Gravity Simulation Platform On-Orbit: a Testbed Master’S Project: Space Architecture, Fall 2019

Home , Zvezda (ISS module)

Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Gravity Simulation Platform On-Orbit: A Testbed Master’s Project: Space Architecture, Fall 2019

Albert Rajkumar M.S. in Space Architecture Student, SICSA, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston.

Committee members: Prof. Larry Bell Prof. Olga Bannova Prof. Larry Toups Prof. Kriss Kennedy Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Spencer Stanford Victor Kitmanyen Vittorio Netti Prof. Larry Bell Rahul Venkataraman Prof. Olga Bannova Timothy Bishop Mr. Larry Toups Justin Lin Mr. Kriss Kennedy Les Johnson Justin Rowe Amandarose Kiger

2 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Safety Long Term Human Presence In LEO, Mars & Beyond

Vision 3 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Issue: Knowledge Gap In Long Term Eﬀects Of Partial Gravity

Source: Artiﬁcial Gravity Evidence Report, Human Research Program, Human Health Countermeasures Element, Version 6, May 2015, Gilles Clément

4 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

“The eﬀects of Martian gravity on

the human sensorimotor, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and immune systems, as well as eﬀects on behavior, general health and performance,

are unknown.”

Source: International roadmap for artiﬁcial gravity research, November 2017, Gilles Clément

5 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

NASA TA 7.4.4

NASA HRP Human Health Countermeasures

6 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Variable Gravity Research Platform In LEO

The Proposal 7 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Credit: MIT

Phased Approach 8 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Testbed for Technical Systems

Credit: MIT

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Phased Approach 9 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Testbed for Technical Systems

Credit: MIT

1 2

Phased Approach 10 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Testbed for Technical Systems

Credit: MIT

1 2 3

Phased Approach 11 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Testbed for Testbed for Technical Physiological Systems faculties

Credit: MIT

1 2 3

Phased Approach 12 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Testbed for Testbed for Variable Gravity Technical Physiological Research Platform Systems faculties

Credit: MIT

1 2 3 4

Phased Approach 13 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Testbed For Variable Gravity Research Platform In LEO

Thesis Proposal 14 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Scope of Project

15 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Conops Constituent Elements Of Testbed Test Objectives

Time, Forces, Technical Systems

Modiﬁcations - Constituent Elements Of The Testbed

Rudimentary Design Of The Tether System In scope

16 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Conops Constituent Elements Of Testbed Test Objectives

Time, Forces, Technical Systems

Modiﬁcations - Constituent Elements Of The Testbed

Rudimentary Design Of The Tether System In scope

17 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Conops Constituent Elements Of Testbed Test Objectives

Time, Forces, Technical Systems

Modiﬁcations - Constituent Elements Of The Testbed

Rudimentary Design Of The Tether System In scope

18 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Conops Constituent Elements Of Testbed Test Objectives

Time, Forces, Technical Systems

Modiﬁcations - Constituent Elements Of The Testbed

Rudimentary Design Of The Tether System In scope

19 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Design Of Subsystems

Test Activities Details

Interior Design Of The Testbed

Out of scope

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Design Of Subsystems

Test Objectives Details

Interior Design Of The Testbed

Out of scope

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Design Of Subsystems

Test Activities Details

Interior Design Of The Testbed

Out of scope

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Project Statement

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Low Cost Enabling Mission - Oﬀ The Shelf Products

Short Term Human Adaptations To Rotating Platforms

24 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Low Cost Enabling Mission - Oﬀ The Shelf Products

Short Term Human Adaptations To Rotating Platforms

25 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Preliminary Design Concept

26 3 Body System

2 Space Vehicles Tethered To Pressurized Central Hub

The Central Hub Docks To ISS Intermittently

27 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Test Objectives

28 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Technical Physiological

2 3

29 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Test subsystems Test Test Test docking spin-up ● ECLSS structural and and ● Thermal control stability transfer spin down ● GNC and systems & systems & ● Power supply & distribution integrity. protocols protocols ● Propulsion & AAC

