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2 1. INTRODUCTION
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1. Post equivalent to that of a federal government minister. 2. Post equivalent to that of a cantonal government minister. This particular State Councillor was also Chairman of the Swiss Conference of Cantonal Directors of Public Education (Conférence suisse des directeurs cantonaux de l’instruction publique (CDIP).
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Since 1978, the Law on Vocational Training has allowed those with upper secondary, vocational (“dual”) qualifications to enter vocational tertiary education (level 5B in ISCED97). The latest reform actually allows entry to general tertiary education (level 5A in ISCED97). 5 . Secondary-school leaver’s diploma, either general or technical depending on the pathway chosen. 6. The lifelong learning approach also emphasises the recognition of informal learning. But as the term indicates, this is by its very nature hard to identify. Participation statistics are therefore largely based on formal learning as identified in surveys on enrolment in adult education. In the course of the review the team was told that informal learning takes place in firms, that libraries also offer scope for it and that museums were developing educational activities. 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By and large, enrolment does increase with the level of initial education. We should point out, however, that those with higher vocational qualifications actually display the highest rate of participation in adult education. 9. 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We compared men and women in terms of the reasons given for non-participation. With regard to vocational training, there were significant differences on three counts: workload (men), family responsibilities (women) and cost (women). With regard to general education, there were differences on four counts: lack of time (men), workload (men), family responsibilities (women) and cost (women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³PL[HG EDJ´ :KDW GRHV HPHUJH LV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH SULYDWH PDUNHW 7KH 6ZLVV ODERXU IRUFH VXUYH\ UHSRUWV WKDW RYHU I RI DOO DGXOW HGXFDWLRQ FRXUVHV LQ ZHUH UXQ E\ SULYDWH LQVWLWXWLRQV 7DEOH 11. “Adult education is characterised by a mixed bag of public and private training institutions, run by business or government, state-approved and run for profit. Similar diversity is found with regard to responsibility and funding, and in the many forms of training provision” (CDIP, 1999, p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p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³IRUHLJQHUV´ RU LPPLJUDQWV RU DFWLYLWLHV WR IRVWHU VRFLDO LQWHJUDWLRQ RU KHOS ILQG D MRE 7UDLQLQJLVVKLIWLQJDZD\IURPWKH³XWLOLWDULDQRULQGXVWULDO´WRZDUGVDPRUHFLYLFDSSURDFK%HVLGHVWKHVH VSHFLDOLVW LQVWLWXWLRQV VRPH PDUNHGO\ PRUH YHUVDWLOH JURXSV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV SURYLGH D ZLGH UDQJH RI DFWLYLWLHV 7KH(FROHFOXE 0LJURVDQ ³HGXFDWLRQ FOXE´ LQ 6DLQW*DOO LVD JRRG H[DPSOH ,W RSHQHG LQ VXPPHU LQWKHWRZQFHQWUHRFFXS\LQJWKHIRUPHUUDLOZD\VWDWLRQZKLFKKDGEHHQIXOO\UHQRYDWHGDQG RIIHUVDYDULHW\RIDFWLYLWLHV7KHOLVWEHORZLVQRWFRPSOHWHEXWVKRZVMXVWKRZZLGHDYDULHW\WKHUHLV - /HVVRQVLQPXVLFYLVXDODUWVGDQFHDQGKDQGLFUDIWVIRU³DPDWHXUV´ - %XVLQHVVFRPSXWHUFRXUVHVIRUILUPVDQGSULYDWHLQGLYLGXDOV - )RUHLJQODQJXDJHFODVVHV 12. Among “foreign” workers, 60% are unskilled. They work mainly in three sectors of the economy: the hotel industry, agriculture and construction. It is also worth noting that half of all the unemployed are foreign, and that they are eligible for a range of back-to-work measures. 