ll

14 1899 McBryde Sugar Company is established.

George B. Sturgeon replaces J. K. Burkett as principal of Koloa Schoo 1. 11

• 1900 11 Formal 11 annexation of Hawai 1 i by means of the Organic Act which prohibits contract labor. 3 Laborers are now free to work where they wish. Consequently, Koloa Plantation suffers a labor shortage. 1 • Twenty labor strikes occur in Hawai 1 i. 2

The first group of Puerto Rican workers recruited by the HSPA • is sent to Hawai 1 i. 3

Patrick Mclane is appointed manager of Koloa Plantation 1 • following W. E. Anton Cropp•s resignation. Koloa Plantation employs fewer than 430 laborers. 1

11 • Margaret Miller Blake begins teaching at Koloa School . 1901 Koloa Plantation work force increases to 769 employees. 1

Dr. Yoshizawa•s private dispensary is in operation on Koloa • Road. 9

The HSPA sets a schedule of maximum wages for the sugar 3 • industry. The Japanese represent 71 percent of the plantation labor force in with a total of 5,921 workers. 10

• John Bush succeeds George B. Sturgeon as Koloa School principal . 11 • A-12 •

Rev. J. M. Lydgate becomes pastor of the Hawaiian Protestant Church at Koloa.

1902 Leafhopper infestation cuts sugar production. 3 1903 Hauiki Reservoir is completed. 1 • Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalaniana•ole begins serving as Hawai 1 i 1 s delegate to Congress. 9

The first group of Korean plantation laborers arrive in • Hawa1 • 1 1.• 17 1904 Koloa Plantation has 2,500 acres in sugarcane. 1 • Kaua•i Planters• Association is established. 14

1905 An additional two-room building is erected on Koloa School grounds, giving the school a total of five rooms. 11 •

The Korean emperor halts emigration of workers to Hawai 1 i. 2 ca. 1906 The Salvation Army Church in Koloa is built.9 •

1906 Koloa Plantation land under cultivation in sugarcane increases to 3,350 acres. 1 • Waita Reservoir is completed. 1

Ludwig Weinzheimer becomes Koloa Plantation manager following Patrick McLane•s dismissal . 1 •

The first group of Filipino laborers are brought to Hawai 1 i by the HSPA. 14 •17 •

• • A-13

Kaua'i Fruit & Land Co. (later to become Kaua'i Pineapple Co.) • is established. 7c 1907 Shingon-shu mission building (Koloa Taishi Do) is constructed at Puhi. The building is moved to Koloa in 1919. 9, 12 , 19

• "Gentlemen's Agreement" severely restricts Japanese 1mm1gra. . t 1on." 14 ' 17

The Charman family home, formerly the property of Rev. Daniel • Dole, burns down. 11

Attendance at Koloa School drops during an outbreak of • .measles. 11 Dr. and Mrs . Alfred Herbert Waterhouse establish a hospital for Koloa residents. 15

• 1908 A dispute erupts between Koloa Sugar Co. and McBryde Sugar Co. over rights to the use of Oma'o Stream. 1

• 1909 Charles H. Wilcox is appointed Koloa Plantation manager. 1

The Higher Wages Association calls a strike. Seven thousand plantation workers on O'ahu walk off the job in May. Koloa • Plantation laborers are not active in the strike but are sympathetic to the O'ahu strikers. The strike is broken in August. 1' 3' 17

• HSPA sets up an office in Manila to supervise labor recruitment in the Philippines.3

14 • HSPA establishes a bonus system for plantation laborers. 1910 Koloa Sugar Co. initiates a system of annual bonuses for • A-14 •

workers. 1

Four hundred thirty-four Filipino laborers are employed on • Kaua•i •s sugar plantations. 2

Rev. Jitsujo Muroyama arrives in Koloa and establishes Kaua•i •s first Jodo-shu mission. Koloa Jodo mission temple and Koloa • Hongwanji temple are erected and dedicated. The sites for both temples are leased from Koloa Sugar Co. at a nominal 9,15,19 cos t . • 1911 Koloa Plantation builds a hospital in West Koloa. 1

A 11 tree tunnel 11 along Maluhia Road is started under the • direction of Kaua•i Pineapple Co . manager Walter McBryde, and county engineer Joseph Moragne. 9

HSPA institutes a profit-sharing plan for laborers, linked to . 14 • sugar pr1ces.

1912 Koloa Sugar Co. substitutes a combined service and profit­ sharing bonus system for the earlier service bonus system. 1 •

Koloa Landing is abandoned as a sugar shipping point. 1

Koloa Hospital refurnishes open-air buildings for tuberculosis • pa t 1eno t s. 6a Ko-1 oa Roa d 1s . maca dam1ze . d . Gb • 11 11 1913 Koloa Plantation bui 1ds a new mi 11 (known as the New Mi 11 ) on land southeast of Koloa town that the company holds in fee 1 simple. • Charles H. Wilcox resigns as Koloa Plantation manager and is • • A-15

succeeded by Ernest Cropp. 1

• Some houses on Grove Farm Plantation are supplied with . . t e l ec t r1c1 y. 14 • Tsui Tashima Yamagata begins teaching at Koloa Schoo1. 11 1914- World War I. 1918

• 1914 A severe storm hits southeastern Kaua'i. 1

Kaua'i's first high school opens in Lihu'e. 2

• Two stores open in Koloa: Kaua'i Trading Co., a wholesale and retail subsidiary of Theo H. Davies & Co., and Koloa Plantation Store, general mercantile for plantation workers. 6c • Tom Gunn, a barnstormer, brings an airplane to Kaua'i and gives a demonstration of flying in Koloa. 17 • 1915 Waiahi-Ku'ia aqueduct, designed to supply Koloa Plantation with water for irrigation, is completed. 1

For one day's work, a Japanese luna receives $1.86, a Portu­ • guese luna is paid $2.24, and a Haole luna receives $3.82. 2

1916 The old Dole school in Koloa is demolished and replaced with a 11 • five-room structure. Hans Isenberg purchases plantation owned by James Makee, bringing the lands of Kealia and Kapa'a under Lihu'e control and extending Lihu'e Plantation along nearly the entire length • of the east coast of Kaua'i. 10

• A-16 •

1918 A hydroelectric power plant is installed in upper Koloa using water from the Waiahi-Ku'ia aqueduct. The electricity generated by the plant supplies the Koloa Mill and the • reservo1r. pumps. 1

1919 American Factors, Ltd. gains control of Koloa Plantation through the purchase of shares seized from residents of Germany • by the Alien Property Custodian Act. 1

The Territorial Board of Health condemns the Koloa Plantation water supply for domestic purposes. 1 •

The HSPA sets up a social welfare committee in response to worker dissatisfaction with plantation living conditions. 3 • Koloa Plantation builds new homes for some of its skilled workers and makes improvements to laborers' cottages.6d • Shingon-shu mission building (Koloa Taishi Do) is moved to Koloa Plantation's New Mill Camp. 9•16

Some seventy workers meet at Koloa to establish a federation of Japanese laborers. Similar meetings are held by workers at • other plantations in Hawai 'i. In December the various unions 2 5 combine to form the Japanese Federation of Labor in Hawai'i. • • 1920s Roughly a dozen Japanese fishermen are operating out of Kukui'ula harbor. 9

The Japanese Federation of Labor in Hawai'i changes its name to • the Hawai'i Laborers' Association. 2

The Japanese-language newspaper, Yoen Jiho, is established in Koloa. 9 •

• • A-17

1920 A general strike on six O'ahu plantations is declared. The • strike is broken 165 days later. 3 I nfl uenza ep1'd em1c.. 3

A new bonus system is instituted at Koloa Plantation in which • the bonus percentage is based on the price of raw sugar. 1

Sugar prices rise to record heights in May, reaching 23.57 cents a pound in New York. In December, sugar prices fall • below five cents a pound. 1

Koloa Plantation locates and taps a source of potable water. 1 • John Bush retires as Koloa School principal and is succeeded by Philip H. Cooley. 11

• Kaua'i's Portuguese population stands at about 3,000. 2

1921 HSPA issues a new wage-and-bonus schedule which is later adopted at Koloa Plantation. Basic monthly (26-day) wage is • set at $26 for men, and $19.50 for women. 1

Work begins on improvements to Nawiliwili Harbor. 10

• Maud Sisson replaces Philip H. Cooley as Koloa School principal; a new principal •s cottage is built; and Elizabeth Schimmelfennig begins teaching at the schoo1. 11

• 1922 Caleb E. S. Burns replaces Ernest Cropp as Koloa Plantation manager. However, Burns returns to Maui after a short time, and John T. Moir takes up the manager's post. 1

• HSPA Social Welfare Committee acts to create the Industrial Service Bureau with the purpose of improving general welfare • A-18 •

conditions on the plantations. 3

A drought begins and extends through 1923 .1 •

Cafeteria and sewing classes begin at Koloa Schoo1. 11

1923 Land is added to Koloa School grounds. The main building is • enlarged and other improvements are made to school f ac1.l 1•t• 1es. 11

1924 The Higher Wages Association and the United Workers of Hawai 1 i • call for an islandwide general strike of Filipino laborers after planters refuse to negotiate. Demands include an increase in the basic wage to two dollars per eight-hour day, abolishment of the bonus system, and better housing. The • eight-month long strike encompasses twenty-three (out of forty-five) plantations. Eighty-six Filipino workers on Koloa Plantation participate. Sixteen Filipino workers and four • police are killed at Hanapepe in a clash between strikers and police. Governor Wallace R. Farrington dispatches the National Guard to Kaua•i in the wake of the incident. In the end, the strike is broken and none of the strikers• demands are met.l,2,3 •

16 Koloa Taishi Do is enlarged. • A new Kaua•i Motors building is constructed at the corner of the main government road (Koloa Road) and the Koloa Landing 6 road (Po•ipu Road) in Koloa. e • Mid- The Yamamoto family starts their convenience store in Koloa. 9 1920s

1925 Gasoline-powered tractors are introduced to Koloa Plantation • for plowing and harrowing. 1 • • A-19

Koloa Sugar Co.'s indebtedness to American Factors rises to almost half a million dollars. Stockholders authorize the • issue of 6 percent bonds in the amount of $1,000,000. 1

S. lchinose sells Kaua'i Motors to Dr. L. L. Patterson and James T. Phillips. Y. Y. Tseu continues as treasurer and • manager of the company. 6f

1927 A new concrete building is constructed to house the Koloa Plantation Store located on a lot purchased from Theo H. Davies • & Co. 1

Mankichi Sueoka opens Sueoka Store in Koloa's Japanese Camp. 12

• 1928 Hawai'i sugar plantations experience increased yields due largely to improvements in agricultural practices and sugarcane var1e. t"1es . 1

• Koloa's first mortuary (Kaua'i Mortuary) is established under the guidance of Dr. Archibald Ecklund. 9 • Last recorded use of Koloa Landing. 9 A monument to Prince Kuhio is dedicated at Prince Kuhio Park. 9

• Dora Ahana is appointed Koloa School principal when Maud Sisson is transferred to O'ahu; David !soda begins teaching; and Koloa School now has an enrollment of 540 students and employs 18 11 • teachers. 1929 The Koloa Church is remodeled as a result of George N. Wilcox's offer to repair the church and build another church for the Hawaiian congregation if the Koloa Church will lease their • building and lot to Koloa Union Church for twenty-five years. 6h

• A-20 •

The new Koloa concrete bridge opens for traffic. 6g

1930 Koloa Plantation railroad is connected with the Grove Farm • Plantation railroad. This connection was required by the federal government before developing Nawiliwili Harbor. 1

Nawiliwili Harbor opens following the completion of dredging, • and construction of a breakwater, concrete pier, and warehouse. 10

A new spire and portico are added to the Koloa Church. 9 •

Kaua•i Fruit and Land Co. changes its name to Kaua•i Pineapple Co., Ltd. 18 • 1932 The number of Filipino plantation workers on Kaua•i increases to more than 8,000. 2 ca. 1933 Construction begins on the portion of Kaumuali 1 i Highway which • when completed will make it possible for traffic between Lihu•e and Hanapepe to bypass Koloa. 8a

1933 John T. Moir resigns as Koloa Plantation manager and is • replaced by his brother, Hector McD. Moir. 1

Exclusion Act of 1933 prohibits further recruitment of Filipino • workers. 2

1934 Koloa Plantation ranks twenty-fifth in the territory and sixth in Kaua•i in terms of sugar output.8b •

Jones-Costigan Act passes. 14 Under this quota system, Hawai 1 i is deprived of 8 to 10 percent of its market. • 1935 Construction of a concrete pipe to bring water to Koloa from • • A-21

Ku•ia Branch Stream is completed. 1

• American Factors increases its holdings of Koloa Sugar Co. stock to 6,950 shares (out of a total of 10,000 shares). 1

Koloa Plantation celebrates its centennial anniversary. At • this point, Koloa Plantation owns 2,776 of cane land in fee simple (most of which is irrigated). An additional 1,180 acres are leased.8b

• National Labor Relations Act passed. 14

Sueoka Store moves from Koloa•s Japanese Camp to its present • location in Koloa town. 12 1936 The Jodo-shu mission temple becomes officially known as the Koloa Jodo Mission15 ; St. Raphael •s Catholic Church is enlarged • and the bell tower is replaced. 9 Koloa Theater is destroyed by fire. 9 A new Koloa Theater opens, located on the site of the old mill .6i • 1937 John B. Fernandes is elected to the territorial legislature as senator from Kaua•i, defeating Lindsay Faye, manager of Kekaha 3 • Sugar Company. Quentin Paredes, Philippine labor commissioner, launches an anti-union campaign aided by the Kaua•i plantations. 3

• Port Allen longshoremen go on strike. 2

John W. G. Allerton purchases a 125-acre estate, Lawa•i Kai, at 9 • the end of Lawa•i Road from the Alexander McBryde estate. Mechanization of harvesting using a cane grab begins on o•ahu • A-22 •

at 1 Ewa Plantation. 14

1938 Filipino workers at Kekaha Plantation stage brief strike. 3 •

The United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA) is active on Kaua•i, organizing workers on sugar and pineapple plantations. 3 •

1939 Port Allen is the only neighbor island International Longshoremen•s and Warehousemen•s Union (ILWU) local with a contract. 3 •

The nonagricultural workers at Kaua•i Pineapple Co. vote in favor of representation by the UCAPAWA. 21 • Late The railroad to Koloa Landing is discontinued. 1 1930s

1940 Longshore workers at Ahukini go on strike. Port Allen • longshoremen (primarily Japanese) support the Ahukini longshoremen (mostly Filipino), first by refusing to handle Ahukini cargo, and then joining the strike. 2•3 • Mill workers at McBryde Sugar Co. vote in favor of representation by UCAPAWA. This is the first time recognition is won at a major sugar company. The union suffers a defeat when Kekaha Sugar Co. workers vote against representation. 3 •

The population of Kaua•i stands at 35,636. The Koloa district has a population of 8,493. The year marks the start of a • downward trend in Kaua•i •s population. 2

