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The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

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The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT: STILL AN AVIATION SECURITY CONCERN ON ISRAEL’S 70TH BIRTHDAY? 14 May 2018 will be a day of celebration for some, but one of grief for others. On this date 70 years ago, the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel was proclaimed. So, whilst realising Zionist aspirations and offering a refuge for European, and indeed global, Jewry in the aftermath of World War II and the Holocaust, it also triggered a violent conflict, which has claimed many lives and to this day remains unresolved. The struggle for a Palestinian homeland has also been a key part of aviation security history, but have the atrocities perpetrated by the likes of al Qaeda, Daesh and other radical Islamists now made it less likely that groups with purportedly political agendas will target aviation in the future? Iris Chatzidaki-Pefani takes a timely look at the threat posed to aviation by those fighting for the Palestinian cause. hilst the Middle East has long the Partition Plan was approved by the between the Arab governments, along with been an arena for war, the United Nations General Assembly. It was the higher morale and better organisation WIsraeli-Palestinian conflict agreed that Palestine would comprise of the fledgling Israeli army, led to the began in earnest after World War 43.33% of Mandatory Palestine, Arabs’ defeat. The war ended with Israel I when the United Kingdom assumed which included Western Galilee, the controlling about 40% more land than had control of Palestine. In 1917, the hills of Judea and Samaria (excluding even been proposed by the UN Partition British Government issued the Balfour Jerusalem), and the Coastal Plain from Plan. Egypt and Jordan respectively Declaration, announcing its intention Isdud (Ashdod) to the Sinai frontier. Israel administered the remaining portions of to establish a national home for the would receive 56.67% of Mandatory Gaza and the West Bank of the Jordan Jewish people in Palestine. Immediately Palestine, which covered Eastern Galilee, River, and in 1950 Jordan brought the West afterwards, Arab nationalism awakened the Jezreel Valley, most of the Coastal Bank under its jurisdiction. These hostilities and demonstrations against a Jewish Plain, and the Negev. The Jerusalem created a major humanitarian crisis, with national home turned into riots. The enclave was to be under UN trusteeship. almost 750,000 Palestinians being uprooted violence rapidly spread throughout the Following the departure of the British from their land. They were forced to live country and continued during World War Army, the Arab world resolved to destroy in refugee camps in the Arab-occupied II. As the Arabs rejected all proposals, the new Jewish state. On the day following parts of Israel and in neighbouring Arab including power sharing with the Jews the establishment of Israel, the armies of countries. In the following years, Egypt, and delimitation of national borders, the Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq Jordan and Syria supported attacks from British Government decided to turn the joined together and invaded. However, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and the Golan issue over to the United Nations. In 1947, the lack of coordination and internal strife Heights on Israel, and in 1967 an armed 18 April/May 2018 Aviation Security International struggle often referred to as ‘the Six-Day during the 1972 Summer Olympics in “…Hamas and Hezbollah War’ broke out between Israel and these Munich, Palestinian terrorists from remain key players in the three countries. Again, Israel prevailed, the group Black September infiltrated claiming the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the the Olympic Village in an action that region; whilst most of the Sinai desert and the Golan Heights, where culminated in the deaths of eleven Israeli world views them as terrorist refugee camps had been established by athletes. Terrorist groups also launched a Palestinians in 1948. Consequently, civilians series of attacks against countries that were organisations, they have that had fled from their homeland due to responsible for the partition of Palestine. the partition of Palestine, were obligated to In 1983, for instance, suicide terrorists gained some legitimacy live under Israeli authority. drove two trucks carrying explosives in the region through their into the US marine and French military “…Palestinians were barracks in Beirut, killing 241 marines and participation in elections…” convinced that the 56 French military personnel. Hezbollah claimed responsibility for the attack. An ‘complete liberation of Palestine and liberation of their homeland example of a direct attack on the Israeli eradication of Zionist economic, political, could only be achieved Government was the 1992 bombing of military and cultural existence’. the Israeli embassy in Argentina, for which The Popular Front for the Liberation of through armed uprisings…” the Islamic Jihad Organisation - a front for Palestine (PFLP) aimed to create an image of Hezbollah - claimed responsibility. the