30 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

31 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Test subsystems Test Test Test docking spin-up ● ECLSS structural and & ● Thermal control stability transfer spin down ● GNC and systems & systems & ● Power supply & distribution integrity. protocols protocols ● Propulsion & AAC

32 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

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Technical Physiological

2 3

34 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides Centripetal Acceleration

RPM Radius

35 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides Centripetal Acceleration

RPM Radius

36 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides Centripetal Acceleration

RPM Radius

37 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Source: Adaptation in a rotating artiﬁcial gravity environment, James R. Lackner, Paul DiZio, 1998

Test Response To Test Response To Test Response To Different Rates Of Coriolis And Different Levels Of Angular Velocity Related Effects. Gravity. And Radii.

38 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Source: Artiﬁcial Gravity Evidence Report, Human Research Program, Human Health Countermeasures Element, Version 6, Gilles Clément, 2015

Test Response To Test Response To Test Response To Different Rates Of Coriolis And Different Levels Of Angular Velocity Related Effects. Gravity. And Radii.

39 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Source: Space Settlement Population Rotation Tolerance, Al Globus, Theodore Hall, 2017

Test Response To Test Response To Test Response To Different Rates Of Coriolis And Different Levels Of Angular Velocity Related Effects. Gravity. And Radii.

40 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Space Vehicle Selection

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Sidewall Angle, Habitable Volume, Cost, Operational Status

42 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Sidewall Angle, Habitable Volume, Cost, Operational Status

43 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Sidewall Angle, Habitable Volume, Cost, Operational Status

44 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Sidewall Angle, Habitable Volume, Cost, Operational Status

45 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Sidewall Angle, Habitable Volume, Cost, Operational Status

46 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Central Hub Selection

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Cost, Propulsion, Docking Ports, Operational Status

48 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Cost, Propulsion, Docking Ports, Operational Status

49 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Cost, Propulsion, Docking Ports, Operational Status

50 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Cost, Propulsion, Docking Ports, Operational Status

51 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Prichal + Progress

Cost, Propulsion, Docking Ports, Operational Status

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Customization of Central Hub

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55 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

56 Frame Assembly, Aluminium 2219

Coil Spring

Spool

Dynamic Levelling System

Static Levelling System

Motor

Primary Braking System

Torotm 12 Strand 1-⅛ inch dia 100 m

57 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Toro™ 12 Strand

1-⅛” Diameter 10 Factor Of Safety 100” max. Tether Length

58 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

The Space Tether Oedipus-C Automatic Tether Retrieval deployer (STAR)

Credits: CSA Credits: DLR & & NASA ESA

59 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Customization of Dragon Modules

60 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

No Internal Outﬁttings Of The Crew Dragon

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No Superdraco Thrusters

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Spin-up Thrusters Introduced In The Service Module

Hooks For Tether System Introduced

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ConOps

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Testbed System Docked mode Free ﬂying mode

Solar Arrays Extended Retracted Electrical power supply Charging batteries On ECLSS Off On Comms Off On GNC Off On

66 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

TEST NAME T1

SPIN RADIUS 10 M

GIF of Testbed Spinning RPM 9.5

G 1

SPIN DURATION 20 MINS

69 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

GIF of Testbed Spinning

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71 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

TEST NAME Tn

SPIN RADIUS 100 M

GIF of Testbed Spinning RPM 3

G 1

SPIN DURATION TBD

72 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Adapted from: Space Settlement Population Rotation Tolerance, Al Globus, Theodore Hall, 2017

73 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

31 M-tons Estimated Wet Mass Of Testbed

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75 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

KDTU-80 Thruster Of Progress And Same Sized Fuel Tank

100 Kg 200 Kg Of Fuel Spent Per Of Fuel Spent Per Spin-up And Spin-up And Spin-down Cycle. Spin-down Cycle.

9 5 Cycles Before Cycles Before Refueling Refueling

76 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Assumptions

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In-orbit Refueling Capability