WW II Koloa Plantation experiences a severe labor shortage as workers leave to join the armed forces or to take higher-paying, defense-related jobs. Sugar workers are later declared vital • • • A-23

to the war effort and a freeze on labor and wages is 1 2 • enacted. • Yoen Jiho suspends publication.9 Kaua•i•s twenty-two Japanese-language schools are closed. All four of Kaua•i•s Shinto temples are dissolved and eleven of the fifteen Buddhist • temples are either closed or dissolved. 2

Over 40,000 servicemen disembark at Kaua•i during the war. Thirteen hundred men from Kaua•i serve in the armed forces • during this time. Kaua'i schools are closed during the war's first month. To ameliorate the shortage of labor, students are dismissed from school one day a week to work on the • plantations. 2 6 1941 Yoen Jiho Sha, Ltd. moves from Koloa to Hanapepe. j • Two new library branches open at Koloa and Kalaheo. 6k Military authorities suspend the National Labor Relations Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, and the National Wage Stabilization Program. The Supreme Court would later rule that • martial law had been misapplied. 3

Over 10,000 people in Hawai 'i are union members .2 • Olokele Plantation is established. 14

F. J. Drees serves as Koloa School principal for three • months. 11

1942 F. Avison is appointed principal of Koloa School, but is 11 • replaced by Ross Bachman in the fall . 1943 The labor freeze is lifted and many workers leave the • A-24 •

plantations and go to Honolulu. 2

Union membership in Hawai 1 i falls to around 4,000. 2 •

1944 Koloa Plantation purchases a two-line planting machine which eliminates most of the hand labor in planting. 1 • A majority of workers at Koloa Plantation, Llhu•e Plantation, Hawaiian Fruit Packers, and Hawaiian Canneries are signed up by the ILWU. 2 • Blackout regulations are lifted. 2

1945 The Little Wagner Act becomes law, granting agricultural workers the right to organize. 2•3 •

ILWU negotiates an industry-wide contract. 14

1946 HSPA renews its plan to recruit Filipino workers. 3 •

Philippine independence halts the flow of Filipino workers to Hawai•i. 3 • The ILWU calls for a strike of Hawai 1 i •s sugar plantations, which lasts seventy-nine days. 2•3

Juliette Blake Wong becomes principal of Koloa Schoo1. 11 •

The Democratic Party captures all five of Kaua•i •s seats in the Territorial Legislature. 2 • 1947 Koloa Plantation has debts amounting to approximately $1,000,000. 1 • Grove Farm proposes a merger with Koloa Plantation. 1 • A-25 •

Ichiro Izuka of Kaua'i publishes a pamphlet labeling ILWU • leaders as communists. 3 Five-day pineapple industry strike. 3

1948 The merger of Koloa Plantation into Grove Farm Co. is approved • by the Grove Farm Board of Directors. William P. Alexander is named general manager. By this merger Grove Farm Co. acquires all assets of Koloa Sugar Co., including 3,555 acres of cane land, a considerable area of pineapple land, the Koloa Mill, • the irrigation system, and all equipment and appurtenances. Grove Farm also assumes Koloa Sugar Co.'s debts. 7a • Dr. Alfred Herbert Waterhouse dies . 1949 Wilcox tunnel is completed. 1

Two thousand Hawai 'i longshoremen go on a strike which lasts • 177 days and receives the support of West Coast stevedores. 2•3

1950 The population of the Koloa district stands at 7,286 . 2

• 1953 William Moragne, Sr. is named manager of Grove Farm. 14

The former residence of Dr. and Mrs. Alfred Herbert Waterhouse • is purchased by the Koloa Missionary Church. 15 1954 The last load of sugarcane transported by train is delivered to Koloa Mill . 1 • 1955 Koloa's First Hawaiian Bank building is constructed.9

Mid- Koloa Shingon-shu mission building is moved to its present • 1950s location. 9

• A-26 •

1957 Hurricane Nina hits Kaua•i. Grove Farm loses 1,000 tons of sugar as a result. 13 • 1958 Territory-wide sugar industry strike. 3 1959 Statehood for Hawai •i. • 1960 Hurricane Dot strikes Kaua•i. 13

The eleven-story Kaua•i Surf Hotel is constructed at Kalapaki Beach near Lihu•e. Built prior to the Kaua•i Planning • Commission•s four-story building height limitation, the Kaua•i Surf is Kaua•i •s only building standing over four stories. 7e

Kaua•i Pineapple Co. is acquired by Alexander & Baldwin. 7c •

The Koloa district now has a population of 7,012. 2

Raymond X. Aki is elected Kaua•i County chairman, replacing • Anthony C. Baptiste, Jr.

1961 Sugarcane is planted in fields formerly used by Kaua•i Pineapple Co. 1 •

Koloa Union Church•s lava rock structure is completed. 15

1962 Kaua•i Pineapple Co. at Lawa•i stops planting and announces • that it will shut down operations by 1965 with layoffs beginning in 1963. 7d

The Kimball family opens the Waiohai Hotel near Po 1 ipu Beach. • The twenty-four cottage-type units make up the first hotel complex in the Po•ipu tourist destination center.8c • 1963 Dickey Hamasaki replaces Juliette Blake Wong as principal of • A-27 •

Koloa School . 11

• 1964 Hartwell K. Blake of Koloa is elected Kaua•i County chairman.

1965 Albert Nagata becomes principal of Koloa School succeeding . 11 • Hamasa k1 • Kaua•i Pineapple Co. goes out of business. 14

1966 Kaua•i Board of Supervisors approves a zoning variance for a • 152-room Sheraton-Kaua•i Hotel to be built at Po•ipu. Plans 7 call for construction of a series of two-story buildings. e

Antone 11 Kona 11 Vidinha of Koloa is elected Kaua•i County • chairman.

1967 Big Save Value Center opens a branch in Koloa on the former • site of Kaua•i Trading Co. 12 1968 The title of 11 Kaua•i County chairman 11 is changed to 11 mayor 11 and current chairman Antone 11 Kona 11 Vidinha is elected mayor. 16

• 1969 William Moragne, Sr. retires as manager of Grove Farm and is replaced by Lyle Van Dreser. 13 , 14 • 1970 Setsuo Ushio is appointed principal of Koloa School . 11 1972 Francis M. F. Ching is elected mayor of Kaua•i. 16

1973 Grove Farm announces it will go out of active sugar production. • Grove Farm cane lands are to be leased to Lihu•e Plantation (2,800 acres) and McBryde Sugar Co. (7,200 acres) for twenty-one years. 1, 14

• A fire destroys a major part of Koloa School .9' 11

• A-28 •

1974 McBryde Sugar Co. leases the Koloa section and the Koloa Mill from Grove Farm. Grove Farm ends its involvement in the sugar industry in order to concentrate on residential and commercial • land development . 1

11 Construction of Koloa School •s new buildings begins. • Leadership Housing Systems Inc. asks for State Land Use Commission (LUC) approval to build a 1,185-acre resort near Po•ipu. The LUC rejects the request because of strong opposition by Koloa residents. 4 •

Eduardo Malapit of Koloa is elected mayor of Kaua•i, defeating 16 incumbent Francis M. F. Ching. • 1975 Amfac seeks Kaua•i Planning Commission approval to build a controversial hotel at Po•ipu which would exceed the county•s 4 four-story building height limit. • 1976 Koloa School •s library and cafeteria open; Willard Welsh is appointed principal of Koloa School. 11

1977 Smut diseases reduce sugarcane yields. 1 •

The Koloa Civic Center is built on the former site of the Koloa Courthouse. The courthouse was demolished in 1975. 12 • 1978 Amid strong community opposition, Amfac withdraws its proposal to erect a hotel at Po•ipu which exceeds the building height limit, and substitutes a plan for a four-story structure which is later built as the Waiohai Resort Hotel .4 •

State Land Use Commission gives okay to construction of a resort golf course in the Koloa-Po•ipu area, to be called 11 Ki ahuna. 11 The deve 1opment wi 11 proceed in 20-acre increments •

• A-29 •

upon certification by archaeologists that each parcel contains no 11 significant 11 archaeological sites or caves that should be • preserved.8d

An attempt is made by initiative to strip the Kaua'i Planning Commission of its authority to grant exemptions to the • four-story building height limit. The initiative is narrowly defeated. 4

1979 Buildings of the old Waiohai Hotel in Po'ipu are moved up to • Koloa and used as residential units. 12

1980 By a 2-1 margin, Kaua'i voters reject resort zoning for Nukolii, an area north of Lihu'e. Despite this referendum • vote, developers for the project continue to build as the county administration fails to revoke the building permits. The Committee to Save Nukolii, a grass-roots environmental group, stages several protests against the county • administration and developers .4

Mayor Eduardo Malapit defeats JoAnn A. Yukimura's primary • challenge for his seat. 4 1981 Smut-resistant cane is now planted in almost all Koloa fields .1

1982 inflicts heavy damage on many private homes and • commercial buildings in Koloa and Po'ipu. Damage to sugarcane fields results in reduced yields in the following two years. Damage costs are estimated at $106.6 million.8e

• Tony T. Kunimura of Koloa defeats JoAnn A. Yukimura in the Democratic primary election for mayor of Kaua'i. 4

1983 Koloa Town Associates, formed by Bob Gerell and Peter Smith, • obtains a lease to sixty-seven acres owned by the Mabel • A-30 •

Waterhouse Trust. The goal is to develop and revive Old Koloa 8 Town by attracting tourists staying at nearby Po'ipu hotels . f • 1984 The conversion to drip irrigation at Koloa is completed .1

9 The Salvation Army Church in Koloa is restored and reopened. • Old Koloa Town opens. Buildings which once housed businesses that served the plantation community are now occupied by shops catering to tourists.8f • Kaua'i voters in a special election vote to reinstate Nukolii 's resort zoning by a 58 percent to 42 percent margin, paving the way for the eventual completion of the controversial development. 4 •

1985 A new Koloa Jodo mission temple is completed which stands next to the original temple. 15 • Koloa celebrates its sesquicentennial.

1986 South Kaua'i, which includes the Koloa and Po'ipu areas, has the highest average residential sales price on the island: • $202,868. 20

1987 Developer Chris Hemmeter opens the Westin Kaua'i, formerly the Kaua'i Surf. 20 •

Five sugar companies remain in business on Kaua'i: McBryde Sugar Co., Ltd. (which includes Koloa lands), Kekaha Sugar Co., Ltd., Lihu'e Plantation Co., Ltd., Olokele Sugar Co., Ltd., and • Gay & Robinson Inc.(HSPA correspondence) Together, the five companies produced 229,088 tons of sugar in 1987, down from 241,086 in 1986. McBryde and Kekaha are experimenting with other crops such as macadamia nuts, coffee, and tea. There is •

• • A-31

also di scussion on consolidating Kaua•i •s four sugar mills into . 20 • two opera t 1ons . Grove Farm•s 30-lot Waikomo residential subdivision in Koloa sells out at an average cost of $43,195 per average 7,686 • square-foot parcel . 20 1988 Construction begins on a specialty shopping village in Koloa ca ll ed the Koloa Plantation Marketplace. 8g

• The Kaua•i County Council approves an Alexander & Baldwin plan to develop a 210-acre tract in Kukui•ula for residential and commercial purposes. This project is part of a 1,000-acre • development plan proposed by A&B. 8h Construction begins on developer Mel Ventura•s 605-room, 48-acre Hyatt Regency Kaua•i Hotel at Keoneloa Bay in Maha•ulepu. Also planned is a $10 million golf course on 200 • acres of Grove Farm land. Local residents vehemently protest the golf course construction because it is planned on lands zoned agricultural that are a popular recreational spot. 20

• The average daily rate for a room in a Po 1 ipu hotel is $116.72. Occupancy rate is 77.9 percent. 20 • JoAnn A. Yukimura defeats incumbent Tony T. Kunimura to become mayor of Kaua•i. 8i •

•

• •

• BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Alexander, Arthur C. Koloa Plantation: 1835-1935. 2d ed. Lihu 1 e, Hawai 1 i: Kaua•; Historical Society, 1985. 2. Anderson, Robert N., Gary R. Vieth, Benjamin J. Seidenstein, and Blaine Bradshaw. : Socioeconomic Profile. Honolulu: • Center for Nonmetropolitan Planning and Development, Cooperative Extension Service and Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Hawaii, 1975. 3. Beechert, Edward D. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History . • Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985. 4. Cooper, George, and Gavan Daws. Land and Power in Hawaii: The Democratic Years. Honolulu: Benchmark Books, 1985. 5 . Fuchs, Lawrence H. Hawaii Pono: A Social HistorJ:. New York: • Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961. 6. Garden Island 6a. August 6, 1912, 1:5. 6b. December 31, 1912, 1:2. 6c. December 22, 1914, 9:3 . 6d. March 25, 1919, 1:3. • 6e. October 14, 1924' 2:4. 6f. July 21, 1925, 1:6. 6g. January 22, 1929, 1:6. 6h. July 27, 1935. 6i. February 25, 1936, 2:1-4 . 6j. May 27, 1941, 6:5. • 6k. June 17, 1941, 8:5. 7. Honolulu Advertiser 7a. June 10, 1948. 7b. November 11, 1956 . 7c. April 23, 1960. • 7d. March 17, 1962. 7e. September 9, 1966. 8. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 8a. June 24, 1933 . • 8b. March 2, 1935. 8c. Apri 1 15, 1962. 8d. May 29, 1978. 8e. November 25, 1982. 8f. August 29, 1984. 8g. July 27, 1988 . • 8h. August 4, 1988. 8i. November 9, 1988 .

