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Trešnjevka Public Spacesinzagrebdistricts (497.5 Zagreb)”20” and Dubrava 94 PROSTOR 26 [2018] 1 [55] ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING SVEUÈILIŠTE POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT U ZAGREBU, ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY OF 94-105 Tihomir Jukiæ Javni prostor središta Public Spaces in Zagreb Districts ARCHITECTURE Jana Vukiæ Trešnjevke i Dubrave u Zagrebu Trešnjevka and Dubrava Feða Vukiæ ISSN 1330-0652 Kriteriji kvalitete Quality Criteria CODEN PORREV Ivana Podnar i modeli preobrazbe and Transformation Models UDK | UDC 71/72 Prethodno priopæenje Preliminary Communication 26 [2018] 1 [55] UDK 711.4-163:711.523:712.25 UDC 711.4-163:711.523:712.25 1-216 (497.5 Zagreb) ”20” (497.5 Zagreb) ”20” 1-6 [2018] 94 Sl. 1. Pogled na središte kvarta Gornja Dubrava Fig. 1 View of t he central area of Gornja Dubrava PROSTOR Znanstveni prilozi | Scientific Papers 26[2018] 1[55] 95 Tihomir Jukiæ1, Jana Vukiæ2, Feða Vukiæ3, Ivana Podnar4 1 Sveuèilište u Zagrebu 1 University of Zagreb Arhitektonski fakultet Faculty of Architecture HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 Croatia - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 2 Sveuèilište u Zagrebu 2 University of Zagreb Filozofski fakultet, Odsjek za sociologiju Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology HR - 10000 Zagreb, Ivana Luèiæa 3 Croatia - 10000 Zagreb, Ivana Luèiæa 3 3,4 Sveuèilište u Zagrebu 3,4 University of Zagreb Arhitektonski fakultet, Studij dizajna Faculty of Architecture, School of Design HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 Croatia - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Prethodno priopæenje Preliminary Communication UDK 711.4-163:711.523:712.25 (497.5 Zagreb) ”20” UDC 711.4-163:711.523:712.25 (497.5 Zagreb) ”20” Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning 2.01.02. - Urbanizam i prostorno planiranje 2.01.02. - Urban and Physical Planning Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 27. 3. 2018. / 8. 6. 2018. Article Received / Accepted: 27. 3. 2018. / 8. 6. 2018. Javni prostor središta Trešnjevke i Dubrave u Zagrebu Kriteriji kvalitete i modeli preobrazbe Public Spaces in Zagreb Districts Trešnjevka and Dubrava Quality Criteria and Transformation Models Dubrava, Zagreb Dubrava, Zagreb gradsko središte central urban area javni prostor public space kvaliteta života quality of life Trešnjevka, Zagreb Trešnjevka, Zagreb U radu se na primjeru dviju gradskih èetvrti grada Zagreba analizira transfor- This article focuses on two districts of Zagreb as suitable models for a study on macijski potencijal gradskih središta u podizanju kvalitete života. Polazi se od the transformation potential of city areas with the aim to improve the quality sagledavanja grada kao mreže javnih prostora, a ureðenje gradskih središta of urban life. The starting point is the concept of a city as a network of public prema osnovnim i dodatnim kriterijima predlaže se kao regeneracijski model spaces. Planning and redesign of central urban areas according to basic and temeljen na održivosti u kojem se nevelikim urbanistièkim zahvatima znat- additional criteria is suggested as an appropriate regeneration model based no može pridonijeti kvaliteti života te zadovoljstvu stanovnika i korisnika on sustainable principles. Minor interventions may considerably improve the prostora. quality of life in a city. PROSTOR 96 1[55] 26[2018] 94-105 T. JUKIÆ, J. VUKIÆ, F. VUKIÆ, I. PODNAR Javni prostor središta… Znanstveni prilozi | Scientific Papers UVOD1 tar samoga grada, pa je tako i u gradu Zagre- bu. Prema Svirèiæ Gotovac, kao i prema nekim INTRODUCTION ranijim istraživanjima6, „periferizacija grada u Zagrebu je veæ dugo na djelu, naroèito u tranzicijskim godinama, u kojima je prisutno uljepšavanje i gentrifikacija strogoga grad- skog središta, dok se ostali dijelovi grada zapuštaju jer nisu dovoljno atraktivni”.7 Sagledavajuæi grad kao mrežu, Latoure8 nas poziva da na tragu Deleuzeova rhyzoma (umjesto tradicionalnoga gledanja prostora i analize društvenih odnosa u tom prostoru od- nosno sagledavanja ’površine’) promijenimo perspektivu i uoèimo da se zapravo radi o nizu kapilarnih vlakana povezanih u društvenu mrežu javnih i privatnih prostora, infrastruktu- re i društvenih odnosa.9 Grad sagledan kao mreža analitièki nudi dinamièniji pogled na ur- banu cjelinu i na njezine pojedinaène elemen- te (kvartove, susjedstva, pojedince i društve- ne grupe). U ovome je radu analiziran transfor- macijski potencijal dvaju gradskih središta koji bi mogao nevelikim urbanistièkim zahvati- ma znatno pridonijeti kvaliteti života te zado- voljstvu stanovnika i svakodnevnih korisnika tih prostora, istodobno podižuæi ukupnu kvali- tetu urbane