Power - Free Flying Mode - Longest Test Operation

Costs Of Prichal, Progress Module, Developmental And Sustenance

78 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

In-orbit Refueling Capability

Power - Free ﬂying Mode - Longest Test Operation

Costs Of Prichal, Progress Module, Developmental And Sustenance

79 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

In-orbit Refueling Capability

Power - Free Flying Mode - Longest Test Operation

Costs Of Prichal, Progress Module, Developmental And Sustenance

80 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Risks & Mitigations

81 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Static Discharge Conductive Tether

Center of Gravity Oﬀset Variation In Tether Length

Hypergolic Fuels Safer Fuel Mixtures / Thrusters.

Alternate & Dedicated Docking Zvezda Docking Port Utilization Spot

82 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Static Discharge Conductive tether

Center of Gravity Oﬀset Variation In Tether Length

Hypergolic Fuels Safer Fuel Mixtures / Thrusters.

Alternate & Dedicated Docking Zvezda Docking Port Utilization Spot

83 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Static Discharge Conductive tether

Center of Gravity Oﬀset Variation In Tether Length

Hypergolic Fuels Safer Fuel Mixtures / Thrusters.

Alternate & Dedicated Docking Zvezda Docking Port Utilization Spot

84 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Static Discharge Conductive tether

Center of Gravity Oﬀset Variation In Tether Length

Hypergolic Fuels Safer Fuel Mixtures / Thrusters.

Alternate & Dedicated Docking Zvezda Docking Port Utilization Spot

85 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Opportunities

86 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Future Researchers Follow Up

Inform Design Standard Handbook For AG Habitat Interiors

Artiﬁcial Intelligence: Data Gathering

Use Beam As Precursor- Docking / Undocking Protocols

Adapt As Deep Space Transit

87 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Future Researchers Follow Up

Inform Design Standard Handbook For AG Habitat Interiors

Artiﬁcial Intelligence: Data Gathering

Use Beam As Precursor- Docking / Undocking Protocols

Adapt As Deep Space Transit

88 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Future Researchers Follow Up

Inform Design Standard Handbook For Ag Habitat Interiors

Artiﬁcial Intelligence: Data Gathering

Use Beam As Precursor- Docking / Undocking Protocols

Adapt As Deep Space Transit

89 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Future Researchers Follow Up

Inform Design Standard Handbook For Ag Habitat Interiors

Artiﬁcial Intelligence: Data Gathering

Use Beam As Precursor- Docking / Undocking Protocols

Adapt As Deep Space Transit

90 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Future Researchers Follow Up

Inform Design Standard Handbook For Ag Habitat Interiors

Artiﬁcial Intelligence: Data Gathering

Use Beam As Precursor- Docking / Undocking Protocols

Adapt As Deep Space Transit

91 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Path Forward

92 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Smallsat testbed2

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Conclusion

94 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Issue: Knowledge Gap In Long Term Eﬀects Of Partial Gravity

Source: Artiﬁcial Gravity Evidence Report, Human Research Program, Human Health Countermeasures Element, Version 6, May 2015, Gilles Clément

95 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

$1.5 B

Estimated Cost : Hardware + Launch + Development + Sustenance

96 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

$1.5 B

97 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

$1.5 B

98 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

$1.5 B

99 What bridges need to be built from current state to future state?

100 Image credits: NASA and SpaceX Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Gravity Simulation Platform On-Orbit: A Testbed Master’s Project: Space Architecture, Fall 2019

Albert Rajkumar M.S. in Space Architecture Student, SICSA, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston.