• B-1 B-2 •

9. Hoverson, Martha, ed. Historic Koloa: A Guide. Koloa, Hawai 'i: Friends of the Koloa Community/School Library, 1985. 10. Joesting, Edward. Kauai: The Separate Kingdom. Honolulu: • University of Hawaii Press and Kauai Museum Association, Ltd., 1984. 11. Koloa School History: Kauai 's First Public School, 1877 to 1977. Koloa, Hawai'i: Koloa School, 1977. • 12. Koloa Walking Tour. Koloa, Hawai 'i: Koloa History Project, Koloa Community/School Library, 1984. 13. Krauss, Bob, with William P. Alexander. Grove Farm Plantation: The Biography of a Hawaiian Sugar Plantation. 2d ed. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1984. •

14. O'Leary, Margaret R., comp. 11 Register of the Grove Farm Plantation Records and Papers of George N. Wilcox, Samuel W. Wilcox, and Emma L. Wilcox. 11 Grove Farm Homestead, Lihu'e, Hawai 'i, 1980. Photocopy. • 15. 11 0pen House at Koloa's Churches and Temples. 11 Koloa, Hawai'i, 1985. Photocopy. 16. Ronck, Ron, ed. Ronck's Hawaiian Almanac. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984. • 17. Takaki, Ronald. Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983. 18. Tanimoto, Charles K. Return to Mahaulepu: Personal Sketches. Charles K. Tanimoto, 1982. • 19. Wilcox, Carol. The Kauai Album. Lihu'e, Hawai'i: Kauai Historical Society, 1981. 20. Yoneyama, Tom. 11 Sobering Realities. 11 Hawaii Business, July 1988. • 21. Zalburg, Sanford. A Spark is Struck: Jack Hall and the ILWU in Hawaii. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1979. •

•

• •

GLOSSARY

• The following words and phrases are non-English terms. Non-English is here defined as any lexical item not found in Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam Webster, Inc., 1986). The letter or letters in parentheses after each word or phrase indicate • its language family: c Chinese F Filipino H Hawaiian IF - Ilokano Filipino J Japanese • K Korean p - Portuguese PI/HC Pidgin/Hawai 'i Creole English s Spanish TF - Tagalog Filipino • VF - Visayan Filipino References for the definitions used in this glossary include: Maria V.R. Bunye and Elsa P. Yap, Cebuano-Visayan Dictionary (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971); Ernesto Constantino, Ilokano Dictionary (Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971); Brian Dutton, L.P . • Harvey and Roger M. Walker, Cassell's New Compact Spanish Dictionary (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1970); K9h Masuda, Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd., 1974); Mary Pukui and Samuel Elbert, Hawaitan Dictionary, revised and expanded edition (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986); Teresita V. Ramos, Tagalog Dictionary (Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971); James L. • Taylor, A Portuguese-English Dictionary (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958); Nao Sekiguchi Wenkam, Foods of Hawai'i and the Pacific Basin: Vegetable and Vegetable Products-Raw, Processed and Prepared (Honolulu: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i, 1983); Edwin B. Williams, The Williams Spanish and English Dictionary (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978); and Yale • University, Institute of Far Eastern Languages, Dictionary of Spoken Chinese (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1966). In some instances, the spellings and definitions could not be found in these references but were provided by Dr. Emily Hawkins of the University of Hawai'i Indo-Pacific Languages Department, Center for Oral History • staff, or the interviewee in whose transcript the word or phrase appears. Such items are asterisked (*). The following definitions apply to the lexical items as they appear in • the context of the transcripts .

• C-1 C-2 •

•a•ama (H) a large, black edible bin (PI/HC) auxiliary to show crab past tense age-mono (J) fried food binangkal (VF) Philippine 'ahina (H) Blue denim cloth, doughnuts with sesame seeds • dungarees, blue jeans binbo (J) poverty; want; aholehole (H) young stage of the destitution; indigence; penury ahole, Hawaiian flagtail fish bittaug (IF) a tall tree which ahupua•a (H) land division usually yields timber or a fruit of extending from the uplands to the this sea bodbod (VF) delicacy made from • akamai (H) smart, clever, expert sticky rice, sugar, and coconut akirameru (J) give up an idea milk and cooked wrapped in aku (H) bonito, skipjack, fish banana leaf akUle (H) big-eyed or goggle-eyed Bon (J) the Buddhist All Souls' scad fish Day • 'alaea (H) water-soluble colloidal Bon-odori (J) a Bon festival ocherous earth, used for coloring dance salt bon-san (J) a Buddhist priest alavia (PI/HC) childhood game bozu (J) a Buddhist priest similar to tag, played with bUmbai (PI/HC) in the future or beanbags; term may have after a while • originated from alubia, a Spanish bushi (J) song or melody* word for bean* ali'i (H) chief, chiefess, chagayu (J) tea gruel monarch, noble, aristocrat -chan (J) a suffix attached to ana (J) that, those, the names of persons who are very ~apa (H) stratum, flat, familiar to or much younger than • especially a coral flat the speaker* are (J) that chee (PI/HC) a mild exclamation* asobiyotta (J) played Chiri (J) fish stew ~ (VF) an exclamatory chourico (P) a kind of smoked expression sausage aza (J) a village section chow fun (C) a Chinese fried • azuki (J) sweet red beans used for noodle and vegetable dish fillings or desserts chumon-tori (J) store order taker* baka (J) fool crack seed (PI/HC) Chinese bakalaw (F) cod preserved seeds* ban (J) a middle-aged lady* • bandolin (S) mandolin dairyo (J) good haul of fish bango {J) number assigned to daizu (J) a soybean plantation workers as a means of dakara (J) for that reason; on accounting and identification* that ground; that is why benshi (J) a film interpreter; a da kine (PI/HC) an expression • movie 11 talker 11 with an unspecified referent; bento (J) a box lunch 11 what you might call, 11 11 this (VF) rice cakes stuff 11 11 this kind ofn* biko (IF) native cake made of datta (J)' was --sticky rice, coconut milk and de (J) at brown sugar demo (J) but, however • bikobiko (F) shredded sweet potato deShi (J) an apprentice mixed with flour and sugar, deep dokata (J) a construction fried* laborer • • C-3

•eleu (H) active, alert, haole koa (H) common roadside energetic, lively, nimble, shrub or small tree with pinnate quick, dextrous, agile, spry leaves, round white flower • endo marne (J) pea heads, and long, flat, brown •Ewa (H) place name west of pods ~nolulu, used as a direction hapai (~) to carry, lift term hapai ko (H) to carry sugarcane bundles on neck as formerly done • fujinkai (J) a women•s society by plantation workers furo (J) a bath; a public bath; a Hapon (VF) male Japanese ~thhouse hau (H) a lowland tree furoba (J) bathhouse haUna (H) unpleasant odor furo-ya .(J) bathhouse hea-hea {PI/HC) here-here* furyo shonen (J) juvenile hekka (J) a meat and vegetable • delinquent dish* futon (J) a thick bed quilt heko-obi (J) a waist band hilahila (H) in context, a type of S! (J) particle; ~ut, however; grass* yet, still hemahema (H) lack of skill; to gaijin (J) a foreigner not know well • gakuen (J) a school hocho (J) kitchen knife; table gakugeikai (J) arts and sciences knife; cleaver; fish knife exhibition ho -hana (H) weeding lit., gochiso (J) good dishes; things fieldwork with a hoe* good to eat; a delicacy ho 1 i (H) to leave, go or come goza (J) a mat ~ck • -gun (J) a district, a county; a ho 1 ike (H) congregational subprefecture convention of various Sunday gurai (J) about; almost; some; schools with singing and something like; or so; or recitation thereabouts holehole (H) to strip, as sugar­ cane leaves from the stalk • hajime (J) the beginning; the hole hole bushi (PI) lit., opening; the outset sugarcane leaf-stripping songs; hakama (J) a divided skirt; a songs composed by Japanese pleated skirt immigrants about life and work halau (H) long house as for hula in Hawai•i* • instruction; meeting house; honto (J) in fact; in reality; school really; the truth is hanafuda (J) Japanese playing hoshigasa (J) a type of umbrella* cards hotoke-sama (J) the Buddha hanai (H) foster child, adopted huki (H) to pull or tug, as on a child; foster, adopted rope • hanawai (H) irrigation; to huki huki (H) to gather irrigate hukihuki luna (H) harvesting hanshi (J) rice paper foreman* hantai gakko (J) opposition huki lepo (H) hilling up the school; competing school* furrows* hao (H) all native species of a hukilau (H) a seine; to fish with • --genus of small trees (Rau the seine volfia) hul i (H) to curl over Haole (H) White person; Caucasian i do ( J) a we 11 • C-4 •

ika (J) cuttlefish Kigen-setsu (J) empire day; 'Tli (H) land section; next in anniversary of the Emperor --rmportance to ahupua•a and Jimmu•s accession usually a subdivision of an kingyo (J) a goldfish • ahupua•a kini (H) marble imu (H) underground oven ~haole (H) (see also TnOmol (F) a kind of sweet made of haole koa) a common roadside rice flour boiled in sugar shrub or small tree with pinnate iriko (J) a parched small leaves, round white flower sardine heads, and long, flat brown • isha (J) a medical doctor pods koboy (F) abduction of women by Jizo (J) a guardian deity of men* --ch'il dren ko i ( J) a carp jubako (J) a nest of boxes; a kOmadre (F) godmother picnic box komo mai (H) come in, welcome • konbu (J) a large seaweed ka ( J) or so konda (J) this time kabatiti (F) a vine with large konohiki (H) headman of an leaves, yellow flowers, and ahupua•a land division under the oblong cylindric green, ribbed or chief • smooth, edible fruits kotatsu (J) a foot warmer (with a kahili (H) feather standard, quilt ave~ it); a fireplace with symbolic of royalty a coverlet kalai (H) weeding* lit., hoe koyaku (J) a salve; an ointment kalai ko (H) weeding sugarcane* kozo (J) a servant boy; an errand kalamunggay (VF) horseradish ~y; a shop boy; an apprentice • kalua (H) to bake in the ground kukaepua•a (H) a weedy, creepy oven gra_ss kama (J) an iron pot; a sickle kuleana (H) property, estate; kanaka (H) a Hawaiian person responsibility, jurisdiction Kannon (J) the goddess of mercy kumu hula (H) · hula teacher kanten (J) ; Japanese gelatin kusuri-ya (J) a pharmacy; a • kanyaku imin (J) Japanese contract pharmacist laborer to Hawai 1 i* kusuri-ya-san (J) a pharmacist kapakahi (H) crooked, lopsided; askew lau hala (H) Pandanus leaf, kapu (H) prohibited; forbidden especially as used in plaiting kapulu (H) careless, slipshod laulau (H) packages of ti leaves • kara (J) from; since; after or banana leaves containing kiikaron (IF) a kind of sweet pork, beef, salted fish, or taro made of rice flour boiled in tops, baked in the ground oven, sugar steamed or broiled kata-kata (J) a clatter; limu (H) a general name for all • clattering ~nds of plants living under kaukau (PI/HC) food* water, both fresh and salt kayat (F) In Ilokano, a desire, lolo (H) feeble-minded, crazy wish; in Visayan a vulgar term TUTau (H) young taro tops, for sexual intercourse* especially as baked with kazari (J) New Year decorations coconut cream and chicken or -ken (J) a prefecture octopus • ken}inkai (J) prefectural club* luna (H) foreman, boss, overseer, kiawe (H) Algaroba tree supervisor • • C-5

mabuhay (F) variant of mabuhi; moraeyotta (J) received 1 i ve 1ong morau (J) receive; take -machi (J) town; city munggo (IF) mongo beans • mai (H) come, come here; welcome -mura {J) village; hamlet mika•ainana (H) commoner musubi {J) a riceball makai (H) in the direction of the sea naga (J) a row, as in row house makana (H) to give a gift, donate {tenement)* make (H) to die namasu (J) a dish of raw fish and • makisushi (H) rolled vinegared vegetables seasoned in fish and rice nani (J) what; which; whatever malama (H) to take care of, tend naniwa-bushi (J) traditional song manamana (H) appendages, claws, or chant* forks nanka (J) such as • manang (VF) a term of respect nashi {J) a pear used for an older or superior nasubi (J) an eggplant woman natte {J) became manapua (PI/HC) mea •ono pua•a, naupaka (H) nativ& species of Chinese pork cake shrubs found in mountains and manju (J) a bun with a bean-jam near coasts, with white or • filling light-colored flowers that look maruya (F) banana dessert* like half flowers masaneta (F) tree bearing edible ~ (VF) kinship term for mother fruit, popularly called 11 Spider ne (J) you know eggs 11 * nenue (H) chub fish, also known matsu (J) a pine tree as rudder or pilot fish • matsu-take (J) pine and bamboo nigiyaka (J)_ lively; animated decorations for the New Year Nihongo gakko (J) Japanese­ mauka {H) towards the mountains language school mazegohan {J) boiled rice with ni~hime (J) vegetables boiled assorted mixtures with soy· sauce mikan (J) a mandarin orange; a nitsuke (J) vegetables boiled • tangerine with {H) a tree used for shade, no (J) of, belonging to; for, to; ~e wood for calabashes, other ---by, with, between parts of the tree used in many ways, as for medicine, dye, oil, o- {J) honorific prefix • gum Oba-san (J) a middle-aged lady mo (J) also, too Oktubre {F) October {J) rice cake okazu (J) a side dish mochiko (J) rice flour oke (PI/HC) see •okolehao* moemoe {H) to sleep, rest TOkolehao (H) liquor distilled moi {H) threadfish from ti root in a still of the • moT li 1 i {H) little threadfish, same name; later, a gin as made five to eight centimeters long of rice or pineapple juice mokihana {H) a native tree found ombo (J) home brew* only on Kaua•i, belonging to the •ono (H) delicious, tasty citrus fami 1y TQTOpu (H) general name for momi {PI/HC) mamee apple, a South fishes included in the families • --xmerican fruit Eleotridae, Gobiidae, and momi apple (PI/HC) mamee apple, a Blennidae South American fruit •opae (H) general name for shrimp mo•opuna {H) grandchild •opala (H) rubbish, waste matter* • C-6 •

'opelu (H) mackerel scad saranay (IF) lit., aid, help, 'opihi {H) 1 impets protection; in context, a political aid society pahale (H) house lot sato (J) sugar • pa'ina (H) to eat a meal seinenkai (J) a young men's paka nau (H) chewing tobacco association Pake (H) Chinese sekihan (J) rice boiled together Pake 'o'opu (H) catfish* with red beans £!11 (H) steep hill on slope senbei (J) Japanese rice crackers panini (H) prickly pear cactus senbei-ya (J) Japanese rice • ~ (H) wooden plank* cracker shop papio (H) the young stage of ulua, sensei (J) a teacher a fish shee (PI/HC) mild exclamation particular (S) private, private -shi (J) a city; town individual Shibai (J) a show; a dramatic patola (VF) a type of squash, performance • kabatiti shinpai (J) arranged* pau (H) finished, ended shogatsu (J) the New Year pau hana (H) end of work* shoten (J) a store peewee (PI/HC) a childhood game Showa (J) reign of Hirohito* played with a peg and a -shu (J) a religious denomination • stick* soba (J) buckwheat vermicelli pepeiao (H) Chinese cake stuffed soji (J) cleaning with meat --· -son fJ) village pepeiao [-akua] (H) tree fungus sancho-san (J) headman £I (H) stingy so no ( J) that pipinola (H) a kind of squash with suman (IF) cooked • edible shoots and fruit wrapped in banana leaves pipipi (H) general name for small sushi (J) vinegared fish and rice mollusks ~ (H) to break, of waves tabi (J) Japanese socks Pordagee (PI/HC) Portuguese* take (J) bamboo puka (H) hole takUan (J) pickled radish • pulapula (H) cuttings, as of tan (J) .245 acre sugarcane tanomoshi (J) a mutual financing pule kakou (H) we pray association pune'e (H) movable couch tata (F) father, dad pu'olo (H) bundle, bag tay (E) father* pupu (H) appetizer, hors Tencho-setsu (J) the emperor's • d'oeuvre birthday tenno heika (J) His Majesty the ri (J) 2.44 miles Emperor rTngo (J) an apple tera (J) Buddhist temple ryorinin (J) a cook; caterer teue (J) hand covering for field ---work* • sa (VF) in context, the pronoun, tinikling (TF) a native dance in -he* which the dancer steps in and sabe (PI/HC) to know how to out of two clapping bamboo saTTor moku (PI/HC) bell-bottom poles · pants* to de (J) together with • -san (J) suffix for Miss, Mr., to ki ( J ) time ~s., Ms. toriguchi-boshi (J) a cap sapateiro (P) shoemaker trabaho (VF) job, work • • C-7

tsukemono (J) pickled vegetables ~ (J) suffix, a store; a tutu (H) grandma, grandpa shop; a place; a seller; a tutTI kane (H) grandpa dealer • tutu wahine (H) grandma yagura (J) a tower yaki udon (J) fried wheat udon (J) wheat vermicelli; noodles vermicelli* Ukana (H) freight, supplies yakubana (J) a Japanese card game 'ula 'ula (H) reduplication of where designated card • 'ula, red, scarlet combinations are critical to ulua-{H) certain species of winning* --crevalle, jack, or pompano, an yara (J) and so forth; important game fish and food etc. item yobiyose (J) lit., to summon; ume (J) pickled plum the practice by Japanese • undo-kai (J) an athletic meet immigrants of sending for their 'upena (H) net, web children to join them in Hawai • i* wa (J) was ~ (J) I tell you; I'm sure waiwai (H) property yokan (J) sweet jelly made of wen (PI/HC) auxiliary to show beans • past tense yomise (J) a night stall wi apple (PI/HC) a smooth, yoshi ( J) an adopted son-in-law gray-barked tree in th~ mango yukata (J) an informal kimono for family with round or ovoid fruits summer wear •