16 - -HZHOOHU\PDNLQJFODVVHVIRU³DPDWHXUV´DQG³VHPLSURIHVVLRQDOV´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³SURYLGHDUDQJHRIVHUYLFHVIRULQVWLWXWLRQVWUDLQHHWHDFKHUVSROLWLFLDQVDQGWKHPHGLDEXW DOVRWKHSXEOLFDWODUJH´ *RQRQDQG6FKOlIOL 7KHILUVW FDWHJRU\ LV PDGH XS RI WKH DVVRFLDWLRQV SURYLGLQJHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJ)RUVRPHLWLVWKHLUVROHDFWLYLW\ZKLOHRWKHUVDUHVRFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV ZKLFK DOVR SURYLGH VRPH WUDLQLQJ 7KH VHFRQG FDWHJRU\ FRPSULVHV WKH FRRUGLQDWLQJ ERGLHV NQRZQ DV ³XPEUHOOD´LQVWLWXWLRQVRUIHGHUDWLRQVRIORFDODVVRFLDWLRQV2QHLVWKH$VVRFLDWLRQ VXLVVH GHV XQLYHUVLWpV SRSXODLUHV 6ZLVVDVVRFLDWLRQRIOSRSXODUOXQLYHUVLWLHV ZKLFKUXQVGLSORPDFRXUVHVIRUWHDFKLQJVWDIIDQG OLDVHVEHWZHHQVLPLODUXQLYHUVLWLHVLQ6ZLW]HUODQGDQGDEURDG7KH)pGpUDWLRQ VXLVVH SRXU O¶pGXFDWLRQ GHV SDUHQWV 6ZLVVIHGHUDWLRQIRUSDUHQWDOHGXFDWLRQ WKH&RPPXQDXWp GH WUDYDLO FDWKROLTXH SRXU OD IRUPDWLRQ GHV DGXOWHV D5RPDQ&DWKROLFDGXOWHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQ DQG/LUH HW (FULUH DJURXSRIOLWHUDF\WUDLQLQJ LQVWLWXWLRQV SOD\WKHVDPHUROHDVWUDLQLQJLQVWLWXWLRQV 13. The Ecole-club serves as an academy of music for the town and the canton. 14. 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Both institutions are post-secondary. However, they differ in that an HES has a special remit to be more directly involved in economic and regional development. It must accordingly maintain close ties with firms working in the fields it covers in its curriculum. 16. This corporate support is particularly important as some university courses are expensive. For instance, it can cost up to SF60 000 to take an MBA course. In addition, self-funding is the rule governing the development of continuing education and training in universities. 17. The postal service used to be the only enterprise in its field and consequently trained its own workers (with the emphasis on initial training). 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The role of the HES is to provide basic training in a specialist field, continuing education, research & development (applied research), knowledge transfer and co-operation with other institutions. 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The Canton of Berne was the first to adopt a special law on adult education in 1990. 20. This requires some clarification. Government policy may supplement private initiative. For instance, because training for a specific trade requires the support of a trade association or the government, the private training market would play a lesser role, since trade associations and government often regulate the profession together. In situations where government support is not required, the private market has a free hand. 23 ODERXUPDUNHWSROLFLHV 2(&' D 7KLV KDV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ DOWHUHGWUDLQLQJ SURYLVLRQIRUWKHMREOHVV VLQFH LW VXSSRUWV WKHP LQ WKHLU UHWXUQ WR WKH ODERXU PDUNHW )RU LQVWDQFH WKH VXEVLGLHV JUDQWHG WR ³HQWUHSULVHV G¶HQWUDvQHPHQW´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¶V UROH LQ FRQWLQXLQJ WUDLQLQJ FRQVLVWV PDLQO\ RI LWV UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU YRFDWLRQDO WUDLQLQJ LQ WKH LQGXVWULHV JRYHUQHG E\ WKH YRFDWLRQDO WUDLQLQJ ODZ LH DURXQG I RI DOO LQGXVWULHV *RQRQ DQG 6FKOlIOL 7KH IHGHUDO JRYHUQPHQW LV DOVR FRPPLWWHG WR ³SURPRWLQJ FRQWLQXLQJ DQG IXUWKHU WUDLQLQJ ZKHQ WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU DQ\ FRQWLQXLQJ RU IXUWKHU WUDLQLQJ RI D YRFDWLRQDO SHUVRQDO RU VRFLRFXOWXUDO QDWXUH GRHV QRW E\ ODZ OLH ZLWK WKH FDQWRQV PDNLQJ WKH IHGHUDO DXWKRULWLHV XOWLPDWHO\ UHVSRQVLEOH´ *RQRQ DQG 6FKOlIOL +HUH DJDLQ LW LV WKH SULQFLSOH RI VXEVLGLDULW\ WKDW JRYHUQV UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH YDULRXV WLHUV RI JRYHUQPHQW 9RFDWLRQDO WUDLQLQJ XQGHU IHGHUDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LV SURYLGHG