cjeline i poništavajuæi ranije spo- menut negativni proces periferizacije. Kvaliteta urbanog prostora izravno je poveza- na s njegovim društvenim, psihološkim i kul- S uvremeni su gradovi sve složeniji susta- turnim dimenzijama, odnosno s društvenim vi, kako tehnièki i infrastrukturno tako i u životom na javnim prostorima i aktivnostima njihovu društvenom i simbolièkom aspektu. koje se odvijaju na njima. Aktivnosti su rezul- U globalno dominantno urbanome društvu tat vitalnosti i raznolikosti odreðenog pro- još uvijek postoje goleme razlike u standardu stora i njegovih korisnika. života, pri èemu veæina svjetskog stanovništva živi u slamovima brzorastuæih gradova Azije, Gradska središta Trešnjevke i Dubrave jesu Afrike i Južne Amerike, bez osnovnih uvjeta mjesta s raznolikim aktivnostima, mjesta za kvalitetan život dostojan èovjeka. Meðu- koja koriste razlièite grupe ljudi, na razlièite tim, europski gradovi - zahvaljujuæi svojem naèine, za razlièite svrhe i u razlièito vrijeme. specifiènome povijesnom i današnjem dru- Preobrazba i ureðenje javnoga prostora mora štvenom razvoju - generalno zadovoljavaju omoguæiti la koæu tokova razlièitih društvenih sve osnovne standarde kvalitete života (bez aktivnosti svim društvenim grupama i poje- obzira na postojanje odreðenih razlika, iz- dincima. U našem sluèaju radi se ponajprije o meðu i unutar samih gradova). Neki autori uklanjanju prostornih barijera i fragmentira- poput Yurija Kazepova stoga govore o kon- nosti prostora te stvaranja cjeline javnog pro- ceptu Europskog grada, koji je specifièan stora. U malome mjerilu èetvrti (poput zagre- zbog društvene organizacije i uloge društve- baèke Trešnjevke i Dubrave) javni prostor nih institucija - od obitelji do države2, a odlikuje ga relativno visoka kvaliteta života i 3 1 Istraživanje je izvršeno u sklopu znanstvenog pro- zadovoljstvo graðana. Istraživanja kvalitete jekta „Razvojni potencijal javnog prostora gradova Hrvat- života provedena u Hrvatskoj pokazuju da je ske” financiranog od strane Sveuèilišta u Zagrebu (2016.- u Hrvatskoj „minimum životnog standarda 2018.), voditelj projekta: prof. dr.sc. Tihomir Jukiæ. postignut za sve tipove naselja, odnosno da 2 Kazepov, 2005: 33 je u njima ispunjena elementarna razina 3 Visoku kvalitetu života u EU pokazuju istraživanja Eu- 4 života” , ali se „dobra razina opremljenosti, ropske komisije, od èega je zadnje posveæeno upravo kva- prema veæini elemenata, najèešæe pokazala u liteti života u gradovima [Quality of Life in European Cities Zagrebu i zagrebaèkoj mreži naselja, èime se 2015, objavljeno 2016.]. potvrdio njihov najviši položaj unutar hije- 4 Svirèiæ Gotovac, 2006: 121 5 rarhijske strukture hrvatske mreže naselja”. 5 Svirèiæ Gotovac, 2006: 122 Navedeni citat djelomièno ukazuje na po- stojanje brojnih i kompleksnih prostornih 6 Primjerice, Rogiæ, 1992. nejednakosti u Hrvatskoj, no važno je napo- 7 Svirèiæ Gotovac, 2006: 122 menuti da takve nejednakosti postoje i unu- 8 Latour, 1990: 3, 6 PROSTOR Znanstveni prilozi | Scientific Papers Javni prostor središta… T. JUKIÆ, J. VUKIÆ, F. VUKIÆ, I. PODNAR 94-105 26[2018] 1[55] 97 ima svoju funkcionalnu dimenziju i ulogu (ve- zanu u prvom redu za dostupnost razlièitih sadržaja, povezanost dijelova fizièkog okoli- ša, mobilnost itd.), ali i onu simbolièku, tj. performativnu. Primjerice, u Dubravi zbog nedostatka kvalitetno oblikovanoga i objedi- njenoga javnog prostora benzinska postaja služi ne samo kao orijentir nego i kao mjesto iskazivanja društvenog statusa (pokazivanja važnoga statusnog simbola - automobila, jer ju blizina niza kafiæa èini dijelom ’špice’), od- nosno performativnoga simbolièkog prostora u kojem se iskazuje i dokazuje simbolièki ka- pital pojedinca.10 Spomenuta društvena prak- sa stanovnika jasno ukazuje na potrebu obli- kovanja sigurnoga, pristupaènoga i inkluziv- noga javnog prostora. Trenutaèna neureðena situacija izuzetno je opasna za brojne korisni- tencijalnu važnost za širi prostor grada. Do- Sl. 2. Trešnjevka sjever - središte kvarta ke prostora, posebice ranjive skupine poput datni kriterij bio je da imaju broj stanovnika u Fig. 2 Trešnjevka north - district center starijih graðana, invalida ili male djece. Sliè- stalnom porastu. na je situacija i na Trešnjevci, pogotovo u pre- Istraživanje je ostvareno u sklopu znanstve- Sl. 3. Gornja Dubrava - središte kvarta djelu oko tržnice. nog projekta „Razvojni potencijal javnog pro- Fig. 3 Gornja Dubrava - district center Cilj, hipoteza i metoda istraživanja - Istraži- stora gradova Hrvatske” financiranog od vanje je utemeljeno u tezi da se sveobuhvat- strane Sveuèilišta u Zagrebu (2016.-2018.), a nim interdisciplinarnim istraživanjem karak- dio rezultata prikupljen je tijekom dvaju se- teristika javnih prostora i teorijskim
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