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Munich Olympics Gene Eisen Terrorists Strike the 1972 Summer Olympics Held in Munich, West Germany, Were Breezing Along Successfully for the First Ten Days
Remembering the Munich Olympics Gene Eisen Terrorists Strike The 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, West Germany, were breezing along successfully for the first ten days. Then, tragedy struck in the early morning hours of September 5. The Palestinian Black September terrorists attacked eleven Israeli team members in their dormitory. After a struggle, the terrorist killed two Israelis, and nine Israelis were taken hostage. West Germany issued a postal souvenir sheet, Scott B489a-d, on August 18, 1972. The sheet pictures the 1972 Olympic Games Village (Figure 1 red arrow). Shown are the men’s buildings in the section above the 40+20pf stamp. The third-row building at the extreme left end of the village housed the Israeli team. The group of buildings is shown directly north of the twin poles holding up the Figure 1 1972 Olympic Games Village Sports Hall roof. It was these buildings where the terrorists broke in. used in the operation had not received proper training as sharpshooters. Add to that, they were improperly located, Negotiations too few, and lacked radios to communicate with each other and with the command post. The snipers were armed with The Black September terrorists demanded the release of over assault rifles rather than sniper rifles, and their weapons 200 Palestinians held in Israeli prisons and two left-wing lacked long-range scopes and night-vision capabilities. extremists in German prisons. German negotiators were Second, the officers on the plane who were supposed to willing to accept their demands, but Israel rejected them. subdue the terrorists unanimously chose to abandon their Israel’s Prime Minister Golda Meir stated, “If we give in post. -
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13504-8 — Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies Edited by Beatrice Heuser , Eitan Shamir Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13504-8 — Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies Edited by Beatrice Heuser , Eitan Shamir Index More Information Index 9/11 Attacks, 45, 148, 360 Al-Dawla al-Islamiyya fi al-`Iraq, 299 Abbas, Ferhat, 196 Alderson, Alexander, 29, 41 Abbas, Mahmoud, 242 Aleppo, 289, 294–6, 300–1, 303–4, 307 Aberystwyth University, 10 Algeria, 20, 47–54, 57–73, 126–7, 136, Abu Ghraib prison, 144 193–9, 202, 204–5, 207–9, 211, 226–7, Abu Marzuq, Mousa, 238 285, 326, 328, 337–9, 347–8, 354, Abu-Mazen. See Abbas, Mahmoud 356–8, 365 Adams, Gerry, 218 Autonomous Zone of Algiers, 205 Aden, 26, 30, 38 Nationalist uprisings 1945, 197 Acheson, Dean, 322 Palestro, 199 Aerial Rocket Artillery, 132 Tribal uprisings of 1845, 1871, 1864, Aeschylus, 2 1881 and 1916, 196 Afghan National Army, 261–2 Algerian Front de Libération nationale. Afghan war, 89 See FLN Afghanistan, 20, 25–6, 30, 41, 46, 74, 76, 81, Algerian National Liberation Army. 88, 136–44, 146–8, 246–8, 251–2, 254– See ALN 6, 259–61, 263–5, 306, 348, 354, 356–7, Algerian National Movement. See MNA 359, 362, 365–6, 370 Algerian People’s Party, 198 Herat, 262 Algerian War 1954–1962, 19, 126, 193–5, Soviet withdrawal 1989, 261 211, 314, 330, 336, 349, 361 Africa, 28, 47, 51, 53, 73, 223, 334, 341, Algerian wars, 366 346, 364 Algiers, 65–7, 193, 199, 204–5 African slave trade, 114 Al-Haraka al-Tashihiyya, 294 Afrika Korps, 171 Allard, General Robert, 66 Age of Battles, 10 Alloush, Zahran, 305 Agent Orange, 131 ALN, 49, 63, 65–6, 194–211, 354 Agitprop, 229 Alon, Yigal, 170 AGM-114 Hellfire, 145 Al-Qaeda, 45, 88, 141, 147, 240–1, 264 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 119–20 Al-Qaeda in the Sinai Peninsula, 240 Air France, 176 Al-Qaeda, 299 AirLand Battle, 135 Al-Qaeda in Iraq, 299 Aït Ahmed, Hocine, 198–9 Al-Quds Brigades, 235 AKP, 306 American Civil War, 5, 114–15, 120–2, Al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades, 218 223, 337 Al Qaeda, 221, 338 American Revolution, 113–16, 145 Kidnapping Manual 2004, 344 Amir ul Moomineen. -
The Israeli Experience in Lebanon, 1982-1985
THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE IN LEBANON, 1982-1985 Major George C. Solley Marine Corps Command and Staff College Marine Corps Development and Education Command Quantico, Virginia 10 May 1987 ABSTRACT Author: Solley, George C., Major, USMC Title: Israel's Lebanon War, 1982-1985 Date: 16 February 1987 On 6 June 1982, the armed forces of Israel invaded Lebanon in a campaign which, although initially perceived as limited in purpose, scope, and duration, would become the longest and most controversial military action in Israel's history. Operation Peace for Galilee was launched to meet five national strategy goals: (1) eliminate the PLO threat to Israel's northern border; (2) destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon; (3) remove Syrian military presence in the Bekaa Valley and reduce its influence in Lebanon; (4) create a stable Lebanese government; and (5) therefore strengthen Israel's position in the West Bank. This study examines Israel's experience in Lebanon from the growth of a significant PLO threat during the 1970's to the present, concentrating on the events from the initial Israeli invasion in June 1982 to the completion of the withdrawal in June 1985. In doing so, the study pays particular attention to three aspects of the war: military operations, strategic goals, and overall results. The examination of the Lebanon War lends itself to division into three parts. Part One recounts the background necessary for an understanding of the war's context -- the growth of PLO power in Lebanon, the internal power struggle in Lebanon during the long and continuing civil war, and Israeli involvement in Lebanon prior to 1982. -
Nazi War Crimes & Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency
Nazi War Crimes & Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Final Report to the United States Congress April 2007 Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Final Report to the United States Congress Published April 2007 1-880875-30-6 “In a world of conflict, a world of victims and executioners, it is the job of thinking people not to be on the side of the executioners.” — Albert Camus iv IWG Membership Allen Weinstein, Archivist of the United States, Chair Thomas H. Baer, Public Member Richard Ben-Veniste, Public Member Elizabeth Holtzman, Public Member Historian of the Department of State The Secretary of Defense The Attorney General Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Security Council Director of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum vi IWG Steven Hamilton (Archives Specialist) Allen Weinstein (Chair, 2006-2007) Miriam Kleiman (Researcher) Stewart Aly, Department of Defense Sean Morris (Researcher) Edward Arnold, Department of the Army Richard Myers (Senior Archivist) Susan Arnold, National Security Agency Whitney Noland (Researcher) Thomas Baer, Public Member Michael Petersen (Researcher) Steve Baker, FBI Jack Saunders (Contract Specialist) Richard Ben-Veniste, Public Member Robert Skwirot (Researcher) Christina Bromwell, Department of Defense Eric Van Slander (Researcher) Paul Claussen, Department of State David Van Tassel (Staff Director) John E. Collingwood, FBI Richard Corriveau, National Security Agency Historical -
11 July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings
11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings July 2006 Mumbai train bombings One of the bomb-damaged coaches Location Mumbai, India Target(s) Mumbai Suburban Railway Date 11 July 2006 18:24 – 18:35 (UTC+5.5) Attack Type Bombings Fatalities 209 Injuries 714 Perpetrator(s) Terrorist outfits—Student Islamic Movement of India (SIMI), Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT; These are alleged perperators as legal proceedings have not yet taken place.) Map showing the 'Western line' and blast locations. The 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings were a series of seven bomb blasts that took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and India's financial capital. 209 people lost their lives and over 700 were injured in the attacks. Details The bombs were placed on trains plying on the western line of the suburban ("local") train network, which forms the backbone of the city's transport network. The first blast reportedly took place at 18:24 IST (12:54 UTC), and the explosions continued for approximately eleven minutes, until 18:35, during the after-work rush hour. All the bombs had been placed in the first-class "general" compartments (some compartments are reserved for women, called "ladies" compartments) of several trains running from Churchgate, the city-centre end of the western railway line, to the western suburbs of the city. They exploded at or in the near vicinity of the suburban railway stations of Matunga Road, Mahim, Bandra, Khar Road, Jogeshwari, Bhayandar and Borivali. -
The Munich Massacre
