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(2015) Under the Shadows of Swords: Propaganda of the Deed in the History of Terrorism

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ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Campion, Kristy Kate (2015) Under the shadows of swords: propaganda of the deed in the history of terrorism. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/48293/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/48293/ Thesis submitted by Kristy Kate Campion, BA (Hons) James Cook University in November, 2015 Under the Shadows of Swords Propaganda of the Deed in the History of Terrorism For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts, Society, and Education, James Cook University. Statement of Originality I hereby declare that this submission is my own work, and that to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published and written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, even though I may have received assistance from others on style, presentation, and language expression. (Signed)………………………………………………………………………………………….(Date)…………………….. i Statement of Access I, the undersigned, the author of this thesis, understand that James Cook University will make it available for use within the University Library and, by micro-film or other means, allow access to users in other approved universities. All users consulting this thesis will have to sign the following statement: In consulting this thesis I agree not to copy or closely paraphrase it in whole or in part without the consent of the author and make proper public written acknowledgment for any assistance which I have obtained from it. Beyond this, I do not place any restriction on access to this thesis. (Signed)………………………………………………………………………………….………….(Date)………………… ii Table of Contents Statement of Originality ........................................................................................................ i Statement of Access............................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ iii Table of Figures ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... v Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................................ vi Abstract .......................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Pen and Bullet ............................................................................................. 10 Framing the Study....................................................................................................... 10 Chapter Two: Cloak and Dagger ........................................................................................ 45 The rise of Russian anarchist terror ............................................................................ 45 Chapter Three: Dynamite and Daring ................................................................................ 64 The Russian anarchists and Propaganda of the Deed ................................................ 64 Chapter Four: Blood and Soil ............................................................................................. 95 The rise of Irish anti-colonialism................................................................................. 95 Chapter Five: Soldiers and Spies ...................................................................................... 112 The Irish anti-colonialists and Propaganda of the Deed .......................................... 112 Chapter Six: Guns and Drugs............................................................................................ 145 The rise of New Left Terror....................................................................................... 145 Chapter Seven: New Colour and New Clothing ............................................................... 163 The German New Left terrorists and Propaganda of the Deed ............................... 163 Chapter Eight: Sword and Prayer ..................................................................................... 191 The rise of Islamist Terror ......................................................................................... 191 Chapter Nine: Steel and Ideals ......................................................................................... 214 The Salafi jihadists and Propaganda of the Deed ..................................................... 214 Chapter Ten: Flame and Ash ............................................................................................ 249 Propaganda of the Deed examined .......................................................................... 249 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 275 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 280 iii Table of Figures Figure 1 Ministry of Justice: Political Crime Statistics ....................................................... 91 iv Acknowledgements A thesis cannot be developed in isolation from the academic community who supported the postgraduate producing it. Therefore, there are a number of individuals I would like to recognise for their assistance, with the assurance that this thesis is not as long winded as the acknowledgments. Firstly, I would like to thank my principal advisor Associate Professor Doug Hunt for his efforts and advice; and especially for using calming, baby-blue text for his final thesis comments. Secondly, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my advisor, mentor, and friend, Dr. Janine Hiddlestone. Without her enduring belief in me throughout the years of our friendship, this thesis would have remained a (disturbing) dream. Besides my principal advisors, I would like to recognise the efforts my temporary advisors; Associate Professor Glenn Dawes, Sociology; Dr. Janice Wegner, History; Dr. Mervyn Bendle, History and Sociology; Associate Professor Russell McGregor, History; and Dr. Claire Brennan, History. The interdisciplinary nature was of their interim supervision was useful for investigating the history of terrorism. I also thank the staff at the Irish National Library for their aid in sourcing primary materials, and JCU for the APA scholarship stipend. On a personal note, I applaud the friends who kept faith in with me throughout this process – especially Belinda, Tania, Vinh, and Emily. Not only did they believe in me, they believed we could find some rational order in an irrational world. I also thank my partner, Jack, whose faith far surpassed my own. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to Wally Boyle (1928 - 2015), whose love and encouragement will always be remembered, and whose loss will be forever felt. v Glossary of Terms 2JM: Second of June Movement APO: West German Extra-Parliamentary Opposition AQAP: al ‘Qaeda in the Arabia Peninsula AQI: al ‘Qaeda in Iraq AQIM: al ‘Qaeda in the Maghreb CIRA: Continuity in the Irish Republican Army EIJ: Egyptian Islamic Jihad IED: Improvised Explosive Device ICA: Irish Citizens Army IRA: Irish Republican Army IRB: Irish Republican Brotherhood IS: Islamic State JRA: Japanese Red Army SDS: Socialist Student Union (West Germany) SR: Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (Russia) PIRA: Provisional Irish Republican Army PFLP: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organisation POD: Propaganda of the Deed RAF: Red Army Faction/Rote Armee Fraktion RIRA: The Real Irish Republican Army vi Abstract Propaganda of the Deed is a conceptual tradition which uses calculated and media-oriented terrorist violence with symbolic and strategic intent. This research examined how Propaganda of the Deed has endured over the last one hundred and forty years to influence the continuity of terrorism as a form of political discourse. This thesis illuminates previously unidentified paradigms and paradigmatic shifts in the use of Propaganda of the Deed. Propaganda of the Deed was investigated using a comparative historical analysis. David Rapoport’s Four Waves of Modern Terror theory provided the analytical framework. This delimited the research field, with one representative terrorist movement selected from each wave. The research methodology was based on analysis of terrorist propaganda, and situated using the historical context and empirical record. The use of Propaganda of the Deed by those focus movements was then cross analysed through six major themes found in terrorist propaganda. Those themes included advocating the theoretical
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