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Private Security Companies and Political Order in Congo

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Private Security Companies and Political Order in Congo Private security companies and political order in Congo A HISTORY OF EXTRAVERSION Peer Schouten Private security companies and political order in Congo A history of extraversion Peer Schouten Doctoral Dissertation in Peace and Development Research School of Global Studies University of Gothenburg (June 5, 2014) © Peer Schouten Cover layout & illustration: Socrates Schouten Photo sources: private security guards and police officer against Goma background. (Peer Schouten, 2010/2012) Printing: Ineko, Gothenburg, 2014 ISBN: 978-91-628-9093-1 http://hdl.handle.net/2077/35683 ‘Un scorpion se promène sur les rives du fleuve Zaïre à Kinshasa et aperçoit un crocodile prenant un bain de soleil. Eh, dit le scorpion au crocodile, peux-tu me prendre sur ton dos et m'amener sur l'autre rive a Brazzaville? Que non, répond le crocodile. Je te connais trop bien: tu seras sur mon dos, et une fois au milieu du fleuve, tu vas me piquer et nous allons couler tous les deux. Mais non, rétorque le scorpion! Comment ferais-je une chose aussi aberrante? Si je te pique et que nous coulons tous les deux, je n'arriverai jamais à Brazzaville où pourtant je veux me rendre. Bien raisonné, dit le crocodile, monte sur mon dos et je t'emmène à Brazzaville. Et voilà notre scorpion sur le dos du crocodile qui se met à nager en direction de l'autre rive. Arrivé au beau milieu du fleuve, le scorpion pique à mort le crocodile et tous les deux se mettent à couler. Alors le crocodile mourant s'écrie dans un dernier souffle: Qu'est-ce que c'est que cette affaire? Le scorpion à moitié mort de répondre: c'est le Zaïre, ne cherche pas à comprendre.’ Ilunga Kabongo (1984: 13) i Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iii Figures and tables ........................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. x i Map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ............................................................ xv Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Theorizing private security companies and political ordering patterns in times of governance .................................................................................................................... 11 Analyzing security governance and political ordering: methodological considerations ....................................................................................................................................... 29 The colonial construction of extraversion ................................................................... 57 (Dis)ordering Zaïre: shifting topographies of power in postcolonial Congo .............. 87 Another balkanization of Congo? The contemporary topography of private security in the DRC ................................................................................................................... 119 Private security companies and industrial gold mining in Province Orientale ........ 151 Private security companies and the international humanitarian community in Goma, North Kivu .................................................................................................................. 181 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 213 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 227 Sammanfattning (summary in Swedish) ................................................................... 257 Appendix ..................................................................................................................... 259 iii Figures and tables Figure 1. Design of the case study ................................................................................ 31 Figure 2. Map of transport infrastructure in 1919 ....................................................... 66 Figure 3. Map of transport infrastructure in 1960 ....................................................... 66 Figure 4. Telecommunication networks in Belgian Congo .......................................... 78 Figure 5. Location of Force Publique garrisons in Belgian Congo in 1924 ................. 80 Figure 6. Plan for seggregated colonial urban planning .............................................. 83 Table 1. Overview of the private security sector in the DRC in 2013 ........................ 123 Figure 7. Map of Congo’s regional transport corridors ............................................ 137 Figure 8. Map of mining concessions in Province Orientale ..................................... 154 Figure 9. Map showing international industrial mining companies in Province Orientale ...................................................................................................................... 156 Figure 10. Model showing phases of industrial mining ............................................. 159 Table 2. Security arrangements of gold mining companies in Province Orientale for 2011 ............................................................................................................................. 163 Figure 11. AngloGold Ashanti’s security strategy ...................................................... 165 Figure 12. Security staff of AngolGold Ashanti’s Mongbwalu camp now (left) and during the Ituri conflict (right). ................................................................................. 166 Figure 13. Map showing ongoing projects by UN-affiliated agencies in 2011 .......... 182 Table 3. Number of humanitarian organizations and workers in North Kivu ......... 184 Figure 14. ’Humanitarian Snapshot’ .......................................................................... 187 Figure 15. Map showing security and infrastructural restrictions on humanitarian access in North Kivu ................................................................................................... 193 Table 4. Overview of the private security sector in Goma ......................................... 200 Figure 16. Map of Goma indicating deployment of Congolese Police and private security companies in 2011 ........................................................................................ 207 Table 5. List of interviews conducted for this study .................................................. 260 v Acknowledgements Tout d’abord mes remercîments aux Congolais qui sont à la source de ce texte. Voici le produit de 5 ans de détours, dans lequel j’ai essayé de remballer qu’un aspect de ce que vous vivez dans un langage scientifique. Cette thèse n’aurait pas été possible sans le temps que vous avez libérés généreusement pour m’expliquer, montrer et guider dans mon ignorance enthousiaste. Ci aujourd’hui on me dit que je suis devenu « moi- tié congolais » c’est grâce a vous ! Particulièrement, je veux remercier Bonjean Mu- lume, sujet d’études devenu ami fiel ; Salomon, le seul « tout droit » que je connais— j’espère partager encore beaucoup de route avec toi ! ; Merci Eric Mongo Malolo pour me guider en Orientale ; Missak Kassongo pour m’avoir accueilli si gentiment depuis ma première visite au Congo ; Jimmy et Pascal pour chanter ensemble dans les chan- tiers d’Ituri ; et finalement, Odette et Charly « deux Mützig » Mbamba pour partager Kin avec moi. À tous vous : ce texte ne va rien résoudre sinon que peut-être nous, autant que mundele/wazungu, comprennons un peu mieux pourquoi chez vous, makambo ezali minene. On est ensemble ! Every thesis has a history. This one began in Sweden in 2009 and ended there in 2014. It is the product of the innumerable encounters that I have been lucky to have over the five years in between—some part of intellectual journeying, others of travels in Congo. It is sheer impossible to do justice to all the ways in which different people have contributed to its conception. I will, nevertheless, make an attempt. I want to start out by thanking my supervisors, Maria Stern and Maria Eriksson Baaz, for keeping on insisting on the many good points that I have, until the very end, attempted to resist, without avail. If this thesis is now in an acceptable state, it is largely thanks to your perseverance and guidance. Thanks Fred, for making possible this journey by bringing me into, and guiding my first steps within, the department I have come to love. If I say ‘the department’ I actually refer to floor six. If this refers to a clearly delimited infrastructural entity, for me it is composed of a group of people that is ‘floor six’ in spirit: Erik Andersson, Diana Andersson Biró, Jan Bachmann, Joakim Berndtsson, Meike Froitzheim, Alida Furaha, Andréas Godsäter, Stina Hansson, Sofie Hellberg, Mediatrice Kagaba, Maria vii Malmström, Charline Mulindahabi, Innocent Ndahiriwe, Milissao Nuvunga, Arne Wackenhut—you have made this journey into a livable one, interlaced with coffee, laughter, good discussions and the occasional party. Maria, Sofie, Stina and Andréas, you have showed me unswedish warmth; Innocent, climbing a mountain with you has been an experience I’ll never forget. The people who have shaped this project in important ways extend well beyond
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