E\ WKH FRPPHUFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO YRFDWLRQDO VFKRROV 7KH (FROHV SRO\WHFKQLTXHV IpGpUDOHVLQ/DXVDQQHDQG=XULFKZKLFKUHSRUWWRWKHIHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQWWRRDOVRSURYLGH FRQWLQXLQJWUDLQLQJ ,QUHFHQW\HDUVRQWKHIHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQW¶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pJLRQDX[ GH SODFHPHQW RU 253 ZHUHVHWXSLQWKHFDQWRQVLQ $VSDUW RI WKH FRXQWU\¶V DFWLYH ODERXU PDUNHW 21. The federal government asked the cantons to set up ORPs to replace the 3 000 Offices communaux du travail. They were given until early 1998 to do so. A description of Geneva’s regional placement office gives a clearer picture of the new regional bureaux. For instance it has a professional placement service, a labour market entry service (reflecting the thrust of labour market policies), the Canton of Geneva Unemployment Fund, and the foreign workers service (Perrin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¶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ÃÃ$GXOWVVKDOOHQUROLQDGXOWHGXFDWLRQRIWKHLURZQZLOODQGXQGHUWKHLURZQUHVSRQVLELOLW\ 22. For the year 2000 the figure was cut to 15 000. Since 1 January 2001, following a revision of the Law on Unemployment Insurance, cantons no longer have to register a certain number of placements every year. Instead, they pay a levy based on the number of unemployment benefits paid out in their catchment(?) area, regardless of the number of placements registered. 25 $UWLFOH Ã$GXOWHGXFDWLRQDVSURPRWHGE\WKH6WDWHVKDOOEHDPHDQVRIDFTXLULQJGHYHORSLQJRUUHQHZLQJNQRZOHGJHDSWLWXGHDQGVNLOOV IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI OLIHORQJ OHDUQLQJ 7KH JXLGLQJ SULQFLSOHV VKDOO EH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WRZDUGV RQHVHOI RWKHUV VRFLHW\ DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW Ã7KHLQFHQWLYHVVHWRXWLQWKLVODZVKDOOQRWFRYHU DRUGLQDU\FRXUVHVLQFRPSXOVRU\XSSHUVHFRQGDU\DQGKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQ EDFWLYLWLHVDLPHGHVVHQWLDOO\DWWUHDWLQJGLVHDVHDQGPHQWDODQGSK\VLFDOGLVRUGHUV FFRXUVHVDQGDFWLYLWLHVXQGHUWDNHQPDLQO\IRUOHLVXUHRUHQWHUWDLQPHQWSXUSRVHV GFRXUVHVDQGDFWLYLWLHVZLWKDYLHZWRREWDLQLQJSHUPLWVVXFKDVGULYLQJRUVKRRWLQJOLFHQFHV HHQWHUSULVHEDVHGWUDLQLQJDQGIXUWKHUWUDLQLQJ $UWLFOH à ,Q WKH ILHOG RI DGXOW HGXFDWLRQ WKH 6WDWH VKDOO SURYLGH LQIRUPDWLRQ OLWHUDWXUH FRRUGLQDWLRQ DQG DGYLFH ,W PD\ VXEVLGLVH 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The city of Berne, for example, arranged 60 events in conjunction with 38 organisations: presentations of agencies and courses, discussions on the canton’s laws, training fair involving 50 agencies, advertising in public transport, a special event in a museum, media presentations and public dissemination of information. 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Evening classes exist of course, but do not lead to public qualifications. The universities of the third age are a counter-example, as the sole condition for admission is age (60 or over). These courses, provided by university lecturers, are affordable and reach a wide public. They are regarded as an aspect of the democratisation of university resources. 29. There is a marked contrast with the policy of universities in other European countries. 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Some players, such as the trade unions, report that it has declined over recent years. 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We have not conducted an exhaustive review of all the arrangements for collecting and disseminating information about adult education, employment and changes at work. The term relative underdevelopment seems justified because it was a point that came up repeatedly during our visit. 33. 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