The Munich Massacre Munich, Germany Munich Olympic Headquarters September 4, 1972 7:00 pm Sunlight glittered on the West German flag, causing the bottom gold strip to shine almost as bright as the stars. Kathrin glanced up at the beauty of her country's flag and said a silent prayer in her head. Nine days ago the Olympic games had started and gone forward without a hitch. She and the rest of the Federal Republic of Germany could not help but feel a swell of proudness in their hearts as the games continued. For so long the world had gazed at them through the eyes of the deeds their parents and grandparents had committed more than 3o years ago. These games marked an opportunity to show the world that they were no longer the blood stricken country they had been in the past. They were a new Germany. Kathrin let her eyes roam the flag once more and the smile waivered on her face. The games were not over yet. She knew well enough the potential that destruction had and she refused to give it a foothold. Entering the Olympic Headquarter building, she brisked her way through security and into her office, where her appointment was already there waiting. “Good evening, Shmuel.” Kathrin said in a warm voice, that filled the room. She smiled and shook his hand. Earlier that day he had asked to meet with her, and by the tone of his voice Kathrin knew that this was not just another friendly visit . She expressed an attitude in which any hostess should have when the head of the Olympic Israeli delegation should ask to meet. -
Munich Olympics
137 Chapter 8: Munich Olympics he United States Olympic Trials are held every tional track championships can compare with the quality of four years approximately two to three months the U.S. It is not just the statistical performance, but also the prior to the beginning date of the Games. The rather intense competitive process of the sudden-death form purposeT of the trials is to select, based on the best perfor- of selection that heightens the excitement. Make the top mances of the athletes, the team members who will represent three in your event, and you are on the team. Have an off day, the U.S. in the Olympics. All of the summer sports have these and you become an observer. team selection events, but I am most familiar with the track and field trials. Without a doubt, the U.S. Olympic Trials is My first participation in the U.S. Trials was in 1972 in one of the best national track meets in the world. There is no Eugene, Oregon. The city of Eugene has a fantastic history other athletic meet quite like it as far as performance level of sports, especially for track and field. For example, jogging and the enthusiasm of the participants and spectators. The was introduced to the U.S. through Eugene. It was brought Olympic Games and the World Championships may have from New Zealand by Bill Bowerman, who wrote the higher overall standards of performance, but no other na- best-selling book “Jogging”, and who coached the University Munich 1972 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony http://arielnet.com/ref/go/1104 138 The Discus Thrower and his Dream Factory Ken Weinbel Setup and analysis protocol “in the field” of Oregon champion track and cross country teams. -
Israel's Use of Sports for Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2018 ISRAEL'S USE OF SPORTS FOR NATION BRANDING AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY Yoav Dubinsky University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Dubinsky, Yoav, "ISRAEL'S USE OF SPORTS FOR NATION BRANDING AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4868 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Yoav Dubinsky entitled "ISRAEL'S USE OF SPORTS FOR NATION BRANDING AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Kinesiology and Sport Studies. Lars Dzikus, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Robin L. Hardin, Sylvia A. Trendafilova, Candace L. White Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) ISRAEL’S USE OF SPORTS FOR NATION BRANDING AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Yoav Dubinsky May 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Yoav Dubinsky All rights reserved. -
The Great Disasters Podcast Is Written, Researched and Produced by Kari Fay
The Munich Olympics Massacre It was meant to be a coming together of nations, in peace, to celebrate sporting excellence. For the athletes attending, it was the pinnacle of their achievements, a moment to be proud of. For some, it held even more meaning. It was the first OIympic Games to be held in Germany since 1936, when it had been under the auspices of the Nazi regime. Now, stepping into the arena, an Israeli team held their flag high. Eleven of them would not return alive. I’m Kari Fay, and this is Great Disasters. The theme of the 1972 Summer Olympics was an optimistic one; the official motto was “Glückliche Spiele” or The Happy Games, and the logo was a bright blue sun. The West German government was keen to present their new democratic Germany well, and the Olympics seemed like the perfect opportunity to do so. In contrast to the militaristic 1936 Games, which were festooned with swastikas and presided over by Hitler himself, these would be bright, open and carefree. Their security personnel would be discreet, and they would subtly deal with drunkenness or ticket fraud, without disrupting the joyous atmosphere. When they were dispatched to deal with a congregation of Maoist supporters in the Olympic Park, they dispersed the crowd by giving them candy. They allowed people to come and go somewhat freely; athletes later reported that it was easy for anybody to walk into the Olympic Village, so long as they were dressed like athletes. The athletes themselves took liberties with security arrangements, often scaling the fences around the village rather than walk the long way around to the gates. -
