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Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Dictionary Kifikmi Sigum Qanuq Ilitaavut

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Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Dictionary Kifikmi Sigum Qanuq Ilitaavut Kifikmi Sigum Qanuq Ilitaavut Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Dictionary The village of Wales, Alaska, as seen from the land-fast ice, tuaq on February 9, 2007. Small pressure ridges, iunilaurat are built on the flat surface of the land-fast ice (tuabikuq) closer to the beach. Photo, Winton Weyapuk, Jr. Kifikmi Sigum Qanuq Ilitaavut Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Dictionary Winton Weyapuk, Jr. and Igor Krupnik, compilers Advisers: Pete Sereadlook and Faye Ongtowasruk Editors: Igor Krupnik, Herbert Anungazuk, and Matthew Druckenmiller International Polar Year National Park Service Native Village of Wales Arctic Studies Center 2007–2008 Shared Beringian Heritage Program Wales, Alaska Smithsonian Institution © 2012 by the Arctic Studies Center Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences–Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials This project was supported by a grant from the Shared Beringian Heritage Program National Park Service, Alaska Office Volume design: Igor Krupnik and Winton Weyapuk, Jr. Production editor: Allison Maslow This book has been produced as a part of the ‘SIKU – Sea Ice Knowledge and Use’ project, (IPY #166) a part of The International Polar Year 2007-2008 sponsored by The International Council for Science (ICSU) and The World Meterological Organization (WMO) Front cover: Ice-covered Bering Strait off the Village of Wales, Alaska., February 2007. Photo, Winton Weyapuk, Jr. Back cover: Land-fast ice (tuaq) solidifies off the beaches of Wales on January 4, 2007. Photo, Winton Weyapuk, Jr. Table of Contents Inupiaq Summary – Winton Weyapuk, Jr. and Lawrence Kaplan 6 Contributors 7 Qanuq Ilitaavut: How We Learned What We Know – Winton Weyapuk, Jr. 10 Acknowledgments/Quyaaniuqtaavut 11 How This Book Originated – Igor Krupnik 12 1. Alphabetical List of Kifikmiut Sea Ice Terms – Winton Weyapuk, Jr., Herbert Anungazuk, Pete Sereadlook, and Faye Ongtowasruk 15 2. Explanations of Major Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Terms – Winton Weyapuk, Jr. 23 3. Kifikmi Sigum Taiyutait: Wales Sea Ice Terms by Major Groups – Winton Weyapuk, Jr., and Igor Krupnik 27 4. Illustrated List of Wales Sea Ice Terms 38 Ugiaksrami qibitman – Fall Freeze-up 39 Siguliaq – Young Ice 42 Tuaq – Shore-fast ice 43 Iunbit – Pressure ridges 46 Uinbit – Open leads 50 Sigu – Pack ice 54 Puktaat – Ice floes, floating ice 58 Nuyabnaatuat – Dangerous spots 62 Uvinbaksrami auktaaqman – Spring break-up 64 Other terms 68 Alfred Bailey in Wales, Spring 1922 – Igor Krupnik 77 Ice Seasons at Wales, 2006–2007– Hajo Eicken, Igor Krupnik, Winton Weyapuk, Jr., and Matthew Druckenmiller 97 Ilisimaksravut: What We Must Know –- Herbert Anungazuk 101 Wales Inupiaq Terms for Sea Ice - Matthew Druckenmiller 105 Learning About Sea Ice and Its Use from the Kifikmiut – Hajo Eiken and Igor Krupnik 107 Readings 112 5 Inupiaq Summary Una irruiqtuaq amajhaatuaniq suaqtauqaatuq suli malbufnik ugiunik sawaaksramik qaniqutigai Kifikmi taapkua IRA Council-lauruat. piqunisuagaat. Kifikmi, atiqatualu Wales, Alaska-mik, tallimakiviat Utuktaaq/Winton Weyapuk, Kifikmiu umialiuruaq suli qanibuuruaq inuinaq qaafivlu taiyuutait aglagsimaaqtut sigumun ajanunlu Kifik- Kifikmiutun, siujiupkai katijhat Kifikmiutun taiyutait sigunmun, miutun Inupiuraagnamik. Ugiut 2007–2008 suwaitut, taamna aglagai utuqanaat ilisimakaagit sigunmun, aasi suli tallimakiviat qa- suwaalautauraq SIKU-mik atiqaatuaq (SIKU – Sea Ice Knowledge afivjui agliusritaaqtuq Kifikmi asruani. Igor sawaitaliqtuq iluqnaita and Use). Naniglibaan nunamin ilisbhaatuat suwaitkaat tallimanin ilaurautlu afalatauruat aulaatiqtimatif. Qatiqsrubai iluqnaita ilita- nunaaqitnin aasi inuinaq qaanitlu inuit nunaaqitigiitnin Alaska-mi, agitlu, aglaksimaaqtuatlu suli agliusritat aasi naguatun ilipjui tarrufa Canada-mi, Greenland-mi, suli Chukotka-mi, Russia-mi. Una ‘taiyutait’-nun. naituaq siujiq quliagaa qanuq Kifikmiut sigutkun taiyuutait pijiuqsi- Abiyabaq/Herbert Anungazuk Kifikmi Kifikmiu, inuit inuujhat maaqtuaq aasi qanuq atubnaatuaq Kifikmiunun uvlumini. ilisauti National Park Service-mi Anchorage-mi una suwaaksramun Isimautaa aglaguplui Kifikmiutat taiyuutait sigutmun maliguagaa igayutalliqtuq. Malbuuk utuqanaat Kifikmi Suggina/Pete Sereadlook- suwaksraq Sivugaami, Alaska-mi. Ugiutni 2000–2002 Yupit afuni- lu, suli Ikkana/Faye Ongtowasruk-lu ilausugait suwaituat. Hajo aqtitlu, utuqanaatlu Siubaami (Gambell) aasi Sivufami (Savoonga) Eicken-lu, Matthew Druckenmiller-lu Geophysical Institute-mi aglagukjui ilisimaajhat sigumun aasi silamun atausigun ilipju qiniq- University of