Introduction List of non-state armed actors

As indicated by its title, the World Map of Failing States 2004 aims to provide • Some listed names can be regarded as regular political parties CMAP Co-ordination of Armed Political Movements of the Ethiopia KKach JKDLP Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party SSUA Southern Sudan United Army insight in the issue of failing states. Working for Peace around the globe, the • This list has been updated in March 2004 Opposition ARDUF Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front KC Kahane Chai LiJ Force of Jhangvi TWH Takfir Wa Hijra issue of failing states is central to the work of Pax Christi. It is save to say that, DRF Democratic Revolutionary Front ARSDF Afar Red Sea Democratic Front Armed settler groups MJK Mujahideen Jammu & Kashmir UDSF United Democratic Salvation Front other than advocacy work, Pax Christi exploits no activities in the regions on Afghanistan FARF Armed Forces for the Federal Republic DMLK Democratic Movement for the Liberation of SSP Sipah-e-Sahaba this map where the effectiveness of the central government is high. The lower AQ Al Qaeda FNTR Renewed National Chadian Front Kunama Jamaica Tajikistan an area ranks on the scale of effectiveness of the central government, the more AJ Al Jihad MDD Movement for Development and Democracy GPDC Gambella People’s Democratic Congress PNP People’s National Party Palestine authority (quasi-state actors) IMT Islamic Movement of Tajikistan likely you will find Pax Christi to be active there, working side by side with Dilil Invitation to Islamic Unity FANT National Armed Forces of Chad OLF Oromo Liberation Front JLP Jamaica Labour Party AAMB Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (sprung from Fatah) UTO United Tajik Opposition those who plant seeds of peace no matter what the odds. HiW United Party MDJT Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad ONLF Ogaden National Liberation Front DFLP Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Hil Islamic Movement OPLO Oromo People’s Liberation Organisation Kenya IDQB Izz-el-Deen al-Qassam Brigades () Tanzania The issue of failing states gained momentum after the end of the cold war. HiliA Party of Islamic Thunder Chechnya TPLF Tigray People’s Liberation Front IPK Islamic Party of Kenya PFLP Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine CCM Party of the Revolution The two planes hitting the Twin Towers threw the issue of failing states right IP/G Islamic Party 80 different rebel groups (according to chief of staff Russian UOLF United Oromo Liberation Front KPF Kenya Patriotic Front JI Jihad Islami (Islamic Jihad) CUF Civic United Front back in the face of the international community. IP/K Islamic Party army) UOPLF United Oromo People’s Liberation Front M Munguki sect T Tanzim (sprung from Fatah) True, a failing state is foremost a threat to it’s own population, but nowadays Iil Ittihad-i-Islami/Shura-i-Nazar Alliance AAM Al-Ansar Mujahideen M Mwakenya PRC Popular Resistance Committees (many of above Thailand failing states are widely recognised to be more than just ‘their problem’.The Jil Islamic Society Riyadus-Salikhin Reconnaissance and Sabotage Georgia SSV Sungu Sungu Vigilantes mentioned groups are operating under the umbrella NPULO New Pattani United Liberation Organisation fertile grounds failing states offer for terrorists to bring their evil schemes to JiM United Front Battalion of FB Forest Brothers of PRCs in Gaza) full blossom and the threat these states pose to regional peace and stability, are NIMA National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan Chechen Martyrs WL White Legion Kyrchyzstan Turkey indeed a threat to the world community as a whole. Therewith these states NiL Islamic Movement Special Purpose Islamic Regiment M Mkhedrioni IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Peru PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party have grown from being a blind spot to being the world’s focus of attention. NiL Islamic Force Islamic International Brigade SL Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) PiJil Guardians of Islamic Holy War Ghana Laos MRTA Movimiento Revolucionarion Tupac Amaru (Tupac Uganda The World Map of failing States presents a shocking view of failing states. In SiN Organisation for Victory China NDC National Democratic Congress CV Sky Soldiers Amaru Revolutionary Movement) ADF Armed Democratic Forces many parts of the world, the government de facto has no violence-monopoly TM The Seekers ( Movement) Uyguren NPP New Patriotic Party ELOL Ethnic Liberation Organisation of Laos HSMB Holy Spirit Mobile Forces on large parts of its own territory. Although the underlying reasons may be UFA United Front for Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) ULNLF United Lao National Liberation Front Philippines K Karimojong different, it applies for these parts that its citizens live in insecurity and have to UIFSA United Islamic Front for Salvation of Afghanistan Colombia Guatemala ASG Group LRA Lord’s Resistance Army fear for their own and their children’s lives. Since we at Pax Christi believe in AUC United Self-Defence Groups of Colombia URNG Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union BMA Bangsa Moro Army MR 10CG Movement for the Restoration of the 10 the strength of people, we have chose not to divide the world into failed states Algeria ELN National Liberation Army IUM Islamic Unification Movement (Tawheed) BMIAF Bangsa Moro Islamic Armed Forces Commandments of God and successful states. Besides, more often than not, states do not fail AKAL Alliance for a Free Kabylia EPL People’s Liberation Army Guinea JI Jihad Islami (Islamic Jihad) BMLO Bangsa Moro Liberation Organisation NALU National Alliance for the Liberation of Uganda completely; rather it looses control over areas of its territory. Therefore the AIS Islamic Salvation Army ERP Revolutionary People’s Army RFDG Rassemblement des Forces Démocratique de LRB Lebanese Resistance Brigades CPP of the Philippines UDCA Uganda Democratic Christian Army focus of the World Map of Failing States 2004 is on the process and on the FIDA Islamic Front for Armed Holy War FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia Guinees HAMAS Islamic Resistance Movement MCUC Mindanao Christian Unified Command UNLF Uganda National Liberation Front exact areas. DwD Appeal and Struggle IFB Integrated Forces of Bolivar H (Party of God) MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front WNBF West Nile Border Front FIJ Front of Islamic Jihad ORP People’s Revolutionary Organisation Haiti TwH Takfir wal Hijra MNLF Moro National Liberation Front For, what is a failed state? Many definitions have been formulated throughout GIA Armed Islamic Group PCC First Commando of the Capital Several un-structured armed movements including the Chimeres AaI Ansar al-Islam NCDA New Christian Democratic Army United Kingdom/ Republic of Ireland the years. We found the definition of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs GSPC Salafist Group for Prediction and Combat PCC-ML Communist Party of Colombia Marxist-Leninist NDF National Democratic Front of the Philippines RIRA Real Irish Republican Army (remains potentially very workable. In their request for advice to their think-tank, they defined a MEI Movement of the Islamic State SBCG National Guerrilla Co-ordination Simon Bolivar India Liberia NPA New People’s Army active) failing state as a state MIA Armed Islamic Movement UP Patriotic Union ABM Al Badar Mujahideen LDF Lofa Defence Force CIRA Continuity Irish Republican Army (no cease-fire) (a) unable to control its territory and guarantee the safety of its citizens, by MIPJ Islamic Movement for Spreading the Faith and Holy ATTF All Tripura Tiger Force LUDF Liberian United Defence Forces Rwanda upholding the monopoly on violence War Congo AU Al Umma, al Umar Mujahidin LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy ALIR 1 Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 1 Uzbekistan (b) that is no longer able to uphold its internal legal order MIS Movement for Islamic Society C Cobras BA Borok Army NPLF-W National Patriotic Front of Liberia-Woewiyu ALIR 2 Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 2 HuT Islamic Party of the Liberation (c) that is no longer willing or capable to deliver public services to its SCIAF Supreme Council of the Islamic Armed Forces C Cocoyes BLTF Bodoland Liberation Tiger Forces ULIMO United Liberation Movement for Democracy CDR Coalition for the Defence of the Republic IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 1 population SDG Self-Defence Groups FI Intervention Force BPCF Black Panther Commander Force FRI Front of Internal Resistance In the outline it is emphasised that the monopoly on violence is a key TwH Takfir wa ‘l Hijra FAR Resistance Self-Defence Forces BTF Bengali Tiger Force Macedonia I (Those Who Stand Together) Vietnam indicator. M Mambas CPI Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist Different ethnic groups (Northern Macedonia) RPA Rwanda Patriotic Army FULRO United Front for the Liberation of the Oppressed Angola MCDDI Congolese Movement for Democracy and GNLF Gurkha National Liberation Front Races We have of course striven for perfection. However, we do not claim to be FLEC Liberation Front of the Cabinda Enclave Integrated Development JKLF Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Malaysia exhaustive. We have tried to triangulate as much information as