Hijacking of Air France Airbus by Followers of Popular Front for The
Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 22, August, 1976 France, Israeli, Ugandan, Britain, Kenya, Uganda, Page 27888 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Hijacking of Air France Airbus by Followers of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - Israeli Action to liberate Hostages held at Entebbe Airport - Inconclusive Debate at UN security Council - Ugandan Recriminations against Britain and Kenya - Severance of Diplomatic Relations with Uganda by Britain An Air France A300-B airbus, under way from Tel Aviv to Paris and carrying a crew of 12 and 247 passengers, was hijacked shortly after it had taken off from Athens at 11.55 a.m. on June 27, 1976, by an armed group of three men and a woman calling itself the Che Guevara cell of the Haifa section of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). A spokesman for the PFLP in Damascus telephoned the Reuter office in Kuwait on the same day to announce his organization's responsibility for the hijacking, but a Beirut spokesman for the PFLP denied on June 28 that it had anything to do with the action. The PFLP led by Dr George Habash, is part of the "rejection front" whwich opposes any "partal" settlement which would guuarantee the existence of a Jewish state on the territory of Plestine—see 26961.] The leader of the hijackers was Herr Wilfried Bose (27), a West German lawyer who had been part of the PFLP network, for whose terrorist activities in Europe Sr Ilich Ramirez Sánchez (alias Carlos Martínez or "The Jackal") had been responsible [see 27587]. -
Hezbollah, the Party of Terror Why It Should Be Included in the EU Terrorist List
Hezbollah, the Party of Terror Why it should be included in the EU terrorist list Emanuele Ottolenghi Paper No. 8 October 5, 2012 Friends of Israel Initiative Hezbollah, the Party of Terror Why it should be included in the EU terrorist list Hezbollah – Arabic for ‘party of God’ – is a Lebanese Shi’a Islamic move- ment established in 1982, around the time of the Israeli invasion of south- ern Lebanon. Since its establishment, Hezbollah, a militia-cum-social and political move- ment, quickly rose to fame and infamy. Richard Armitage, the former U.S. deputy secretary of state, dubbed the group “the A-team of terrorism” in the Middle East.1 Though the group is Lebanese, it is a wholly owned Iranian franchise. In Europe, Hezbollah is not designated as a terrorist entity on account of two facts – it is a political party represented in Lebanon’s freely elected par- liament; and it runs a network of welfare programs for Lebanon’s Shi’a civil- ian population that cannot be defined as being part of military or even terror activities. This brief seeks to address the reasons why this distinction is not a valid one. Hezbollah – Lebanon’s Iranian Franchise Hezbollah is led by a senior Shi’a cleric who abides by the principle of Velay- at-e Faqih – the rule of the jurisprudent. Thus, its leader, Hassan Nasrallah, is not the most senior Shi’a authority in Lebanon –Lebanon’s most senior Shi’a cleric, Grand Ayatollah Hussein Fadlallah, who died in July 2010, re- fused to embrace this principle. -
Soviet Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis
This article was downloaded by: [Harvard College] On: 18 September 2012, At: 12:38 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Intelligence and National Security Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fint20 Soviet intelligence and the Cuban missile crisis Aleksandr Fursenko a & Timothy Naftali b a Chairman of the Department of History, Russian Academy of Science b Olin Fellow at International Security Studies, Yale University Version of record first published: 02 Jan 2008. To cite this article: Aleksandr Fursenko & Timothy Naftali (1998): Soviet intelligence and the Cuban missile crisis, Intelligence and National Security, 13:3, 64-87 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684529808432494 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/ terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.