Palestinian struggle as part of the world- The resentment of the Arab world caused Apart from Hezbollah, several other wide Marxist-Leninist revolution, establish a by the forced division of Palestine, the terrorist organisations were founded Marxist-Leninist government in Palestine migration of the country’s population, the with Israel as a common enemy. The and opposed all efforts to negotiate a adverse living conditions in the refugee aforementioned PLO was founded with resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian issue. camps, the several failed attempts to destroy the purpose of liberating Palestine The goals of the Popular Front for the Israel through direct armed conflict and the through armed struggle, and to represent Liberation of Palestine-General Command loss of additional territory resulted in the the Palestinian people. It was an (PFLP-GC) also included the destruction founding of a number of terrorist groups. umbrella organisation comprising most of Israel and the establishment of an Many Palestinians were convinced that the of the Palestinian terrorist organisations independent Palestinian state. Additionally, liberation of their homeland could only be but dominated by Fatah. Fatah was a it rejected any move towards moderation in achieved through armed uprisings. Although Palestinian nationalist political party and the Palestinian movement. such terrorist attacks did not manage to its main goal, as stated in Article 12 of The Abu Nidal Organisation was a destroy Israel, they managed to accomplish the official Fatah constitution was the breakaway faction of Fatah that became a short-term goals, something mercenary group for various that the wars were unable to Arab governments. It sought do - including attracting global to destroy Israel, undermine attention to the Palestinian efforts to negotiate Israeli- cause, harassing the Israeli Palestinian peace and Government via direct attacks intimidate those nations either against its army or at its holding members of the group overseas embassies, attacking as prisoners into releasing Jewish communities outside them. Meanwhile, the political of Israel and punishing those objectives of the Democratic states who were supportive of Front for the Liberation of Israel. A notable outcome of Palestine (DFLP) advocated these events was the granting an international stance that of a non-state observer status placed the Palestinian struggle to the Palestine Liberation within a general world context Organisation (PLO) at the of liberation in Africa, Asia and United Nations in 1974 and its Latin America. The DFLP also recognition of the PLO as the supported the Non-Aligned sole legitimate representative Movement and fought against of the Palestinian people. imperialism and racism. The Palestinian groups Palestinian Front’s political perfected the propaganda of objectives included the the deed through dramatic dismantling of the state of violent acts, such as the Israel and the establishment hijacking and subsequent of an independent Palestinian simultaneous destruction of state; it also opposed Yasser three airliners (TWA, Swissair Arafat’s leadership of the PLO. and BOAC) at Dawson’s Field Hezbollah, despite not by members of the PFLP in being a Palestinian group 1970. Civilians were attacked Commemorative tickets issued by the PFLP in the aftermath of the Dawson's Field itself, was initially established on numerous occasions: hijackings of 1970 as a response to Israel’s April/May 2018 Aviation Security International EUR +44 (0)20 3892 3050 USA +1 920 214 0140 www.asi-mag.com 19 Aviv, in an attempt to assassinate the Palestinians’ ability to use individuals of Israeli ambassador Yitzhak Rabin who was different nationalities to launch attacks on scheduled to be on board the aircraft but their behalf without raising suspicion; in did not fly that day (Rabin later become exchange, the Palestinian groups offered Israel’s Prime Minister and was eventually training and weaponry. Collaborative assassinated, albeit by an Israeli). In 1972, attacks were conducted alongside the PFLP members commandeered Lufthansa likes of the Japanese Red Army, such as flight 649 from Tokyo to Frankfurt, where the Lod Airport massacre in 1972, and the they received USD $5 million ransom in Revolutionäre Zellen (Revolutionary Cells), exchange for the passengers and crew. with whom they hijacked Air France flight Another example was the 1985 hijacking of 139 to Entebbe in 1976. However, while EgyptAir flight 648 from Athens to Cairo by Palestinian terrorist organisations and members of the Abu Nidal Organisation. their causes remained active, as Germany Daniel Brühl & Rosamund Pike in 7 Days in Entebbe, The last recorded hijacking executed reunified and as the Soviet Union was the latest (2018) film to recreate the hijacking of an Air France flight to Uganda in 1977 (Credit: Liam Daniel) by Palestinian terrorist organisations was dismantled, most of their leftist foreign in 1986, when the Abu Nidal Organisation partners disintegrated, leading to a loss control of the southern part of Lebanon took control of Pan Am flight 73 from of tactical and operational capabilities. (from 1982 until 2000), and sought to Bombay to Frankfurt.
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