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• •

INDEX

• Agricultural crops American Factors, Ltd. (Amfac), coffee, 313, 1038 97, 128, 140, 163, 177, 180, corn, 312, 595, 599-600 191, 197, 205, 226, 228, 420, macadamia nuts, 138, 233, 313, 422, 647, 795, 982, 995, 1038 1010-11' 1015 • potatoes, 116 Amoroso, Marcella Queypo rice, 442, 472, 474, 558, (interview), 553-89 638-39, 1249, 1250-60, 1266, education of, 555 1272-75 family of, 555-57, 565, 566, squash, 116 569, 585, 587 sweet potatoes, 537, 721 immigration of, 564-65, 566 • taro, 721, 837, 845, 851 as laundress, 565, 567-68, watercress, 537 569 Agriculture as pineapple cannery worker, diversified, 138, 233, 312-13, 569-70 638-39 as pool hall operator, 574-85, • future of, on Kaua•i, 312-14 589 Ahana, Dora~ 500, 510, 543, 544, Amoroso, Vicente, 566, 579-80, 700, 1262, 1273, 1488~ 1490-91, 585, 587 1493 Anderson, Eleanor Blake, 507, 514, Ahukini Landing, Kaua•i, 192, 543; (interview), 1413-1518 1315 childhood activities of, in 1 Aipo, Kaua•i, 8, 355, 782-83 Koloa, 1444-48, 1449-58 • Airplanes, 326-27, 328, 714, 741 chores of, 1448-49 Aka, Abraham Kelii (interview), education of, 1431, 1458-79 819-65 family of, 1413-42, 1456-58, childhood of, 820-37, 840-54 1498-1504 855-58, 862 as motel proprietor, 1502-3 education of, 832-35, 837, as schoolteacher, 1479-97, • 859 1501-2 family of, 820-24, 827, 833, Aquino, Quirino, 396, 408, 616 11 11 838, 840-41, 847-48, 859, Arash i ro, Matsuk i Mutt- , 1032 861, 862, 865 Armed forces as landowner, 533 442nd Infantry Regiment, • as pineapple cannery worker, 112 835-36, 855-56, 859 G. I. Bill, 134 Po 1 ipu home of, 198, 532, in Philippines, 390-92 843-45, 855, 895 and relations with Kaua•i Aka, Daniel, 533, 820, 823, 848 residents, 216, 220-24 Aka, Minnie, 920, 1394 surplus housing and equipment, • Akaji, Shigeo, 321 128' 129' 135 Albao, Rev., 522 Asahi Ice and Soda Works, Alexander & Baldwin, Inc., 142-43, 774-80, 872, 881-82, 1401 238, 308, 313-14, 982, 1011, Automobiles (see TRANSPORTATION) 1037-38 Awa, Johnny, 112, 212, 1207, Alexander, Arthur C., 184, 186 1450 • Alexander, William P., 127, 128, 412-13, 414, 749, 750, 806, 1015, Bachman, Ross, 207, 1491, 1493 1019-20, 1026-27 Bacle, Leilani, 534 Ali 1 i, 187, 188-89 Bacle, Mary, 719, 824, 838

• D-1 D-2 •

Bacle, William Keaumaikai, 122, Blake, Margaret Miller, 257, 332, 513, 521, 532-34, 718, 719, 820, 514, 920, 1202, 1394, 1416, 822-26, 828-29, 831, 838, 843, 1424, 1433-37, 1438-42, 1511 845, 846, 851, 854, 855, 865, Blake family, 167, 190, 514, • 895 1414 Bakeries. 75, 76, 78, 259, 302, Board of Health, 740, 743-45 503, 571-72 Bookkeepers, 176-77, 213, 429 Baldwin family, 205 Bowling alleys, 583-84 bango (worker identification Boyden, Dr. Webster, 715-16 number), 137, 417, 856, 918, 926, Boy Scouts of America, 11, 88 • 946, 964, 965 Brandt, Florence Waterhouse Baptiste Dairy, 298-99 (interview), 1169-1212 Baptiste family, 298. 312 childhood of, 1197-1203 Barbers, 60-83, 86, 1342-43 education of, 1203-6 Bargayo, Vicente, 419; (interview), (see also SMITH, DR. JAMES W.; • 593-632 WATERHOUSE, DR. ALFRED HERBERT) family of, 594, 595, 597, Brandt, Gerhardt, 914-16 599-603, 606-7, 616, 625-26 Brandt, Gladys Ainoa, 882, 930-31, immigration of, 602-5, 526-27 1479 as Koloa Plantation Store Brandt, Herman K., Jr., 122, worker, 616-23, 788 166-67, 489, 923-24, 968, 1022 • life of, in Philippines, Brandt, Herman K., Sr. and Lily 594-603 Hart Brandt, 915-17, .919 as schoolteacher, 595-96, 600, Brandt, Isaac, 882, 1197, 1198; 601-2, 627 (interview), 913-33 Barking Sands, Kaua•i, 750 family of, 914-17, 919, Baseball, 10, 16, 21-22, 54, 58, 923-24, 930-33 • 120, 496, 664, 667 as Koloa Plantation worker, Basketball, 22, 106, 667 917-18, 929 Beck, Dr. Clagett, 715 Brennecke, Dr. Marvin, 676, Bees and beekeeping, 335-37 1195-96, 1399, 1404; Berg, Karl, 128 (interview), 735-53 Beriberi, 337 education of, 738 • Bicycles, 196-97 family of, 736 Big Save Value Center, 74, 84, 103, .as Koloa Plantation physician, 111, 112, 259, 420, 589, 605, 71, 715-16, 741-52 787, 1012 life of, in Missouri, 736-38 Birds Brennecke Beach, Kaua•i, 749-50, doves, 345 830, 832, 844 • ducks, 537 Bridges, Harry, 993, 1004 mynah, 105, 329 Broadbent, Edward, 214 pheasant, 105, 107, 348, 349 Bukoski, John, 683, 686, 688, 702, Birth control, 51, 747 710, 728 (see also CHILDBIRTH) Bukoski, Joseph, 682, 685, 695-98, • Bishop Bank (see FIRST HAWAIIAN 709, 725 BANK) Bukoski, Sophia, 686, 690-95 Bishop Estate, 504, 528 Bukoski family, 185, 704-5, 710 Bishop Trust Co., 83, 84, 86 (see also VIVEIROS, KATHERINE Blacksmiths, 98, 154 BUKOSKI) Blake, Alva~ Sr., 1414-15, 1419 Burns, Caleb E. S., 778 • Blake, Hartwell, 1444 Burns, Gov. John A., 1030-31, 1032 Blake, Henry K., 514, 1415-16, Bush, John, 504, 541, 701, 893, 1420-21, 1422-34, 1441 1443 • • D-3

Case, A. Hebard, 428-29 Childbirth, 745-46, 877-78, 1147, Cataluna, Antone Chrisostomo, 96, 1158-59, 1220-21, 1317, 1378-79 97, 98, 185, 723, 1216-21, 1227, (see also BIRTH CONTROL; MEDICAL • 1374 CARE) Cataluna, Frank, 112, 131 Childcare, 538, 1281-82 Cataluna, John, 97, 101, 113 Children Cataluna, Lucy Morreira, 98 as contributors to family Caucasians income, 43, 61, 99, 114, • immigration of, 1170-72, 1178 133, 257, 300, 306, 335-37 , on Koloa Plantation, 89, 90, 351, 356, 359, 441-42, 443 , 133, 195, 196, 258, 311, 476-77, 558, 560, 689-90, 393-94, 400, 426, 508, 511, 704, 836-37, 856, 1101-5, 517-19, 538, 623, 714, 835, 1114-19, 1121-23, 1160-62 741, 747 discipline of, 506-7, 508-10, • Caves, 103, 495, 697-98 834-35 Celebrations and holidays play of, 10, 54, 59-60, Boys' Day, 1352 116-17, 119-20, 209-10, Christmas, 47, 88, 90-91, 106, 212-13, 325, 326, 346-47, 226, 230, 350, 664, 873-74, 356, 509, 664-65, 764, 1262, 960, 1199, 1395, 1489, 1491 1396 • Easter, 1224 play of, on trains, 56, 117, Fourth of July (picnic), 15-16, 121, 186, 208-9, 299-300 108-9, 204-5, 349-50, 610, Chinese 667-68, 717-18, 719, 720, in Hule'ia, 1252 862-63, 885, 921, 1200-1, in Koloa, 512, 525, 686, 1352-53 1452-53 • Girls' Day, 1352 in Lawa'i, 322, 323, 329 Holy Ghost Feast, 106, 501, in 'Oma'o-, 512 863, ·1222-24, 1403, 1447, in Po' i pu, 854 1517 Chung, Ho Young and Durk Haing New Year's Day, 767, 776, Park Chung 1270-71, 1280, 1333-34, 1378, tailor shop owned by, 212, • 1401-2 640-57, 670-75, 879. 1473 Rizal Day, 496, 610-11, 614, Chung, Richard Cherldoo 615J. 631 (interview), 635-78 Tencho-setsu, 17, 350, 767-68, childhood of, in Koloa, 776, 960, 1352-53, 1393 664-66 • Thanksgiving, 1202-3 and family-owned grocery Cement, 439-40 store, 647-48 Cemeteries and family-owned tailor shop, Christian, 49 212, 640-57, 670-75, 879 , Japanese, 104 1473 Koloa.z. 535 as telephone company employee, • Po'ipu, 122, 532, 513, 719, 676-:-77 826, 843 Church at Koloa, The (a.k.a., Chang, Dr. H. C., 969 Koloa Church, White Church) Chang, Walter, 83, 259-60, 1104 (see CHURCHES) Chang Fook Kee (store), 72, 78, Churches 168, 258-60, 261, 571, 802, 857, Church at Koloa, The • 1104' 1230 (a.k.a., Koloa Church, White Charman, George, 190, 871, 876-77, Church), 40, 109, 894, 919, 1416-19, 1453 1172, 1178, 1186, 1414, Charman, Mary Hobbs, 1417, 1418 1435, 1449-50, 1510-18 • [}-4 •

Churches (continued) after Hurricane Iwa, 547-48 Church of Jesus Christ of juvenile delinquency, 107, Latter-Day Saints, 501, 531, 535-36, 576 1421-22, 1516 police, 13, 121, 219, 248, • Jehovah•s Witnesses, 501, 529 261-62, 265, 501-2, 510, Koloa Hongwanji, 14, 40, 70, 511, 514, 517, 529, 537, 88, 192, 768, 1345, 1348-49, 576, 583, 589, 696, 723, 1392-93, 1407 1426-31 Koloa Jodo Mission, 3, 14, 40, prostitution, 1116, 1125-27 192 Crockett Sugar Refinery • Koloa Missionary Church, 17, (California), 163-64 40, 190, 192, 327, 530, 539, Cropp, Ernest, 97, 191, 345, 360, 749, 1184, 1186, 1516 778, 892, 1228-29 Koloa Shingon Mission, 1322-23 Cropp, W. E. Anton, 191 Koloa Union Church, 22, 40, 49, 79, 720, 1511-12, 1514-15 Daos, Jose, 74 • 11 11 Korean, 658-59, 661, 664 Davfs, Henry Nahe , 108, 721 St. Raphael •s Catholic Church, Democratic Party, 71, 981, 998, 105-6' 192' 199 1195 Salvation Army, 47, 90-91, 192, (see also POLITICS) 297' 877' 1516 Depp, Dr. Donald S., 715 • Cloward, Dr. Ralph, 134-35 Depression, the (1930s), 23, 24, Cockett, John and Rachel Fountain 63, 68, 158, 301, 670-71, 749, Cockett, 267, 366, 527, 726, 775, 963, 1236 780, 870-77, 881-84, 896-97, 900, Deverill, Fred, 196 902-3, 910, 921, 1230, 1453 Deverill, Norman, 397, 400 (see also FEHR, BERNICE LEILANI Discrimination • COCKETT) against Filipinos, 162, 413, Cockfighting, 461-63, 600-1, 1116, 415-16, 419 1119-20, 1122-23, 1150, 1157-58, by plantations, 102 1159-60' 1163 (see also ETHNIC RELATIONS) Coconuts, 443, 724, 852 Ditches, 13, 107, 145, 146, 182, Communication 339' 513' 838 • radio, 178, 628 Dogs, 182, 199, 278, 283, 348, telephone, 230, 501, 1282, 349, 537 1293-96 Dole, Rev. Daniel, 1172, 1417 Communism, 1016-18 Dole Boarding School, 1172, 1176, Conant family, 190 1178, 1418, 1441-42 Cooking and baking Domestic work (housework), 386, • fires for, 187, 341, 447 689, 699, 705, 706-9, 824, with kerosene, 260, 302 1272-73, 1347-48 ovens, 689 Drees, F. J., 1493 for pay, 338, 708-10, 1101-5, Duvauchelle, Raymond, 535, 722, 723 1121-23, 1160-62 • Cortezan, Rev. Catalino C. and Ebata, Burt Hiroshi (interview), Josefina Cortezan, 613-14, 1172, 1-33 1285, 1346, 1447 as automobile parts salesman, Costa, Frank, 29-30 7, 24-29, 30 Costa Store, (Kalaheo), 112, 304, 305 family of, 2, 3-4, 9, 32 Cox, Howard, 420, 623, 807 sports activities of, 19-20 • Crime and law enforcement Ebata Store, 3, 4, 5-6, 7-8, 10, bootlegging, 1114-19, 1151-54 29, 30, 112, 115, 768-69, 783 FBI, 1017-18 Education gambling, 600-1 difficulty in continuing, 133, • • D-5

