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Late Precontact Settlement on the Northern Seward Peninsula Coast: Results of Recent Fieldwork

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Late Precontact Settlement on the Northern Seward Peninsula Coast: Results of Recent Fieldwork Portland State University PDXScholar Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations Anthropology 2017 Late Precontact Settlement on the Northern Seward Peninsula Coast: Results of Recent Fieldwork Shelby L. Anderson Portland State University, [email protected] Justin Andrew Junge Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Anderson, Shelby L. and Junge, Justin Andrew, "Late Precontact Settlement on the Northern Seward Peninsula Coast: Results of Recent Fieldwork" (2017). Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations. 132. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac/132 This Post-Print is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. LATE PRE-CONTACT SETTLEMENT ON THE NORTHERN SEWARD PENINSULA COAST: RESULTS OF RECENT FIELDWORK Shelby L. Anderson Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR; [email protected] Justin A. Junge Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR; [email protected] ABSTRACT Changing arctic settlement patterns are associated with shifts in socioeconomic organization and interaction at both the inter- and intra-regional levels; analysis of Arctic settlement patterns can inform research on the emergence and spread of Arctic maritime adaptations. Changes in late pre-contact settlement patterns in northwest Alaska suggest significant shifts in subsistence and/or social organization, but the patterns themselves are not well understood. Prior research around Kotzebue Sound suggests three possible scenarios: 1) population decrease and dispersion from settlement centers after 550 BP, 2) population stability and dispersion after 550 cal BP, and 3) different settlement patterns in the northern and southern areas of Kotzebue Sound. We analyze site distribution and radiocarbon data from new research on the northern Seward Peninsula coast to address questions about local late pre-contact settlement patterns. Our results point to denser late pre-contact occupation of this region than previously understood, suggesting either population stability and dispersion after 550 cal BP or the development of differential settlement patterns around the Kotzebue Sound region. This research provides new information about late pre-contact settlement patterns in northwest Alaska and contributes to the broader debate about the changing nature of Arctic maritime adaptations during the dynamic late Holocene period. Results also indicate that people in this region were well integrated into both Kotzebue Sound and more distant socioeconomic systems despite potential reduction or change in interaction spheres during the late pre-contact period. Page 1 of 51 Considerable northern Alaskan archaeological study is focused on the development and spread of Arctic maritime adaptations over the last 5,000 years (e.g., Ackerman 1988, 1998; Harritt 1995; Mason 1998; Sheehan 1995, 1997). This research established a general understanding of northern settlement patterns but many questions remain about the relationship among growing population, increased sedentism, and the development of a coastal lifeway highly reliant on marine resource procurement. The generally accepted pattern is one of increased coastal sedentism, population increase, and the development of a maritime subsistence focus as early as 2800 cal BP. This pattern expanded rapidly after 2000 cal BP with the development of whaling technology and other maritime hunting and fishing innovations and continued until about 550 cal BP. Settlement patterns and subsistence practices between 550 years ago and the contact era are less well understood, with some evidence pointing to population decrease or dispersion on the coasts to previously uninhabited areas after 550 cal BP (Anderson and Freeburg 2013, 2014; Giddings and Anderson 1986) and other evidence indicating that settlement pattern change on the southern Seward Peninsula was less pronounced (Schaaf 1995:279). Forthcoming analysis of a regional radiocarbon dataset further indicates regional population decline after 550 cal BP (Anderson et al., forthcoming). Post–550 cal BP settlement pattern changes have greater significance for understanding potential correspondence among mid- to late Holocene environmental variability, regional demography, shifting coastal settlement patterns, and the emergence and spread of social complex maritime hunter-gatherer societies in the Arctic. Research focused on the post–550 cal BP Late Thule/Kotzebue phase is limited and additional radiocarbon data and research on regional settlement