Alaska Fairbanks-mi suwaitut nunaaqitigiitlu uur- tuamun Siugaamiutunlu Naluabmiutunlu. Igor Krupnik Smithsonian rapjui sigum siliktilaafa aasi iglitijhaaba. Taamna SIKU suwaaksraq Institute-min siupmiutigaa sawaaksraq Siugaami. Taimana ittuamik atausisrimaaqtuq ‘Shared Beringia Heritage’ suwaaksrami. SIKU ataani nunaaqigitni ‘taiyutait’ sigunmun aglaksimaakaniktut Qigiqtamilu (Shishmaref) suli Utqiabvifmilu (Barrow), Sirinikimi aasi Ualibmi (Uelen) Chukotkami, Igluulikmi, Cape Dorset-mi aasi Pang- niqtuufmi (Pangnirtung) Canadami. Ukpiigugut magua Kifikmiutun taiyutait sigunmun, agliusritatlu sigut qanuqlibaa ittuat, aasi suli Inupiaqtun quliaqtautit suli Naluabmiutun mumiksrait katitaavut uani irruiqtuani igayutauliuqtuq nutaagatnun afuniabuuruatnun, taima Kifikmiut ilisimagaagit afaujiuqtuq ajjat inuuliuqtuat siupmi. (Translated by Utuktaaq Winton Weyapuk, Jr.) Map of the project activities in 2006–2009 in the Bering Strait region showing Wales and other local communities in Alaska and Siberia that participate in the sea ice observation and knowledge documentation efforts. 6 Contributors Winton Utuktaaq Weyapuk, Jr. was born in Wales Faye Ikkana Ongtowasruk was born in Wales in in 1950. He has been a subsistence hunter since he 1928. She and her family own and operate a rein- was a young boy and he is now a whaling captain deer herd, which they have managed for over 50 and the Chair of the Wales Whaling Captains Asso- years. Faye has a lifetimes’ worth of experience of ciation. He received a BA in Rural Development with sewing clothing and boots for her family and pro- an emphasis in Land Use Planning in 1986 and a cessing and preparing harvested foods. She has BA in Inupiaq Eskimo language from the University taught Inupiaq language and Eskimo dancing at of Alaska Fairbanks in 1987. He currently serves the local school and she serves on the Kawerak on the Wales Native Corporation, Board of Directors Elders Advisory Council and the Seward Peninsula and on the Native Village of Wales, IRA Council. Reindeer Herders Association. Herbert Abiyabaq Anungazuk (1945-2010) was Igor Krupnik (born 1951) is ethnology curator at born in Wales in 1945. He left Wales to attend the Arctic Studies Center of the National Museum of Mt. Edgecumbe High School and trade school at Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in Wash- Haskell, Kansas, following a stint in the Army which ington, DC. For over thirty years, he has studied included a year with the infantry in Vietnam. He cultural heritage, impacts of climate change, and lived in Wales as a subsistence hunter and boat ecological knowledge of the Arctic people. He served captain until 1982. He was employed by the Depart- on the Joint Committee for International Polar Year ment of the Interior, National Park Service, Alaskan 2007–2008 . Hajo Eicken (born 1965) studies growth, evolution, Office, in Anchorage as a cultural anthropologist. and properties of sea ice at the Geophysical Insti- Pete Suggina Sereadlook was born in Wales in tute, University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). Before 1930. He has lived in Wales all his life. He is an ac- joining UAF, he led the sea-ice and remote-sensing complished ivory carver, subsistence hunter and group at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and fisher, a member of the Kingikmiut Dance Group, Marine Research in Germany. At UAF, he is working and also serves on the Wales IRA Council. He is to enhance exchange between scientists, Alaskan one of the Wales Elders who is fluent in Inupiaq communities, and the public at large. and who regularly carries on his conversations in Lawrence Kaplan (born 1950) is Director of the Inupiaq with fellow elders. Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Matthew Druckenmiller (born 1979) is working Alaska Fairbanks and Professor of Linguistics. For on his doctoral thesis on coastal sea ice at the Uni- the past thirty years he has studied the Alaskan versity of Alaska Fairbanks. Originally from Penn- Inupiaq language, working on dictionaries, oral sylvania, he moved to Alaska in 2004. Since that history, place names, and vocabulary pertaining to time, he has worked on the land-fast ice off Barrow, traditional indigenous knowledge, particularly of Wales, and other Alaskan communities. the Bering Strait Inupiaq dialects. 7 Qanuq Ilitaavut: How We Learned What We Know Winton (Utuktaaq) Weyapuk, Jr. When I began hunting with my Within the past two generations there have been dramatic father, my uncles, brother-in-law, changes in the lives of the Kifikmiut, the people of Wales, Alaska. other adults, and Elders in my youth, New homes were built to replace poorly insulated framed houses. our communication was totally in An electrical power plant to light people’s homes, the streets, power Inupiaq. More specifically it was appliances,
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