184, 832-33, 837 Fairview Hotel (Lihu'e), 871 in Japan, 1335-36 Farley, Joseph K., 1184-86, 1475 on Mainland, 133-34, 224-26, Farming • 229-30, 874, 886, 891-94, by Hawaiians, 187, 188 896-901 in Japan, 1307-8, 1330, 1334, in Philippines, 384, 401-2, 1369 475-76, 595-96, 597-99, 604 in Philippines, 154, 441-42, (see also individual schools, 438-45, 446, 472-74, 554-57, e.g., KOLOA SCHOOL) 558, 595-97, 1133-34 • Eklund, Dr. Archibald, 1194-95 rice, 1250-60, 1330, 1334 Electricity, 198, 280, 339, 340, Farrington, Elizabeth, 1030 443, 567, 779, 895-96 Farrington, Joseph R., 1016, 1030 'Ele'ele, Kaua'i Faye , H. P., 182, 198 hospital at, 748-49, 751-52, Faye, Lindsay, 751, 971 • 1360-61 Fehr, Bernice Leilani Cockett, and McBryde Sugar Co., 3, 310, 726; (interview), 869-910 742 education of, 874, 886, English language 891-94, 896-901 by Filipinos on plantations, family of, 870-77, 881-84, 604-5, 613-14, 617 896-97, 900, 903-4, 910 • i~struction, 1345-47 on father's liquo~ business, by Koreans. 665-66 871-77, 881, 884 in Philippines, 384, 393, 401, Haole Camp home of, 878 445, 604 landownership of; 902-4, 910 Ethnic relations and returning to Koloa, between Caucasians and 902-4 • Filipinos, 400, 402 work experiences of, 901-2 between Filipinos and Japanese, (see also COCKETT, JOHN AND 50, 223-24, 854, 1077-78, RACHEL FOUNTAIN COCKETT) 1093, 1095, 1157, 1318 Fern, Charles, 21, 1273 between Germans and Scots, 192 F~rnandes, John B., 971 between Hawaiians and Japanese, Field work (sugarcane), 1343 • 833, 837, 865 cane burning, 105, 358, between Japanese and Koreans, 373-75, 619, 772 660, 662-63 cane seed cutting and between Japanese and planting, 43, 104, 351-52, Portuguese, 120 363, 369-72, 376, 772, between Locals and Mainlanders, 1264 • 196, 223, 991-92, 993-94 clothing, 358-59, 602, 616-17, in Portuguese Camp, 689 , 692, 1377-78 694-95 contract cane cultivation, (see also DISCRIMINATION) 759-60 Eugenio, Blas (interview), 471-96 fertilizing, 487-88 • education of, 475-76 hanawai, 52, 116-17, 130-32, family of, 472-75, 477, 478, 143-44, 146, 299, 330, 482, 486 769, 1264, 1374 and field work, 480, 481, hapai ko, 23-24, 56, 104, 305, 487-89, 492 353-56, 357-59, 363-65, immigration of, 477 _369-70~ 453, 619, 705, 1397 • kalai (ho hana), 99, 136-37, Fagel, Antonio, 453 138, 139, 357, 452, 480, 481, Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 615-16, 769-72, 773, 1058-59, 965-67 1264, 1392 • D-6 •

Field Work (continued) as sugarcane workers, 104, mule man, 104, 190, 363, 695, 355, 373, 376, 452-54, 617, 696-97, 769, 1059-60, 653, 1058-59 1067-68 (see also interviewees with • pau hana, 53, 75, 617 Filipino surnames; PHILIPPINES) piecework, 351, 353, 357 Firewood, 341-42, 485, 609, 689, piler boy, 353, 354, 364 702-3, 760-62, 920, 947-48, 959, portable track laying, 104, 1091 361, 365, 369, 770-71, 1099 First Hawaiian Bank (Koloa shifts, 75, 136 branch), 4, 70, 71, 103, 522, • timekeeper, 491, 917-18, 929 606, 787, 1405-6 . (see also LUNAS; MECHANIZATION; Fish SUGARCANE)~ipino Federation of aku, 1006 America, akUle, 1006, 1257 336-37 bluegill, 145 Filipino language, 153, 384, 390, carp, 145 • 603-4, 995-96, 1057, 1137, catfish, 13, 145 1147-48 goldfish, 145, 537 Filipinos, 121, 153, 390, 398, 506, moi, 826-27, 843-44, 853 514, 595, 603, 604, 612, 617, moT li'i, 940 646, 649, 854, 1456 mullet, 187, 319 • as barbers, 60, 62, 69, 74 'o'opu, 13, 145, 838, 1258 childbirth and childcare papio, 4~4 practices of, 570, 746-47 at Po'ipu, 853 and drinking, 1114-19 prices, 42, 1006 as engineers, 157-66, 171, 425, sunfish, 145 427 . tilapia, 145 • food of, 145, 336-37, 389, ulua, 494 558-59, 561, 599, 721, 727, Fishing, 13, 54, 143, 187, 319, 1097, 1098, 1104, 1136, 494, 826, 839, 844, 853-54, 1155-56 949-51, 976, 1257, 1258-59 immigration of, 51, 52, 388-90, in Philippines, 1045-48 392-97, 445-46, 448-51, 477-80, Fishponds, 187, 319-20, 826-27, • 564-65, 602-4, 616, 838, 832, 843-44, 853 1055-58, 1137, 1138-42 Floods, 249-51, 512-13, 706-7 as lunas, 396, 398, 399, 481, Flowers 615-16, 1062-64 roses, 1299-1301 marriage and courtship Food practices of, 459-60, 483, baked goods, 1097-98, 1101-5, • 486, 565-66, 1048-55 1121-22, 1150-51, 1155-62 as musicians, 463-67 bread, 302-3, 503, 746, 802 as nurses, 747 cactus (panini), 117-18, 765 as physicians, 387, 396, 449 Chinese, 13, 504 recreation of, 22, 120, 467, Filipino, 145, 336-37, 389, • 562-63, 574-85, 612, 1105-12, 558-59, 561, 599, 620, 721, 1116, 1119-20, 1125-27, 1150 727, 1097, 1098, 1104, 1121, and Roman Catholic church, 106, 1136' 1155-56 113, 254, 311, 329, 338, fish, 13, 45, 561, 727, 829, 407-8, 413 857, 951, 976, 1258-59 as store customers, 788-89 fruit, 11-12, 107, 116, 118, • as strike participants, 119, 122, 300, 312, 335, 727, 453-54, 1008-9, 1066-67, 764-65, 802, 952, 1094, 1197 1079 Hawaiian, 721, 837-38 • • D-7

honey, 335-37 ·Goldblatt, Louis, 993 Japanese, 571, 784, 1270-71, Gomes, Clem, 971-72 1309, 1318, 1402 Goodhue, Dr. William, 752 • meat and poultry, 107-8, 303-4, Grasses 423, 559, 620, 690, 703, buffalo, 349 766-67, 828, 850, 851, 862, foxtail, 326-27 876, 940 pig, 1091, 1096, 1097 milk/dairy products, 108, 212, Gregg, Carl, 398, 399, 400-1, • 345, 803, 835, 879-80, 883, 405-6, 489 1263 Grove Farm Homestead Museum, 185 , Polish, 690-91 186, 206 Portuguese, 106, 108, 113, 116, Grove Farm Plantation, 758, 252-53, 303, 530, 1222-24 1264-66 rice, 418, 690, 746, 940, 1013 camps of, 1266-72 • soda, 106, 109, 414-15, 837, landowners of, 142, 233 856 pineapple-growing on, 128-29, , 803-4, 1259 138 vegetables, 116, 337, 766, 784, railroad, 111 , 208, 940-41, 951, 1093 record-keeping at, 185-86 Football and takeover by McBryde Sugar • barefoot, 19-21, 120 Co. (1974), 101, 131-32, equipment, 57 140, 141, 142, 170, 310-11 sponsors, 21, 54, 57-58 and takeover of Koloa (see also SPORTS) Plantation (1948) , 100-1, Fourth of July (see CELEBRATIONS 109, 128, 139-40, 141, 180, AND HOLIDAYS) 186, 193-94, 206, 226, 369, • Fujimoto, Kiyoshi, 716, 1345 492, 622-23, 688, 806, 877, Fujimoto, Riuichi, 1345 987-88, 1009, 1014-16 Furo, 339-40, 341, 761, 883, 959, (see also PUHI, KAUA•I; WILCOX ~59, 1271, 1377 FAMILY) Furukawa, Chester, 423, 787-88 Grove Farm subdivision (see WAIKOMO SUBDIVISION) • Gambling (see CRIME AND LAW Gunn, Tom, 326-27, 328 ENFORCEMENT) Guns, 347-48, 363, 506 Garden Island (newspaper), 21, 529 Gushiken, Hanako Ishiyama, 102, Garden Island Motors, 27, 227 1448; (interview), 1385-1409 Gardens chores of, 1388, 1390-91 • home, 116, 335, 766, 927-28, family of, 1386-89 941, 951-52, 958-59, 1090-91, and field work, 1392, 1397 1165-66, 1222, 1474-75 as laundress, 1399-1400, Gaston, Ah Tai Lau, 356, 525, 1453 1404-5 Gay & Robinson, Inc., 141, 143, 193 life of, in Koloa Japanese Gerell, Robert, 83, 85, 90 Camp, 1390-91 • German, Robert, 84-85 as senior citizens• volunteer, Germans 1406-7 immigration of, 97, 98, 122, 246, 500, 512, 526, 914-17; Hackbarth, Gus, 210-11, 512 919 Hackfeld and Co., (see AMERICAN at Koloa Plantation, 146, FACTORS, LTD.) • 191-92, 491, 526, 686, 714 Ha•ena, Kaua•i, 549 Gillin, Elbert and Adena, 196, Ha•iku, Kaua•i, 188 199, 211, 213, 688, 705, 720 Halehaka, Kaua•i, 758, 1248, 1250, Glaisyer, Dr. A. R., 321 1259 • D-8 •

Hall, Jack, 139, 742, 988-89, homestead, 537 990-91, 993-94, 1004, 1018, 1030 in Lawa'i, Kaua'i, 1276-77, Halzem, Father Celestin, 105, 700 1342 Hamakua, Hawai 'i, 191, 194 in Niumalu, Kaua'i, 1250-51 • Hanai, 533-35, 718-19, 723, 820, in Philippines, 155, 386, 823-24, 840 446-48, 473-74, 555, 596 Hanal~i~ Kaua'i, 188-89, 271, 495 in plantation camps, 98, 113, Hanapepe, Kaua'i, 240, 312, 741 180, 197-99, 216, 332, Haoles (see CAUCASIANS) 338-45, 406-8, 429-32, 454, Harden, Bernice, 974 455, 456, 459, 687, 724-25, • Harl ~ Dr. Virgil, 740 941-42, 1267, 1292-93, 1376 Hawaiian Board of Missions, 1172 plantation managers', 180, Hawaiian Equipment Company, 227-28 197-99, 216 Hawaiian language, 181, 275-76, rent and purchase of, 135, 820, 821-22, 849, 864 229, 233-35, 430-32, 809-12, • Hawaiians 1009 education of, 522-23, 837 World War II, 215-16, 220 food of, 187, 721, 727, 838, (see also KOLOA PLANTATION 839, 862, 864 CAMPS) on Kaua'i, 122, 187-88, 240, Hula, 272-74 721, 723, 838 Hule'ia, Kaua'i, 8, 506, 510, • landownership by, 521, 824-25 1252, 1264 at Po'ipu, 8, 41, 122, 521, Hunting, 105, 182, 200, 202, 329, 532-34, 536, 830-32, 862 345, 347-48, 363, 829-30, 920, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' 949' 1007 Association (HSPA), 205, 214, Hurricane Dot (1959), 1296, 1299 238, 388, 446, 449, 478, 602, 625 Hurricane Iwa (1982), 31-32, 58, • Hebert, Fred, 424, 425, 426 87-88, 167, 215, 234, 235-37, Hilo Massacre, The (1938), 985 278-84, 531, 546-49, 731, 904, Hofgaard and Co., 647 905-7, 1175, 1209-12, 1242-43~ Holidays (see CELEBRATIONS AND 1260, 1297-99 HOLIDAYS) Holy Ghost Feast (see CELEBRATIONS Iceboxes, 896 • AND HOLIDAYS) Ichinose, Samuro, 25 Homesteads Immigration (see individual Lawa'i, 685-86, 729 immigrant groups) Kalaheo, 254, 685-86 Immigration Act of 1924, 41, 52 'Oma'o, -292-94, 502, 537, 1456, Immigration Station (Honolulu), 1505-8 1310-11, 1313-15, 1339-40 • Honl, Dr. L. A., 751 Immunizations, 744 Horses, Mules, and Donkeys (for Inouye, Masato, 425 work, sale, etc.), 12, 46, 97, Insects, 98, 852 144, 199, 200, 205, 225, 262, Inter-Island Steam Navigation Co., 296, 297, 298, 323, 334, 341, Ltd., 918, 932, 985 • 360-61, 362, 488, 491-92, 536, Inter-island travel, 204, 211, 537, 697, 703, 827-28, 851, 927, 214' 272 1100-5' 1341 International Longshoremen's and (see also LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY) Warehousemen's Union (ILWU), Hotels, 1035-37, 1502-3, 1508 943, 966 (see also TOURISM) and Communism , 1016-18 • Housing, 45, 250-51, 286, 512-13 and Fair Labor Standards Act, beach, 266, 270, 843 965-67 building of, 1284, 1325 leaders, 139, 742, 988-89, • • 0-9

990-91, 993-94 1309-15, 1331-32, 1336-41, and organizing plantation 1345 workers, 979, 985-1021, internment of, during World • 1026-33, 1035 War II, 1355, 1356-58, 1360 and pre-World War II, 980 in Koloa, 419, 512, 1319 (see also STRIKES AND WALKOUTS; laundresses, 50, 52, 62, 70, UNIONS) 338, 485, 568, 1319-20 Irish, 821 in Lawa'i, 322-23, 330, 1341-44 • Irons, charcoal, 643-45, 883, lunas, 318, 319, 320 1236-37, 1277, 1375 marriage and courtship Isenberg, Paul, 191, 500 practices of, 39, 51, 1250, !soda, David, 207, 1489 1309-15 Isonaga Store, 6 medicine peddlers, 1255-56 Iwai (blacksmith), 98 midwives, 569 • Iwamura, Robert, 1489, 1491, in 'Oma'o, 311 1494 picture brides, 1309-15, Iwamura, Sadakichi, 58, 356-57, 1337-38, 1339, 1370-71, 1451 667, 879, 1268 in Puhi, 1269 Izuka, Ichiro, 1016 sugarcane workers, 104, 355, 369 • Jacintho, Louis, Jr., 840, 1221, Japanese language, 954, 996, 1196 1233, 1235,. 1236, 1239; Japanese-language school (interview), 94-147 Koloa, 14, 15, 18, 48, 119, ,. education of, 99, 106, 133-34 322, 662, 768, 949, 952-53, family of, 96-97, 99, 100, 101, 954-57, 1322-23, 1345-46, 102, 105-9, 114, 116, 118-19, 1348-54, 1359, 1392-93, • 121, 133, 135, 136 1450-51 as Koloa Plantation employee, Kukui'ula, 48 _103, 108, 109, 124-34, 136, Lawa'i, 321, 322, 331, 1354, 143-44, 146, 185, 366 1355, 1356, 1359 . (see also JACINTHO, RITA Lihu'e, 1260 CATALUNA) Jardin, M2nuel R., Sr., 5, 10, 30, • Jacintho, Louis, Sr., 1232-33 103, 296, 332, 345, 1229 Jacintho, Rita Cataluna "Jardin Market (Kalaheo), 304 (interview), 1215-43 chores of, 1221-22 Kageyama, Masashi, 139, 402, 403 education of, 1225-26, 1228 Kahalepuna, Mr. (attorney), 513, • immigration of, 1217-18 532, 847 life of, in Portugal, 1217 Kahili Mountain Park, Kaua'i, life of, in Portuguese Camp, 141, 146 1226-29, 1231-34 Kahuku, O'ahu, 101, 602 life of, in Spanish Camp, Kalaheo, Kaua'i, 254, 301-2, 331, 1218-26 729 • (see also JACINTHO, LOUIS, JR.) Kalapaki Beach, Kaua'i, 376 Jaeger, Henry, A., 44, 54 Kalaupapa, Moloka'i, 740 Japanese, 39, 47-48, 53, 184, 196, Kaluahonu, Kaua'i, 103, 199, 218, 514, 747 698, 914-15, 917 barbers, 62, 65 Kamehameha Schools (Honolulu), carpenters, 1249 528, 538, 1461-72, 1475, 1476 • farmers, 782, 1249, 1250-60 Kamehameha V (Lot Kamehameha), fishermen, 38-39, 41, 42, 59, 1173-75 268-69 Kamehameha IV, 1174 immigration of, 1248-50, Kamehameha III, 188, 189 • D-10 •