Committee members: Prof. Larry Bell Prof. Olga Bannova Prof. Larry Toups Prof. Kriss Kennedy

101 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

TETHER TRUSS

Dynamic Radii Less Complex Operation

Launch Friendly Stability

Telescopic / In-orbit Manufacture

102 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

103 Cost Total cost Mass ID Element (million) Quantity (million) (kg)

1 Crew Dragon $310 2 $620 24000 2 Prichal (UM) module $200* 1 $200* 4000 3 Progress MS $300* 1 $300* 3290 4 Soyuz 2-1b (UM + Progress) $80 1 $80 - Launch 5 Falcon 9 $62 2 $124 - 6 Development $100* - $100* - Analysis, Integration, and testing 7 Sustaining operations $100* - $100* - 8 Grand Total $1524 31290 104 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Spin up calculations for static radius @ 10 m Assumptions: ● The dragons are already at 10 m radius before start of spin-up. Radius of spin, r = 10 m ● Centripetal acceleration to be generated= 1g

● Therefore, Tangential velocity to be generated, at = m/s ● Time taken to spin up to enTend state, dt= 1200 sec (20 mins)

● Mass of Dragon 1, md2 = Mass of Dragon 2, md1 = md = 12,000 kg ● Central hub is a solid sphere of mass, mch = 7290 kg and radius, rch = 2.5 m ● Thrust provided by augmented thruster, Fa = F1 = F2

2 2 Moment of Inertia of system, Itotal = ⅖ mchrch + 2mdrd (MIsphere + MItwo body system) = 18,225 + 2,400,000 = 2,418,225 kgm2

Tangential acceleration, at = r α Angular acceleration, α = at / r 2 = (dvt /dt) / r = (10 m/s / 1200 s) / 10 m= 1/1200 rad/s Torque = Itotal x α = 2015 kgm2/s2

Also, Torque = r1F1 + r2F2 = 2rF Therefore, thrust required by engine, Fa = Torque / 2r = 2015 / 20 = 100 kgm/s2

105 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Spin up calculations for pre-deployed radius to 10 m in 20 mins.

Augmenting the KDTU-80 thruster for the Progress MS as an example, as the spin thrusters on the crew dragons,

For the KDTU-80 on a Progress MS,

Maximum mass of fuel spent, dm = (F x dt) / Isp x g0 = (2950 x 890) / 302 x 9.81 = 886 kg

For the KDTU-80 when augmented on the crew dragons, to perform the procedure described on the previous page,

Mass of fuel spent, dma = (F x dt) / Isp x g0 = (100 x 1200) / 302 x 9.81 = 40 kg

Therefore, If we spend 40 kg of fuel during spin-up and another 40 kg for spin-down, and if we keep the same sized tanks and same specs,

No. of test operations possible before refueling = 886 / (40 x 2) = 11

106 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Spin up calculations for r = 40 m, spin up time = 10 mins

Augmenting the KDTU-80 thruster for the Progress MS as an example, as the spin thrusters on the crew dragons,

For the KDTU-80 on a Progress MS,

Maximum mass of fuel spent, dm = (F x dt) / Isp x g0 = (2950 x 890) / 302 x 9.81 = 886 kg

For the KDTU-80 when augmented on the crew dragons, to perform the procedure described on the previous page,

Mass of fuel spent, dma = (F x dt) / Isp x g0 = (500 x 600) / 302 x 9.81 = ~100 kg

Therefore, If we spend 100 kg of fuel during spin-up and another 100 kg for spin-down, and if we keep the same sized tanks and same specs,

No. of test operations possible before refueling = 886 / (100 x 2) = ~5

107 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Spin up calculations for r = 10 m, spin up time = 60 mins

Augmenting the KDTU-80 thruster for the Progress MS as an example, as the spin thrusters on the crew dragons,

For the KDTU-80 on a Progress MS,

Maximum mass of fuel spent, dm = (F x dt) / Isp x g0 = (2950 x 890) / 302 x 9.81 = 886 kg

For the KDTU-80 when augmented on the crew dragons, to perform the procedure described on the previous page,

Mass of fuel spent, dma = (F x dt) / Isp x g0 = (43 x 3600) / 302 x 9.81 = ~50 kg

Therefore, If we spend 50 kg of fuel during spin-up and another 50 kg for spin-down, and if we keep the same sized tanks and same specs,

No. of test operations possible before refueling = 886 / (50 x 2) = ~9

108 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Source: Adaptation in a rotating artiﬁcial gravity environment, James R. Lackner, Paul DiZio, 1998

Test Response To Test Response To Test Response To Different Rates Of Coriolis And Different Levels Of Angular Velocity Related Effects. Gravity. And Radii.