we could FLEC-FAC Liberation Front of the Cabinda Enclave-Cabinda N Ninjas KYKL Manipur Army for Independence AM Brotherhood of Inner Power CPG Combatant Partisans of God Western Sahara possibly find. Using open sources, like reports of many UN–organisations, we Armed Forces NRMC National Resistance Movement of Congo MCC Maoist Communist Center KMM Kumpulan Mujahideen Malaysia JAP Jihad in the Arabian Peninsula POLISARIO Saharawi People’s Liberation Army have asked for world-wide expert opinion, completed with the knowledge of FLEC-R Liberation Front of the Cabinda Enclave-Renewed Z Zulus MPLF Manipur People’s Liberation Front IMC Islamic Movement for Change our partners in many of the lower effectiveness of central government areas of UNITA National Union for the Total Liberation of Angola NDFB National Democratic Front of Bodoland Mexico OIRAP Organisation of Islamic Revolution in the Arab Yemen this map. Congo, Democratic Republic NLFT National Liberation Front of Tripura EPR Revolutionary People’s Army Peninsula IAA Islamic Army of Aden-Abyan Where state authority is absent, non-state actors usually exploit the absence of Bangladesh ADFL Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of NSCN National Socialist Council of Nagalim ERPI Revolutionary Army of Insurgent People PGH Party of God in Hijaz YSP Yemen Socialist Party state authority. Non-state armed groups presently active such as rebels, AL Awami League Congo- PLA People’s Liberation Army EZLN Zapastista National Liberation Army SH Saudi Hezbollah YUF Yemenite Union for Reform paramilitary groups and armed bandits are indicated on the map. A list of non- BCL Bangladesh Chhatra League CDC Congolese Democratic Coalition PWG People’s War Group FARP Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People state armed actors is included. Some listed names can be regarded as regular BNP Bangladesh National Party CDR Congolese Rally for Democracy RTG Red Tigers Group PRD Democratic Revolutionary Party Senegal Zimbabwe political parties. Attacks from terrorists cells (asymmetrical warfare) are not HUJI Harkut ul-Jihad-al Islami CDRZ Democratic Revolution Committee for Zaire SMF Sanjukta Mukti Fouj PRI Institutional Revolutionary Party MFDC Movement of the Democratic Forces of Casamance MDC Movement for Democratic Change reported on the map, however terrorists organisations are included on the ICF Islami Chhatra Shibir CLA Congolese Liberation Army TLOF Tripura Liberation Organisation Front RIMZ Revolutionary Indigenous Movement Against the NLWVO National Liberation War Veterans Organisation following list. ISF Islamic Student Front CMDID Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral UNLF The United Liberation Front Zapastistas Serbia and Montenegro ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front IUA Islamic Unity Alliance Development TAGIN National Indigenous Guerrilla Triple Alliance Different ethnic groups (Kosovo) Pax Christi continues its work in these states and thus hopes to be able, in JCD Jatityatabadi Chhatra Dal CPP People’s Powers Committees Indonesia PyJ Paz y Justitia Sources time, to bring an updated version of this map with a significant higher level of JeIP Jamaat-e-Islami Party CRNL Council of Resistance and National Liberation ASNLF Aceh/Sumatra National Liberation Front MIRA Movimiento Indigena Revolucionario Antizapatista Sierra Leone PIOOM (World Conflict & Human Rights Map 2001/2002) - effectiveness of central government. We explicitly invite individuals and SB Shanto Bahani FAC Congolese Armed Forces ASWJF Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama’ah Forum MR Máscara Roja CDF Civil Defence Force AKUF (www.akuf.de) - CrisisWatch (www.crisisweb.org) - organisations to help us with our endeavour for more precise depicting of the UPDF United People’s Democratic Front FMM-FAP Forces Mayi Mayi-Forces d’Autodefense Populaires FPI Front for the defence of Islam LC Los Chinchulines KM Kamajor Militia International Alert (www.icbl.org/wg/nsa/library/nsasurvey.html) issue of failing states: FRF Forces Republicaines et Federalistes GAM Movement of a free Aceh OPDIC Organisation for the Defence of Indigenous and MDC Movement for Democratic Change The Military Balance 2003-2004 - Konfliktbarometer 2003 Burma () KT Katanga Tigers GPK Aceh Security Disturbance Movement Campesino Rights NAFORD National Front for the Restoration of Democracy (www.hiik.de/de/barometer2003) - Institute for Strategic Studies Please mail your questions and suggestions to ABMU All Burma Muslim Union LNR Lummbirt National Resistance IILF Indonesian Islamic Liberation Front RSLMF Revolutionary Sierra Leone Military Forces (www.iss.co.za) - Various other specialist internet sites, books [email protected] ABSDF All Students’ Democratic Front MLC Congolese Liberation Movement IM Ikhwanul Muslimin Morocco RUF Revolutionary United Front and academic papers - Many interviews with regional and AIA/AIO Arakan Independence Organisation/Army MMI Maji Maji Ingilima KJ Kommando Jihad AawI Justice and Good Will WSB West Side Boyz country specialists - Department of Peacekeeping Operations Or write to ARIF Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front MNC Congolese National Movement LJ IA Forward (DPKO) - www.un.org/Depts/ Pax Christi Netherlands CNF/A Chin National Force/Army MNCL Lumumba National Congolese Movement OPM Free Papua Movement IJG Islamic Jihad Group Somalia dpko/dpko/intro.htm - www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/ World map of Failing States DKBA Democratic Karen Buddhist Army NRCD National Resistance Council for Democracy IYM Islamic Youth Movement AF Aidid’s Faction home.shtml - www.ecowas.int - www.nato.int - PO box 19318 DKBO Democratic Kayen Buddhist Organisation NRCK National Resistance council of Kivu Iraq Tal Unity and Reform AIAI Islamic Unity www.afnorth.nato.int/ISAF - www.reliefweb.int 3501 DH Utrecht IBRF Indo-Burma Revolutionary Front PPC People’s Powers Committees AQ Al Qaeda JVA Jubba Valley Alliance The Netherlands KA Karenni Army RCD Congolese Movement for Democracy MeK Mujahedeen-e-Khalq Organisation Mozambique DFSS Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia Sources enlarged and thematic inset maps KDA Kachin Democratic Army RMLZ Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Zaire Kurdistan RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance DSA Digil Salvation Army Israel - Gaza/Westbank KNG Kayen National Guard UCP Union of Congolese for Peace KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party RRA Rahanwein Resistance Army Foundation for Middle East Peace 1 After the definition of the Dutch ministry of Foreign affairs as outlined in KIA UFERI Party of the Union of Independent Republicans PUK Patriotic Union Kurdistan Nepal SDA Somali Democratic Association www.fmep.org/maps/2002/WBnk_6-02.jpg the request for advice on failing states (www.aiv- KNLA Karen National Liberation Army URNL Union of Republican Nationalists for Liberation IMIK Islamic Movement of Iraq Kurdistan CPN Communist Party of Nepal SDM Somali Democratic Movement Government type Map advies.nl/e1000ad/e_aan/e_a101.htm) KNPLF Karenni National People’s Liberation Front WL White Legion AeI Ansar al-Islam CPN-M Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist SNA Somali National Alliance Center for International Development & Conflict Management KNLRC Kayan New Land Revolutionary Council Local (tribal and etnic Turkoman and Assyrian) CPN-UML Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist Leninist SNF Somali National Front - www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/pc03print.pdf KSNLF Karenni State Nationalities Liberation Front Djibouti militia NLMN Nationalities Liberation Movement of Nepal SNM Somali National Movement The World Factbook 2003 KPLO ’s Liberation Organisation FRUD Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy West-Central Iraq UPFN United People’s Front of Nepal SPF Somali Patriotic Front www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/dj.html MLOB Muslim Liberation Organisation of Burma Tribal militia in active resistance against central SPM Somali Popular Movement Use of Child soldiers Map MTA Mong Tai Army Ecuador authority Nicaragua SRRC Somali Reconciliation and Reconstruction Council Definition - The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the NCGUB National Coalition Government of the Union of CONAIE Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Tribal militia in accommodation with central FROC Recompas of the Workers and Peasants SSDF Somali Salvation and Democratic Front Rights of the Child on children in armed conflict, which came Burma Ecuador authority Revolutionary Front SSF Somali Salvation Front into force February 2002, prohibits the direct use of any child NDA New Democratic Army FARE-DP Revolutionary Armed Forces of Ecuador-Defenders Baghdad FUAC Andres Castro United Front USC United Somali Congress under the age of 18 in armed conflict and prohibits all use of NLD National League for Democracy of the People Imam al-Mahdi Army of the Jama’at al Sadr al- MADNA National Armed Self-Defence Movement USCPM United Somali Congress-Peace Movement under-18s by non-state armed groups. SPDC State Peace and Development Council Thani (Sadr II Group) NF 3-80 Northern Front 3-80 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (CSUCS) ‘Child SSA Egypt SCIRI Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq Spain soldier use 2003: A briefing for the 4th UN security council’ SSNA Shan State National Army AJ Al Jihad (Badr Brigade) Nigeria ETA Euzkadi Ta Askatasun (Basque Liberation www.child-soldiers.org - (Update CSUCS available by SSLNO Shane State Nationalities Liberation Organisation AGI Islamic Group IDP Al-Da’wa al-Islamiyya (Islamic Dawa Party) AVS Anambra Vigilante Service Movement) November 2004) SSPA Shan State Progress Army GIJ Group of International Justice Political parties all use limited militia forces for BB Bakassi Boys Landmines Map Pax Christi Netherlands SSRC Shane State Restoration Council IJ Islamic Jihad protection FNDIC Federated Niger Delta Ijaw Communities Sri Lanka International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) ‘Landmine SURA Shan United Revolutionary Army MB Moslem Brotherhood South Iraq IYC Ijaw Youth Council EPRLF Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Monitor Report 2003’ - www.icbl.org/lm/2003/ Address UWSA NJ New Jihad SCIRI Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq MOSOP Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People JVP Janetha Vimukhti Peramuna ERW Map Godebaldkwartier 74 P. O. B o x 19318 PNHS Pioneers of the New Holy Struggle (Badr Brigade) NDVF Niger Delta Volunteer Force LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Definition - UXO: Unexploded ordnance means explosive 3511 dz Utrecht 3501 dh Utrecht Burundi SoFP Soldiers of the Friends of the Prophet IDP Al-Da’wa al-Islamiyya (Islamic Dawa Party) OLO Ogoni Liberation Organisation MULF Muslim United Liberation Front ordnance that has been primed, fused, armed, or otherwise CNND National Council for the Defence of Democracy TWH Takfir wa-e-Hidjra Militia to protect al- al-Ilmiyya’s religious OPC Oodua People’s Congress TELO Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation prepared for use and used in an armed conflict. It may have been [t] +31 (0) 30 233 33 46 FDD Forces for the Defence of Democracy VIT Vanguard of Islamic Triumph shrines, festivities, representatives and pilgrims OVS Onitsha Vigilante Service TULF Tamil United Liberation Front fired, dropped, launched or projected and should have exploded [e] [email protected] FLN National Liberation Front WM Withdrawal Movement Tribal militia PNDRM Pan Niger Delta Resistance Movement but failed to do so. Mines, booby traps and other devices as [i] www.paxchristi.nl HPLP Hutu People’s Liberation Party Imam al-Mahdi Army of the Jama’at al Sadr al- SETF Sharia Enforcement Task Force Sudan defined in Protocol II are not included. PARENA Party for National Redress Eritrea Thani (Sadr II Group) SOMIFON Southern Minorities Front of Nigeria AM Al Musulman ERW: Explosive remnants of war means unexploded ordnance ARDUF Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front ZSVS Zamfara State Vigilante Service ASaM Al Sunna al-Mohammediyya and abandoned explosive ordnance (Protocol V on Explosive © Pax Christi Netherlands, Utrecht 2004 Central African Republic ARSDF Afar Red Sea Democratic Front BC Beja Congress Remnance of War, Convention on certain Conventional MDD Movement for Democracy and Development DMLK Democratic Movement for the Liberation of AeH Ansar-e-Hezbollah Pakistan NDA National Democratic Alliance Weapons). RDC Central African Democratic Rally Kunama DPK/I Democratic Party of Kurdistan/Iran ABM Al Badar Mujahedeen NIF National Islamic Front Landmine Action ‘Explosive Remnants of War: a global survey’ Disclaimer EDRM Eritrean Democratic Resistance Movement IFM Iranian Freedom Movement AJ Al Jihad SAF Sudan Alliance Forces 2003 - www.landmineaction.org/assets/downloads/ Every reasonable effort has been made to verify this map and its contents, Cambodia EIS Eritrean Islamic Salvation Front PDF People’s Democratic Front APHC All Parties Hurriyat Conference SPDF Sudan People’s Defence Forces ERW%20global%20survey.pdf though the map and accessory list may not be comprehensive. Pax Christi CFF Cambodian Freedom Fighters ELF Eritrean Liberation Front MeK Mujahedeen-e-Khalq Organisation BLA Baluch Liberation Army SPLA Sudanese People’s Liberation Army Handicap International ‘Les systèmes d’armes à sous-munitions’ would be pleased to have any errors or omissions brought to her attention so EPDLF Eritrean Popular Democratic Liberation Front BNF Balawarian Liberation Army SSDF Southern Sudan Defence Force 2003 - www.handicap-international.org/esperanza/site/onglet4/ that they may be corrected in subsequent printings. We continue to do further Chad ENA Eritrean National Forces Alliance Israel BNM Balochistan National Movement SSIA South Sudan Independent Army chapitre1/uxo-fr.pdf research on this topic. CALD Action Committee for Freedom and Democracy CRS Committee for Road Safety HuM Movement of Holy Warriors SSIM/A Southern Sudan Independence Movement