Kapa•a, Kaua•i, 72, 301 family of, 38, 42, 47, 50-53, Kapaia, Kaua•i, 660, 661, 664 61, 64, 75, 90-91 Katsunuma, Tomizo, 1314 and liquor store business, 82, Kaua•i County 84-85 • courthouse (Koloa), 501-2, Kealia, Kaua•i, 451-52 510-11, 530 Keawe, New Year, 198, 200, 534 police (Koloal, 501-2, 510-11 Keelikolani, Princess Ruth, 188, tax office (Koloa), 502 189 workers, 838-39, 969-70 Kekaha Plantation, 16, 20, 141, Kaua•i County Council (formerly 182, 191, 453, 455, 751 • Kaua•i County Board of Kerosene, 260, 302, 333, 340-41, Supervisors), 969, 1033 358, 444, 483, 485, 561, 568, Kaua•i High School, 133, 134, 504, 609, 882, 895-96, 920, 947 510, 669, 833, 922, 925, 963-64, Kiahuna Golf Club, 105, 110, 123, 991-93, 1465-66, 1476-77 187, 199, 204, 233, 239 • Kaua•i Mortuary, 81, 696 Kiawe, 838, 858 Kaua•i Motors, 24-29, 70, 98, 519 Kilantang, Gavino, 121, 398, 399, Kaua•i Pineapple Co. 407, 610 cannery, 255-56, 307, 309, 321, Kilauea, Kaua•i, 27, 131, 312, 330, 569-70, 669, 689, 730, 740, 1037 835-37, 856, 859, 1276, 1279, Kimokeo, James, 121, 198, 200, • 1342, 1359, 1507 51"4' 723 fields, 1355-56 King, Samuel P., 517-19 sports sponsorship by, 16, 20 King, Samuel Wilder, 119, 215 and transporting workers, Knudsen, Eric, 110, 179, 181, 183, 255-56, 836-37 184, 189, 195, 198-201, 528, and union, 983-84 826, 829-30 • warehouse, 26, 141, 254, 301, Knudsen, Valdemar and Annie 743 Sinclair Knudsen, 180-81, 182, (see also LAWA 1 1; PINEAPPLE) 183-84, 187, 188 . Kaua•i Planning Commission Knudsen family, 19, 110, 122-23, and four-story building height 201-2 1 imi t, 1035-37 as landowners, 76, 140, 141, • Kaua•i Terminals (see PORT ALLEN) 182-83' 311' 878 Kaua•i Trading Company, 302, ·769 Knudsen Gap, 183, 215, 887, 889 Kaulili, Springwater, 531, 532, Kobayashi, Ryuichi, 419 1407 Koerte, Otto, 102 Kaumuali 1 i, King, 187, 188, 1418 Koke•e, Kaua•i, 89, 199-200 Kaumuali 1 i Highway (a.k.a., Koloa, Kaua•i • Government Road), 887 changes in, 31, 168, 231, Kaupiko, Annie Opeka Duvauchelle, 588-89, 626 722, 727 future of, 31, 76-77, 89-90, Kaupiko, David, 534, 723, 724 146-47, 233, 312-14, 376-77, Kawaiaha•o Seminary (Honolulu), 815-16, 908-10, 1037-38, • 504, 508-9, 510, 539, 540 1408-9 Kawamoto, Sadao, 38, .53, 60, 64, Koloa Athletic Club, 18, 23 65, 69, 72 Koloa Ballpark (a.k.a., Annie Kawamoto, Shigeo, 38, 45, 61, 81 Knudsen Field), 10, 17, 19, 22, 11 11 Kawamoto, Tadao Barber , • 57, 88, 120, 641, 662 (interview), 37-92 Koloa Bridge, 14, 46, 50, 110, 327 • as barber, 60-66, 68-69, 70-79, Koloa Cemetery, 49 84, 86 Koloa Chevron Service Station, 24, education of, 47-48, 57, 60 98 • 0-11 • Koloa Church (see CHURCHES) Portuguese, 5, 96, 98, 101, Koloa Civic Center, 501, 1406-7 102-3, 113, 483-84, 659-60, Koloa Debating Club, 604, 613-14 686-90, 692, 694-95, 723-24, Koloa Hongwanji (see CHURCHES) 1226-29, 1231-34 • Koloa Ice House, 18, 356, 537, 587 Shinagawa, 484, 626, 698~ 728, Koloa Japanese-language School (see 1321, 1474 JAPANESE-LANGUAGE SCHOOL) Spanish, 97, 113, 355, 609, Koloa Jodo Mission (see CHURCHES) 687; 877-78, 1218-26, 1230, Koloa Landing, 110-11, 187, 192, 1387 250, 269, 271, 695, 794, 862, Stable, 696, 1088-1100 • 1183-84 Koloa Plantation Dairy, 97, 103, freight loading and unloading 108, 124-25, 299, 345 , 537 at, 6-7, 46, 48-50, 695, 718, Koloa Plantation Hospital, 17, 886 100-1, 108, 331, 687, 709-10, passengers loading and unloading 715-17, 748-49, 751, 752, 1235, at, 96, 1057, 1218, 1341 1281, 1399 • Koloa Missionary Church (see Koloa Plantation Meat Market, 107, CHURCHES) 116, 303, 703, 766, 851, 883-84, Koloa.Plantation (a.k.a., Koloa 926 Sugar Company) Koloa Plantation Mill centenn i a 1 ( 1935), 121-22, 186, New Mill (1913), 15, 18, • 205-6, 238, 1011, 1403, 1490 164-66, 169-71, 193, 206-7, sesqu i centenn i a 1 ( 1985), 76, 311, 397-400, 404-6, 424-28, 206, 238-39 687, 688, 720, 922, 938, and takeover by Grove Farm, 965-69, 976-79, 1022, Co., (1948), 100-1, 109, 128, 1062-64, 1081-83 139-40, 141, 180, 186, 0 1d Mi 11 ( 1841 ) , 14-15 , 47 , • 193-94, 206, 226, 369, 492, 100, 106, 121, 208, 213, 622-23, 688, 806, 877, 327, 349, 922, 938, 1226, 987-88, 1009, 1014-16 1415 warehouse, 15; 327 Koloa Plantation Railroad, 13, 15, waste and trash disposal at, 40, 55-56, 98, 121, 125-26, 186, 103, 345, 696, 697-98, 762-63 204-6, 208, 327, 333-34, 503, • (see also FIELD WORK, KOLOA 527 PLANTATION CAMPS, SUGARCANE) (see also TRANSPORTATION) Koloa Plantation ca~ps, 942-43 Koloa Plantation Stables, 97, 362, Filipino , 103, 407-8, 417, 363, 491, 687, 696, 926-27, 605-6; 607, 952, 1319-20 1060-62, 1065-77, 1088, German, 914-15, 917 1098-1100 • Haole, 97, 114, 687, 878, 1454 Koloa Plantation Store, 2, 4, 12, Japanese, 2, 3, 4, 103, 338-45, 212, 259, 410-24, 616-24, 992, 417, 424, 483, 609, 659, 759, 1377 760-63, 945, 1157, 1229, branch of, at New Mill Camp, 1390-91 416, 423-24, 787-88, 945 • Korean, 5, 112, 113, 483, 496, changes in, 798-99 658-59, 663, 1143, 1144-45, closing of, 807 1156-57 credit at, 115, 783, 789, 946, New Mill, 338, 345, 349, 407, 1222 408, 416, 423, 432, 455, 465, Japanese department in, 566, 567-68, 586, 659, 785-801 • 787-88, 939, 941-45, 947-49, locations of, 786-87, 884 953-54, 1080, 1319-25, and merger with Lihu'e Store, 1344-45, 1454 623-24 • D-12 •

Koloa Plantation Store (continued) Kuhlman, William, 107, 221-22, 11 new month 11 at, 783, 786, 788 491' 1099' 1146 during 1946 strike, 1005-6 Kuhns, Dr. J., 739-40, 741, 744, order taking and delivery at, 746 • 8, 45, 109-10, 127, 304-5, Kukui Grove Shopping Center, 142 323, 617-19, 782-89, 885, Kukuiolono Park, 225 945, 1341-42, 1347, 1373-74, Kukui 'ul~. Kaua'i, 38-39, 40, 41, during World War II, 799-802 42, 45, 47, 48, 50, 54, 55-56, Koloa Post Office, 10, 19, 57, 88, 59, 89, 267-69, 782, 1187, 611' 836 1209-12 • Koloa Road, 74, 111, 641, 888 harbor, 38, 43-44, 269 Koloa School, 40, 41, 763, 960, Kukui 'ula Store (a.k.a., McBryde 1092, 1096, 1100-1 Plantation Store), 8, 45, 58, activities at, 1235, 1288-89, 250 , 268, 302, 323 1394-95, 1439, 1451, 1482-86, Kunimura, Hakaru, 402 • 1488-90, 1491 Kunimura, Robert, 139, 402, 403; buildings, 115, 331, 504, (interview), 937-1039 893-94, 1228, 1395, 1442-43, chores of, 958-59 1486 as county employee, 969-70 chores at, 207, 208, 257, 891 education of, 960-62, 963-64 fire at (1973), 544, 1089 family of, 938-39, 957-60 • gardens at, 115, 207-8, 298 as Koloa Plantation worker, lunch at, 503, 940-41, 953, 964-69, 976-79, 1022-24 1093, 1443 political activities of, principals, 543, 544, 700, 833, 969-73, 980-82, 990, 893, 939, 1443, 1480, 1032-37 1490-91, 1493 union activities of, 985-1021, • teachers, 207, 257, 332, 504, 1026-33 505, 506, 507, 514, 543-45, Kunimura, Sadajiro and Katsu 6~9, 700-1, 832, 892, 920-21, Fuk~shima Kunimura, 938-39, 961-62, 1094, 1228, 1288, 957-60, 977-79 1346, 1393-94, 1396, 1438-41, Kunimura, Tony, 206, 990, 1016, 1459-60, 1479, 1481, 1487, 1033, 1035, 1350-51 • 1494-97 Kunioka, Jiro, 127, 429, 793 walking to, 41, 207, 209, 296, Kunioka, Kazu, 419 297-98, 321-22, 538, 660, Kure, Takeshi "Bear", 23 689-90, 704, 827, 833, 1095 and World War I, 892-93 Labrador, Andres, 492, 608; and World War II. 730, 1491-93 (interview), 1043-83 • Koloa Sugar Company (see KOLOA education of, 1057-58 PLANTATION) family of, 1044-47 Koloa Theater, 18, 22, 23, 55, 100, immigration of, 1055-58 108, 119, 137, 213-15, 356, as Koloa Mill worker, 1062-64, 666-67, 1197, 1230, 1454, 1509 1081-83 • Koloa Town Association, 74 as Koloa Plantation stable Koloa Union Church (see CHURCHES) man, 1060-62, 1065-77 Kondo, James, 22 life of, in Philippines, Korea, 636-37 1044-55 Korean language, 665-66 marriage and courtship of, Koreans, 192, 301, 311, 636-37, 1048-55 • 658, 659, 660-61 Labrador, Baldomera Pervera, (see also CHUNG, HO YOUNG; CHUNG, 1048-55; (interview), RICHARD; KOLOA PLANTATION CAMPS) 1131-66 • • D-13

and baking and selling foods, Liwa•i Kai, Kaua•i, 88, 1472 1101-5, 1121-23, 1150-51, Legends and Superstitions, 684, 1155-62 952 • chores of, 1134-35 Lihu•e Grammar School, 195, family of, 1132-41 1260-63 immigration of, 1137, 1138-42 Lihu•e Plantation, 61, 420, 740, life of, in Philippines, 1132-41 759, 980-81 marriage and courtship of, mill, 139, 170-71, 180, 191, 1137-38 193, 227, 376 • Land Lihu•e Store, 420, 623-24, 812-13, development, 89, 142, 232-35, 876, 1012 311-14 Liquor, 877-78 leases, 82-85, 182, 183 homemade, 107, 118, 341, 726, Landownership 824-25, 1114-19, 1151-54, • in Koloa, 16, 30, 85-86, 140, 1162-63' 1230 181, 188-90, 233, 295, 311, •okolehao, 139, 824-25, 1151 429-33, 493, 720, 871, and Prohibition, 72, 780, 872 876-77, 902-4, 916, 931-32, stores, in Koloa, 72, 82, 1187-88, 1238-39, 1283, 84-85, 871-77, 881, 884 1418-19, 1453-54 during World War II, 216, 622, • in Kukui •ula, 44, 54, 729, 1187 1290-91 in Liwa•i, 1279,. 1380 Little Wagner Act (1945), 983-86, on Ni 1 ihau, 181, 188, 189 1000 in •oma•o, 100, 294, 297, 502 Livestock and Poultry in Philippines, 441, 443, 474, carabao, 154, 440-41, 473-74, 561-62.z. 595 555-57, 558 • in Po•ipu, 86, 122, 233, 311, chickens, 25, 86, 107, 114, 513-14, 521, 530-36, 718-19, 198, 263, 461-63, 766-67, 749-50, 826, 829, 840, 1503 940' 1091' 1222 Laundry cows and cattle, 108, 124-25, home, for pay, 50, 52, 62, 70, 199, 296-97, 304, 537, 703, 260-61, 338, 358-59, 485, 827, 850, 858, 1457, 1505 • 565, 567-68, 569, 1143-44, pigs, 339, 348, 703, 721, 828, 1277-78, 1319-20, 1374-75, 1091, 1097, 1164-65, 1222 1379, 1399-1400, 1404-5 (see also HORSES, MULES AND Liwa•i, Kaua•i, 188, 660-61, 731 DONKEYS) Chinese at, 832, 837, 1280 Lunas, 73, 97, 103, 104, 128, 132, homesteads at, 685-86, 729 --r36-37, 176, 180, 306, 318, 319, • Japanese at, 322-23, 330, 360, 361-76, 396, 569, 616, 1276-82 704-5, 773-74, 876, 1220, 1318, Japanese-language school at, 1354-55, 1374 321, 322, 331, 1354, 1355, (see also FIELD WORK) 1356, 1359 • landownership in, 1279, 1380 McBryde, Walter Duncan, 528-29, 660 pineapple cannery at, 255-56, McBryde Plantation (a.k.a. McBryde 307, 309, 321-22, 330, Sugar Co.) 569-70, 669, 689, 730, camps, 3, 41, 43-45, 301-2, 835-37, 856, 1279 310, 318, 322, 323, 477, Stable Camp, '45, 301, 318, 322, 636-37, 742, 1331-32, 1341-44 • 323, 1331-32, 1341-44, 1358 diversified agriculture on, town, 1358-59 138, 233, 313 (see also KAUA 1 I PINEAPPLE CO.; homesteaders on, 293-94, PINEAPPLE) 685-86 • D-14 •