109 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Source: Artiﬁcial Gravity Evidence Report, Human Research Program, Human Health Countermeasures Element, Version 6, Gilles Clément, 2015

Test Response To Test Response To Test Response To Different Rates Of Coriolis And Different Levels Of Angular Velocity Related Effects. Gravity. And Radii.

110 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Source: Space Settlement Population Rotation Tolerance, Al Globus, Theodore Hall, 2017

Test Response To Test Response To Test Response To Different Rates Of Coriolis And Different Levels Of Angular Velocity Related Effects. Gravity. And Radii.

111 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Source: Artiﬁcial Gravity And The Architecture Of Orbital Habitats, Theodore W. Hall,1999

Test Response To Test Response To Test Response To Different Rates Of Coriolis And Different Levels Of Angular Velocity Related Effects. Gravity. And Radii.

112 ID Test Objectives Task Duration RPM Radius (mins)

Undock - In a free flying but non-spinning condition, Confirm the following Move to TOZ TBD systems work T0 ● ECLSS Park 20 (?) - - ● GNC ● Power systems Move to ISS TBD ● Propulsion and AAC Dock - ID Test Objectives Task Duration RPM Radius (mins) Undock - In a free flying and spinning condition. Confirm the following Move to TOZ TBD systems work ● ECLSS Spin Up TBD T1 ● GNC ● Power systems Perform tests 20 TBD TBD ● Propulsion and AAC ● Spin up and spin down Spin down TBD system ● Tethering system Move to ISS TBD

Dock - ID Test Objectives Task Duration RPM Radius (mins) Undock - In a free ﬂying and spinning condition. Iterate and improve Move to TOZ TBD the following systems T2 ● ECLSS Spin Up TBD T3 ● GNC T4 ● Power systems Perform tests Varied Varied Varied ... ● Propulsion and AAC ● Spin up and spin down Spin down TBD system ● Tethering system Move to ISS TBD

Dock - ID Test Objectives Task Duration RPM Radius (mins) Undock -

Perform short term tests. In the Move to TOZ TBD framework of papers listed: ○ Jump and drop tests Spin Up TBD ○ In-place motion tests P1 ○ Lateral movements tests Perform tests 20 TBD TBD ■ prograde ■ retrograde Spin down TBD ■ parallel to spin axis Move to ISS TBD

Dock - ID Test Objectives Task Duration RPM Radius (mins) Undock -

Perform short term tests. In the Move to TOZ TBD framework of papers listed: ○ Jump and drop tests Spin Up TBD P2 ○ In Place motion tests P3 ○ Lateral movements tests Perform tests Varied Varied Varied P4 ■ Prograde ... ■ Retrograde Spin down TBD ■ Parallel to spin axis Move to ISS TBD

Dock - Vectran Toro Spectra G/T Composite braid

Factor of total tether size total tether mass total tether total tether mass size (in) size (in) size (in) Safety mass (kg) (in) (kg) mass (kg) (kg)

2 1/2 54.8 1/2 36.4 9/16 47.2 3/4 97.2

5 3/4 166.4 7/8 110 1 139.2 7/8 121.6

10 1-1/8 274.8 1-1/8 180.4 1-1/2 307.6 1-5/16 292.4 Test Risks and Path Backup Acknowledgements Introduction Scope Concept Design ConOps Calculations Assumptions Opportunities Conclusion Objectives Mitigations forward slides

Cost, Propulsion, Docking Ports, Operational Status

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