patterns during this time period are needed to address larger questions about changing social organization, subsistence, and Page 2 of 51 settlement systems. We address this problem through research on previously uninvestigated areas of the northern Seward Peninsula coast, in the Nuluk river watershed (Fig. 1). We draw on site distribution data and new radiocarbon dates to make inferences about late pre-contact settlement patterns along the barrier islands and adjacent areas of this region. Our results points to denser late pre-contact occupation of this region than previously understood and indicate that people in this region were well integrated into both Kotzebue Sound and more distant socioeconomic systems despite potential reduction or change in interaction spheres during the late pre-contact period. Figure 1. Project area map (figure by Justin Junge). Page 3 of 51 THE NORTHERN SEWARD PENINSULA The Nuluk Project Area considered in this paper is limited to the coast, barrier islands, and lagoon shores of the northern Seward Peninsula between Lopp Lagoon and the boundary of Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (BELA)(see Fig. 1). The project name comes from the nearby Nuluk River, which drains into the northeast corner of Ikpek Lagoon. This area is characterized by a narrow coastal zone backed by a low-relief coastal tundra plain punctuated by thermokarst lakes and wetlands (Schaaf 1988a:14). The area from Lopp Lagoon to the northeast end of the project area and beyond is composed of a series of barrier islands; the origin of these barrier islands is unknown but is linked to local Holocene sea level change (Jordan 1988). Beach ridge systems around the region emerged between 4,000 and 6,000 years ago as sea level stabilized (Mason and Jordan 1993, 2002) and it is possible that barrier island systems formed at the same time. Extensive coastal dune systems are found on several of the barrier islands and mainland locations within the project area. Culturally important plants found in the project area include blackberries (Rubus spp.), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), cranberries (Vaccinium vitis- idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum), salmonberries (Rubus spectabilis), rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), sourdock (Rumex arcticus), wild celery (Apium spp.), various willows (Salix spp.), alpine sweetvetch (Hedysarum alpinum), and tall cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium) (Ray 1975). Riverine and anadromous fishes are found in lakes, rivers, and streams within or adjacent to the project area; a variety of both terrestrial and marine animal resources were most likely available to past residents as well. Local residents made extensive use of this region for hunting, gathering, and reindeer herding in the pre-contact (Harritt 1994; Schaaf 1988a) and contact era (Koutsky 1981a, 1981b; Ray 1975; Schaaf 1996) and many local resources continue to be important for subsistence into the present day. Page 4 of 51 LOCAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT Early research along the northern Seward Peninsula coast was conducted by Jenness, Collins, and Hrdlička (see Powers et al. 1982 for summary of early research). Beginning in the 1940s, J. L. Giddings carried out survey and excavation at several locations along the coast (Giddings 1967; Giddings and Anderson 1986). Additional small-scale survey and excavation projects took place near the project area in the 1970s (Adams 1977; Powers et al. 1982; Schaaf 1988a:24) but the first extensive effort to study the archaeology of the northern Seward Peninsula was undertaken by National Park Service (NPS) archaeologist Jeanne Schaaf in 1985 and 1986 (Schaaf 1988a, 1988b). Schaaf led a reconnaissance survey of high probability areas in the interior and on the coast of BELA, including areas and sites revisited by the current project (Fig. 2). Schaaf’s survey recorded more than 200 sites, provided baseline information about the pre-contact occupation of the northern Seward Peninsula coast, and identified critical sites and topics that required additional research. Subsequent work included testing of several sites, some within the current project area (Harritt 1994); related faunal analysis (Saleeby 1994); recovery efforts at an eroding Kitluk River Site (Schaaf 1993); and several projects focused on the ethnohistory, ethnoarchaeology, architecture, and human ecology of early twentieth century Inupiaq reindeer herders (Ellanna et al. 2004; Schaaf 1996; Simon 1998; Simon and Gerlach 1992). More recent research includes a NPS survey that covered approximately 55 miles of coast from Cape Espenberg to the Bering Land Bridge Preserve’s boundary northeast of Shishmaref
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