McBryde Plantation (continued) education of, 293, 297, 298, hospital ('Ele'ele), 742-43, 306 748-49, 751-52, 1360-61 family of, 293-96, 298, 302, railroad, 46, 50, 55-56, 204, 303, 306, 311-12 • 208, 293, 327, 333 Medeiros, John, Jr., 292-93, 294 , stores, 8, 45, 81, 302, 322, 295, 296, 298, 304 , 311, 724 323 Medeiros Ranch ('Oma'o) , 296-97 , and takeover of Grove Farm 303-4 Plantation (1974), 101, Medical care 131-32, 140, 141, 142, 170, and Japanese medicine • 310-11 peddlers, 1255-56 use of Koloa facilities by, midwifery, 98, 569, 1378-79, 146, 191, 209, 306, 319, 1403-4 331 as perquisite, 135, 715, McKinley High School (Honolulu), 947 16, 20, 515-16 for plantation workers, 86, • Mclane, Patrick, 144 100-1, 125-27, 134, 366, Maha'ulepu, Kaua'i, 13, 131-32, 507, 569, 715, 716-17, 188, 333, 377, 494, 950 741-42 , 745-46, 750-51, Mainland, U.S.A., 203, 221, 511-12, 763, 1074-75, 1091-92, 742.z. 841-42, 861 1191-92, 1194-95, 1399 • Makahu'ena Point, Kaua'i, 187, public health, 740, 743-45, 826, 846 ' 1183 Makaweli, Kaua'i, 188, 189, 195, at Sand Island, O'ahu, 389, 751 393-95, 396 Malapit, Eduardo, 204, 260, 587 (see also BRENNECKE, DR. MARVIN; Maluhia Road, 70, 74, 887-88 WATERHOUSE, DR. ALFRED HERBERT) • Manlapit, Pablo, 453 Micronesians, 108 Maori language, 181 Midwifery (see MEDICAL CARE) Marriage, 181-82, 203, 459-60, 558, Mikaele, Enoka, 110, 198, 826, 663, 1048-55, 1123-24, 1137-38, 831' 1516 1274-75, 1309-15, 1274-75, Miller , Charles Archibald, 1415-16 1397-98, 1424, 1441 Missionaries, 188, 1170-73 • (see also JAPANESE, picture (see also SMITH, DR. JAMES W.; brides) WATERHOUSE, DR. ALFRED HERBERT) Marsh Reservoir (see WAlTA Mitsunami Store, 70, 71, 1286-87 RESERVOIR) Miyake, Noboru, 969 Matson Navigation Co., 982 Miyashiro, Dr. Yonemichi, 752 Matsunaga, Spark M., 61 Mizuha, Jack, 71 • Maulili Pool, 106 Moir, Alexandra Lilikoi Knudsen, Maxey, Homer, 127, 196, 197, 413, 122, 178, 179, 199, 200, 214, 414, 415, 620, 781, 797, 992, 220, 223, 226, 228 1374 Moir, Eric McD. "Iki", 123, 1197; Maxey, Rebecca Brandt, 196, 207, (interview), 175-241 543, 878, 1443, 1446, 1455, 1467, childhood of, 178, 195-224 • 1478, 1481 education of, 195-96, 207-9, Mechanization, 75, 80, 128, 130, 211, 217, 224-26, 229-30 132, 218, 771-72, 1081 family of, 176-89, 233, 238 in cane harvesting, 164-65, on Koloa's history, 184-85, 193, 369-72, 492 206-7, 240 • Medeiros, Abel, 235-37; Moir, Hector McD. (interview), 291-314 as Koloa Plantation manager childhood of, 293-307 (1933-48), 122-23, 128, • • D-15

178-180, 186, 192, 204, 206, Musicians and Music, 157, 215, 220, 213, 216, 218-19, 221-23, 463-67, 611, 612, 889, 930 226-27, 360, 611, 1278 at Filipino 11 Social box 11 • Po'ipu home of, 180, 197-99, dances, 1107-8 228 Moir, John T., Jr. 11 Jack 11 Naleimaile, Emma Wohlers, 500-1, as Koloa Plantation manager 502, 506, 507, 526-28, 536-40 (1922-33), 12, 23, 122, 123, Naleimaile, George (a.k.a., George • 178-80, 198, 226, 227, 229, Maile), 362, 521, 534-35, 723 360, 361, 611, 617, 750, 778, Naleimaile, John, 502-3, 506, 507, 1193' 1229 521, 529, 530, 532, 537, 723 Moir, John Troup, Sr., 176-77, National Labor Relations Act, 983, 178 987 Moke, Kapa, 122, 204, 206, 723 Nawiliwili, Kaua'i, 28,193,271, • Money and Finance 794, 870-71, 874, 886-87 tanomoshi, 662, 778, 789-91, Nawiliwili Transportation Co., 647, 963, 1273, 1312, 1392 971-72, 1277 taxes, 66, 189, 234, 284-85, Ni'ihau, 181, 188, 189, 538 313, 517-19 Nishihara, Mitsugi, 127, 411-12, Moragne, Joseph, 529 413-14, 415, 420; (interview), • Moragne, William, Sr., 111, 127, 757-816 128, 129, 164, 167' 186, 424, as Asahi Ice and Soda Works 427, 806-7, 808, 812, 1027 employee, 774-80 Movies (see RECREATION) childhood of, 764-69 Mules (see HORSES, MULES AND family of, 758-64 DONKEYS) as Koloa Plantation field • Muraoka, Koremitsu, 14, 320; worker, 769-74 (interview), 1329-63 as Koloa Plantation Store education of, 1335, 1353 employee, 781-89, 793-801 family of, 1330-33, 1343 Nishita, Masato, 49-50, 655 immigration of, 1336-41 Ni uma 1u, Kaua' i • . as Japanese-language rice farming at, 1250-60, schoolteacher, 322, 955-56, 1272-75 1348-54 Nomilu Pond, 319 life of, in Japan, 1332-38 Norma 1 Schoo 1 (see TERRITORIAL life of, in Koloa Japanese NORMAL SCHOOL) Camp, 1344-45 Norwegians, 181, 191 • life of, in Lawa'i Stable Nurses, 507, 538, 714, 716-17, Camp, 1341-44 747-48 Muraoka, Mitsugi (Mitaru) (see also MEDICAL CARE) (interview), 317-77 childhood of, in Koloa, O'ahu Sugar Co., 164, 166 331-51 Oda, Robert, 357 11 11 • childhood of, in Lawa'i, Okamura, Richard Ike , 79, 80, 318-31, 334, 339 86, 185, 307, 308, 976, 1200, family of, 318-22, 326, 328, 1208, 1283, 1326, 1475 334, 335, 338, 341, 358 Okamura, Tasaburo, 39, 1197-98 as Grove Farm Plantation Okinawans, 102, 828, 1164-65, 1402, harvesting superintendent, 1403 • 367-73 'Okolehao (see LIQUOR) as Koloa Plantation field Okumura Store, 5, 45, 212, 302, 783 worker, 334, 342, 351-56, Okutsu Store and Restaurant, 5, 357-67 212, 302, 802, 1230 • D-16 •

Old Koloa Town, 16, 85-86, 90, 107, Pineapple· 168, 588, 720, 908-9, 1239-40, growing by Grove Farm, 128-29, 1293, 1508-10 138 (see also TOURISM) growing by homesteaders, 254, • Olokele Sugar Co., 112, 141, 193 293, 300-1~ 331, 506 'Oma'o, Kaua'i, 301, 302, 731 growing in Koloa, 326 changes in, 311-12 (see also KAUA'I PINEAPPLE CO.; homesteads at, 292-94, 502, LAWA'I) 537, 1456, 1505-8 Pioneer Mill Co., Maui, 123, 177, stream, 47, 187, 537 180 • 'Oma'o Road, 47 · Plantation Gardens Restaurant, 'Oma'o School, 297, 298, 537, 1507 228~ 239 Ono, S., 107, 116, 303 Po'ipu, Kaua'i Onomea Sugar Co., Hawai'i, 177, changes in, 231-35, 277-78, 178, 179 312, 610, 626 • Orme, Clarence V., 362, 968 Hawaiians living at, 8, 41, Ornellas Store, 112, 212, 302 122, 521, 532-34, 536, Outhouses, 251,. 342-45, 408, 432, 830-32, 862 586, 608, 696, 697-98, 725, Hurricane Iwa destruction at, 762-63, 948 235-37, 278-84, 547-48 Oyasato Store, 5, 112-13 lighthouse at, 514, 532, 535, • 826, 846, 855 Pa'a, Kaua'i, 188 during World War II, 79, 215, Pakala, Kaua'i, 830 222, 511 Pali 'ula, Kaua'i, 832 Po'ipu Beach Park, 718, 822, 832 , Panau, Kaua'i, 30, 32, 306, 326, 844-45, 846, 855, 895, 921 331, 1187-88, 1200 pavilion at, 198, 203, 215, • Papalekoa Store (Kalaheo), 112 222, 530, 536, 718, 826 Peddlers and peddling, 17, 42, Poland 268-69, 319, 385, 430, 838 food of, 690-91 (see also STORES) immigration from, 101, 506, Peiler, Susan, 500, 526-27, 528 683-86, 692-95, 724, 725 Pesticides, 129-30, 132-33, 138 Police (see CRIME AND LAW • Philippines ENFORCEMENT) Batanes, 384 Politics Carcar, Cebu, 594-602 on Kaua'i, 71, 119, 229, farming in, 154, 438-45, 446, 969-73, 980-82, 990, 472-74, 554-57, 558, 595-97, 1032-37, 1433, 1499-1501 1133-34 and rallies, 119, 215, 541 • fishing in, 1045-48 (see also DEMOCRATIC PARTY; housing in, 386, 446-47, INTERNATIONAL LONGSHOREMEN'S AND 473-74, 555, 559-60 WAREHOUSEMEN'S UNION; KUNIMURA, Lahui, 160 ROBERT; REPUBLICAN PARTY) Manila, 382-83 Pool halls, 574-85, 589 • Mindoro, 158-60, 161, 169 Port Allen, Kaua'i, 7, 271, Negros, 152-55, 160 327, 637-38, 718, 741, 743, Santa Catalina, 384 794, 859-60, 980, 982, 1183 Santo Domingo, 438-48 Port Allen Waterfront Workers' Sibonga, Cebu, 1044-55, 1132-38 . Association, 979-80, 985 Phillips Commercial School Portugal, 97, 295, 1216-18, 1227 • (Honolulu), 900-1 Portuguese, 101-2, 104, 105-6, Phonographs, 324 120, 133, 254, 321, 329, 330, Pidgin, 1077-78, 1089 336, 820, 821-22 • • D-17

food, 106, 108, 113, 116, Republican Party, 71, 119, 971-72, 252-53, 303, 530, 1222 981, 998, 1016, 1193, 1195 homesteaders, 293, 295 (see also POLITICS) • immigration of, 96-97, 99, Reservoirs, 11, 12, 13, 44, 52, 246-47, 295, 311, 685, 686, 131, 330 695, 1217-18 (see also WAlTA RESERVOIR) language, 102, 247, 1219-20 Rice, Charles Atwood, 148, 743, and livestock, 97, 103, 104, 981, 1012, 1193-95 108' 1222 Rice family, 193, 980-81 • Portuguese ovens, 100, 113, 252-53, Rizal Day (see CELEBRATIONS AND 302-3, 689, 690, 1222-24 HOLIDAYS.) Poultry (see LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY) Roosevelt, Franklin D. , 72, 73, Prohibition (see LIQUOR) 671, 716, 965, 970, 977, 981, Prostitution (see CRIME AND LAW 1016, 1195, 1493 • ENFORCEMENT) Ruiz, Alex (interview), 381-433 Puerto Ricans, 101, 104, 106, 293, education of, 384, 386 311, 491, 506, 686, 724, 741, family of, 382, 384-90, 395-96 1456 immigration of, 388-90, 392-97 Puhi, Kaua•i, 131, 139, 1266-72, as Koloa Plantation field 1315-19 worker, 396-97 • as Koloa Plantation Mill Quinn, William F., 1029-30 worker, 397-401, 404-6, 409, Quiocho, Fidel, 419 421, 424-27, 428 as Koloa Plantation Store Racelo, Saturnino, 200, 211, 402 clerk, 409-24, 428-29 Radio (see COMMUNICATION) Russians • Railroad (see TRANSPORTATION) on Kaua•i, 506, 686, 694, 724 Ranching, 100, 118, 182-83, 199, Ryer, Ernest, 695 296-97, 857-58, 859 Recreation and entertainment St. Andrews Priory (Honolulu), bon dances, 1270, 1333 897-900 camping, 10, 54, 494-95 St. Raphael's Catholic Church (see • cockfights, 1116, 1119-20, CHURCHES) 1150-51, 1157-58, 1159-60, Salesmen, traveling, 49-50, 647, 1163 785, 801, 888 Filipino 11 Social box .. dances, Salt ponds, 187, 849, 852 1105-12 Salvation Army (see CHURCHES) • movies, 17-18, 23, 55, 58-59, Sand Island, o•ahu, 389, 393 100, 119, 137, 213-15, 356, Sanekane, Torano Shigehisa 791, 953-54, 1272, 1321, (interview), 1367-81 1402' 1454 life of, in Japan, 1368-71 prostitution, 1116, 1125-27 as picture bride, 1370-71 shibai, 357, 792, 879, 1268, Sanekane, Yuhei, 419, 1370-74 • 1281, 1321-22, 1402-3 Schimmelfennig, Elizabeth, 207, swimming, 13, 14, 54, 107, 116, 543' 700' 1489 299, 974-75 Schimmelfennig Gerald, Helyn, 892, taxi dances, 461, 464, 467, 1393 1116, 1125 Schimmelfennig, Rebecca, 106, (see also IWAMURA, SADAKICHI; 699-700, 706, 1225 • K6LOA THEATER; SHINAGAWA THEATER; Schools (see EDUCATION; K6LOA SPORTS) SCHOOL) Rego Store, 323, 915 Scots, 123, 146, 176-81, 189, 191 Reichardt, William C., 1455 Sears, Roebuck, and Co., 335-36, 711 • D-18 •

Senger, Charles, 413, 414-15, 419, softball, 299 422-23, 623, 798, 807 sumo, 10 Sewing, 882, 1254, 1256, 1308-9, track and field, 350 1311-12 volleyball, 496 • (see also TAILORING) wrestling, 10 Shellfish, gathering of (see also BASEBALL; BASKETBALL; crabs, 108, 950 FOOTBALL; RECREATION AND 'opae, 13, 145, 146 ENTERTAINMENT) ' opihi, 121, 727, 832, 864 Spouting Horn, Kaua ' i, 215, 239 • pipipi, 721 Spouting Horn Inn, 261-62 prawns, 313 Steljes, Herman, 12, 116 Sheraton-Kaua'i Hotel, 4, 110, 215, Steljes, Martin, 102 217, 222, 231, 548 Stores Shinagawa Camp (see KOLOA and coupons, 402-4, 412-13, 415 PLANTATION CAMPS) credit policies of, 8, 45-46, • Shinagawa Theater, 18, 356, 879-80, 51, 100, 127, 258, 413, 1403' 1454 415-16, 418-19, 621, 856-57, Shintani, Kiyoshi, 80-81, 131, 132 946-47 Shipwreck Beach, Kaua'i, 950 debt collection by, 8, 305, Silva, Frank, 126, 139 418 S·ilva, J. I., Store, 302 order taking and delivery by, • Sisson, Maud, 257-58, 700, 833, 4, 5, 7-8, 45, 109-10, 1394, 1490 111-12, 115, 127, 304-5, Smith, Dr. James W. and Milicent 323, 416-19 , 616-21 Knapp Smith, 190, 1170, 1178, during strikes, 79-80, 402-4, 1183, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1196, 621 1210 (see also KOLOA PLANTATION • Smith, Jared, 1184, 1420 STORE) Smith, Maurice, 500, 507 Stoves, 689, 702, 708 Smith, Wilhelm, 503, 504, 528, 529 Strikes and Walkouts Smith's Motor Boat Service, Inc., 1920 (Japanese), 3, 943-44 306, 894 1924 (Filipino), 944, 1066-67, Souza, Vivian Leilani Vidinha 1079 • (interview), 245-87 1937 (Port Allen childhood of, in Koloa, 248-63 longshoremen), 979-80, 985 education of, 256-58 1938 ("Hilo Massacre"), 985 family of, 249, 254-55, 257, 1938 (at Kekaha), 453-54 520~ 523-24, 541-42 1946, 79-80, 138-39, 229, 368, • Po'ipu home of, 264, 266, 270, 411, 621, 717, 742, 804, 284-85 807, 987, 993, 996-1010, Spalding, Henry, 512, 534-35, 705, 1031, 1032, 1079-80, 1405 721 1949 (longshoremen), 1019 Spanish influenza outbreak (1919), 1958, 402-4, 1007, 1022-33, 696, 941-42, 1238, 1248-49, 1391 1324 • Spitz, C. W., 871 (see also INTERNATIONAL Sports LONGSHOREMEN'S AND boxing, 389 WAREHOUSEMEN'S UNION; UNIONS) church-sponsored, 106 Sueoka, Ernest, 87 Japanese community-sponsored, Sueoka, Mankichi, 662, 1388 350. 1352 Sueoka Store, 3, 5, 7, 14 , 25, 45 , • plantation-sponsored, 16, 70, 71, 84-85, 100 , 112 , 168, 19-20, 22, 23, 120, 123 259 , 302, 327, 768-69, 783, 804, soccer, 120 945, 1164, 1207, 1230 • • D-19

Sugarcane Teachers and teaching, 508-9, future of, 31, 77, 89-90, 132, 543-46, 595-96, 834 140-42, 146-47, 170, 312, (see also ANDERSON, ELEANOR • 313-14, 376, 1037-38 BLAKE; KOLOA SCHOOL; VIDINHA, milling and processing, 164-66, EDENE NALEIMAILE) 169-71, 372, 373, 398, 457, Telephone (see COMMUNICATION) 488-89 Telles, Ester, 826, 840 in Philippines, 153, 155, Telles, George, 821 • 158-60, 169 Tencho-setsu (see CELEBRATIONS AND seed, 13-14, 130-31, 351-52 HOLIDAYS) yield, 141, 961-62, 1024-25 Territorial Normal School, O'ahu, (see also FIELD WORK) 505, 1477-79 Sugawa, Masako Hanzawa (interview), Teves, Manuel 1247-1301 as Koloa Plantation office • childhood of, in Niumalu, manager, 100 Kaua'i, 1250-60, 1272-75 . as Koloa Theater manager, 18, chores of, 1253, 1257-58, 1272 23, 213, 667. 1197, 1230 education of, 1260-63 Tourism, 231, 313, 1241 family of, 1248-60 Koloa,. 240, 626 life of, in Koloa, 1283-1301 Po'ipu, 84, 89, 90, 228, • life of, in Lawa'i, Kaua'i, 233-35, 1035-37 1276-82 (see also HOTELS; OLD KOLOA life of, in Puhi, Kaua'i, TOWN) 1266-72 Transportation as summer plantation worker, by automobiles, 24, 25, 27, 1264-66 29, 49, 70,.197, 210, 211, • as telephone operator, 1293-96 213, 219, 357, 494, 563, 655-56, 833, 885, 928, 963, Taft-Hartley Act, 1020-21 1114 Tailoring, 212, 640-57, 670-75, by boats and ships, 38-39, 44, . 879, 1473 49, 50, 96, 508, 711, 712, Tanaka Fish Market, 103, 112, 115, 718, 885-87, 1472 • 212, 302, 1473 by horses and mules, 296, 297, Tanimoto, Charles, 307-8, 894 298, 827, 828, 928 Tanomoshi (mutual financing by train, 5, 6, 114-15, 117, association) (see MONEY AND 121, 125-28, 186, 191, 194, FINANCE) 205, 206, 208-9, 326, 327, • Tao Garage, 55, 107, 208, 327 333-34, 360, 365-67, 885, Tao Store, 5, 45, 324, 769, 804, 949, 1318 1253 (see also KOLOA PLANTATION Tapucol, Benigno (interview), RAILROAD; TRUCKS AND TRUCKING) 437-67 Trees and plants education of, 439, 442-43, eucalyptus, 111, 215, 218, • 444-45 222 family of, 438-39, 441-46, guava, 342, 703 449-50, 452, 455-57 hau, 59-60, 342, 703 immigration of, 445-46, 448-51 mango, 12, 59, 105, 107, 279, as Koloa Plantation worker, 335, 548 452, 456, 457-58 monkeypod, 59, 75, 76, 88, • as musician, 463-67, 612 588, 703 Taro (see AGRICULTURAL CROPS) , 118 Tashima, M., 54, 514, 1430 ti' 12, 139, 489, 721 Tashima, Takihiko, 22, 1430 Trotter, Dr. F. E., 744 • D-20 •

Trucks and trucking childhood of, in Koloa, for pineapple work, 128-29, 501-10, 512, 525-31, 536-40 255-56, 836-37, 856 education of, 503-5, 508-10, 539 for store deliveries, 616, family of, 503, 504, 513-14, • 779-80 516-21, 522, 528, 541-43 for sugarcane field work, 15, as schoolteacher, 504, 506-7, 16, 80, 128, 159, 194, 199, 510, 515-16, 540, 834, 1494 11 11 227, 299, 368, 369-71, Viveiros, Antone Pat , 727-28 417-18, 457-58 Viveiros, Katherine Bukoski Tunnel of Trees, 111, 131, 183, (interview), 681-731 • 210, 528, 887-88, 1448 childhood of, in Koloa, 687-708, 717-27 Unions, 16, 309, 310, 413, 416, education of, 698, 706-7 418-19 family of, 682-97, 702, 703, Congress of Industrial 704-6, 713-14, 717, 721, Organizations (CIO), 102 726, 728, 729-31 • United Cannery, Agricultural, work of, as child, 689, 698, Packing and Allied Workers 706-9 (UCAPAWA), 983-84 (see also INTERNATIONAL Wade, Dr. B. 0., 740, 749, 751 LONGSHOREMEN'S AND WAREHOUSEMEN'S Wagner, Rosalina Labrador • UNION; STRIKES AND WALKOUTS) (interview), 1087-1127 Usa Store, 5, 212 and baking and selling foods, 1101-5, 1121-23, 1160-62 Van Dreser, Lyle, 128, 373, 427, chores of, 1096-97, 1103, 1114 807 . and Filipino 11 Social box .. Vargas, Victor (interview), 151-72 dances, 1105-12 • education of, 155, 157-58 at Koloa Plantation Stable as engineer in Philippines, Camp, 1088-1100 158-61 and selling beer, 1114-19 family of, 154-58, 161, 167, Wahiawa, Kaua'i, 188 168 Waiakea Mill, Hawai'i, 176, 177 as Grove Farm Plantation mill Waialeale, William, 1283 • engineer, 163-71, 425, 427 Waialua Sugar Co., O'ahu, 31, 166, Vasconcellos, Caesar, 109, 127, 313, 376 419, 428~ 788 Wai'anae, O'ahu, 131, 708 Ventura, Mel, 77, 1036-37 Waihohonu, Stream, 15 Vibora Luviminda (Filipino labor Waikiki, O'ahu, 273 organization), 453 Waikomo Stream (a.k.a., Wailana • Vidinha, Alohakeau Hale, 248, 263, Stream), 13, 14-15, 46-47, 107, 274-75, 279, 520 120, 187, 248, 249, 250, 921-22 11 11 Vidinha, Antone Kona , 254, 265, Waikomo subdivision (a.k.a., Grove 297, 312, 511-12, 513-14, 516 Farm subdivision), 3, 70, 113 education of, 517, 520, 541 Wailua, Kaua'i, 136, 759 as Koloa policeman, 501, 502 Waimea, Kaua'i, 188, 194, 271, • as landowner, 311, 312, 520, 312, 453, 740, 751-52 532, 540-41, 749 Waimea High School, 506 political career of, 517, 541 Wai 'ohai Resort, 110, 112, 142, Vidinha, Antone, Sr., 112, 121, 198, 199, 200, 231, 239, 277, 247, 248, 254, 261-65, 266, 297, 483, 547, 548 • 502, 519, 523-24, 541, 542, 1390 Waita Reservoir, 11, 12, 13, 116, Vidinha, Edene Naleimaile 131, 143-46, 250, 345, 348, 695, (interview), 499-549 922' 948' 1324 • • D-21

Walsh, Father Arsenius R., 192 Wilcox, Gaylord, 413, 414, 427, Water 871 dispute, 146 Wilcox, George Norton, 192, 193, • drinking, 52, 136-37, ·198, 216, 886' 1511' 1512 305-6, 339, 609, 760-61, 827, Wilcox family, 139, 140, 142, 185, 832, 845, 883, 948, 1277, 186, 188, 198, 206, 532, 980 1390 Wilcox Gymnasium, 22, 119l 214-15, in Philippines, 447, 563-64 889 • from springs~ 1257-58, 1268 Wilcox Memorial Hospital, 213, (see also WAlTA RESERVOIR) 219, 752 Waterhouse, Dr. Alfred Herbert and Wilcox Tunnel, 129, 193, 194, Mabel Palmer Waterhouse 368 family of, 17, 71, 84, 86, 109, Wilhelm, Frederick, 503, 508, 1179, 1182 529 • as father, 1189-91 Wong, Juliette Blake, 516, 1394, and Fourth of July plantation 1457 picnics, 15-16, 108-9, 204-5, World War I, 1391, 1395 349-50, 610, 667-68, 717-18, World War II, 1358, 1374-75 719, 720, 748, 862-63, 885, blackouts during, 75, 79, 921, 1200-1 215-16, 219, 675, 712 • homes of, 17, 40, 198, 721-22, and civil defense work, 78, 749, 1184, 1186-87, 1193, 215' 218' 511 1195 effects of, on Koloa's as Kaua'i physician, 15, 16, businesses, 75, 81, 571, 71, 86, 101, 169, 190, 331, 799-802, 1158, 1405 507, 539-40, 740, 742-43, internment of Japanese during, • 744, 747, 763, 892, 922, 1355, 1356-58, 1360 1183-84, 1189, 1191-92, 1194, in Koloa, 75-78, 103, 111, 1195, 1221, 1281, 1282, 1372, 126, 136, 196-97, 202, 207, 1378' 1399 215-24, 515, 619, 622, 749, as landowner, 70, 71, 72, 82, 964, 1236-37, 1289-92, 1355, 84, 85-86, 98, 101, 190, 539, 1359. 1379 • 809-11, 873, 1187-88, labor shortage during, 102, 1192-93, 1238-39, 1241, 1418 194 parties hosted by, 1202-3 martial law during, 115, 136, Waterhouse, John Thomas, 1173, 203' 215-16; 218-20' 363' 1175-76, 1177 980 • Waterhouse, William and Melicent Pearl Harbor attack, 711-14 Philena Smith Waterhouse, 86, in Po'ipu, 215, 222, 511 1172-74, 1176-82, 1191, 1199, rationing during, 114-15, 196, 1203 217 Waterhouse estate, 82-84, 85-86, school during, 1491-93 720, 809-11, 1186-88, 1192-93, wage and price fixing during, • 1196-97, 1207-9, 1238-39, 977 1446-47, 1474-75 (see also ARMED FORCES) Watts, Bob, 83 Weber, Fred, 426, 429, 432 Yamada, Dan, 267 Weliweli, Kaua'i, 188 Yamada (liquor store owner), Whaling, 187, 240 68-69, 72, 82, 302 • Wickey, Samuel, 397-98, 399, 412, Yamagata, Tsui Tashima, 332, 920, 1062, 1081 962, 1346, 1394, 1396, 1430 Wilcox, Charles, 892 Yamaka (a.k.a., Yamashiroya) (see Wilcox, Elsie, 971 YAMAMOTO) • D-22 •

Yamamoto life of, in Japan, 1306-10 store and hotel, 49, 83, 184 life of, in Koloa, 1319-26 192, 212, 302, 357, 783, life of, in Puhi, Kaua'i, 801, 888, 1286-87, 1293, 1315-19 • 1508 as picture bride, 1309-15 Yamamoto, Yozaemon, 775, 780, 872, Yoshioka, Lena, 520, 541, 542 881, 1401 Yoshizawa, Dr. Jiro, 1372, 1376 , Yoshimori, Bun Kobayashi 1389 (interview), 1305-26 Yuasa family, 198, 200, 223, 224 •

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• KOLOA: An Oral History of a Kaua'i Community

VOLUME I

Center for Oral History · Social Science Research Institute University of Hawai 'i at Manoa SEPTEMBER 1988