Stakeholder Participation in the Creation of Spatial Plan for Nature Park Medvednica

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Stakeholder Participation in the Creation of Spatial Plan for Nature Park Medvednica Stakeholder Participation in the Creation of Spatial Plan for Nature Park Medvednica Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Philosophiae doctor of the Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany by Nataša Lovrić Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany 2015 Dean: Prof. Dr. Tim Freytag Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Werner Konold, University of Freiburg Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. Margaret Shannon, Honorary Professor at Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg Readers: Prof. Dr. Werner Konold, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg Prof. Dr. Michael Pregernig, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg Graduate School: Environment, Society and Global Change Research group: Environmental Governance Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair for Landscape Management Defended 15.6.2015 FOREWORD Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors, Prof. Werner Konold and Prof. Margaret Shannon, for their tireless enthusiasm, invaluable support, and for their contribution to this work. Many other people have also contributed either directly or indirectly to this study; in particular, I would like to thank Prof. Michael Pregernig for generously accepting the role of second reader of the thesis and with that gesture kindly to contribute to its assessment. I would like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Ivan Martinić for generously offering me the idea for this thesis research subject. In addition, I would also like to thank my colleagues at the Chair for “Landscape Management” and the Graduate School “Environment, Society and Global Change” who provided valuable and extensive comments on the work and challenging discussions in the numerous colloquia. I would like to express appreciation to the European Forest Institute (EFI) for supporting my work in the course of my Master of Sciences and PhD studies and providing me with the opportunity to experience my first years of career building and development. I would like to extend special thanks to Prof. Lauri Hetemäki and all my colleagues within the EFI for the support, valuable comments and time granted for finishing my thesis while working as a researcher. I am deeply indebted to my interviewees for sharing their thoughts, time and experiences. I also wish to extend special thanks to the people who facilitated contact with the stakeholders and provided me with all the necessary documentation: Nives Mornar and Aleksandar Bašić. In addition, I would like to thank Diana Tuomasjukka, Christian Suchomel and Claudia Bieling for helping me translate the summary into German language and to Nataša Kočova for checking the English language in the thesis. Finally, I would like to express special thanks to my dear husband and colleague, Marko Lovrić, for his tireless contribution and support throughout my PhD thesis writing process and the entire PhD studies. An enormous thank you goes to my dearest family - my mother and father, Nada and Jovan Lozanovski and my brother Dončo Lozanovski who have supported and encouraged me throughout the entire study process and built the scientist that I am today owing to their examples. I Zusammenfassung Der Naturpark Medvednica ist ein Gebirgsschutzgebiet in Zentralkroatien am Nordrand der Landeshauptstadt Zagreb. Ein Naturpark (NP) ist eine nationale Schutzgebietskategorie, in der die nachhaltige Nutzung von Ressourcen erlaubt ist, besonders wertvolle Naturphänomene jedoch geschützt werden sollen. Im Fall des Naturparks Medvednica stehen hierbei acht verschiedene Waldlebensräume im Mittelpunkt. Raumordnungspläne sind die Verwaltungsgrundlage des Naturparks. Speziell für dieses Gebiet sollen darüber hinaus detaillierte, rechtlich nicht verbindliche Managementpläne erarbeitet werden. Raumordnungspläne treten in Kraft, wenn sie vom Parlament ratifiziert werden. Im Falle des NP Medvednica wurde die praktische Raumordnung von der lokalen Verwaltung der Stadt Zagreb erstellt. Das Raumordnungsverfahren für NP Medvednica begann 1981 mit der Ernennung des Parks. Der erste Prozess innerhalb dieses Verfahrens endete im Jahr 1989, da bis dato dem Stadtrat kein konkreter Vorschlag vorgelegt wurde. Der zweite Prozess begann im Jahr 2003 und endete im Jahr 2005; auch in diesem Fall wurde dem Parlament kein Vorschlag zur Raumordnungsplanung für den NP Medvednica vorgelegt und die einzige Entscheidung, die gefällt wurde, war eine Verringerung des Parkgebiets um ein Viertel seiner ursprünglichen Größe. Obwohl kein Raumordnungsplan für Medvednica existiert, gibt es einen Managementplan. Der Managementplan ist ein rechtlich nicht bindendes Dokument, dessen hauptsächlicher Zweck darin besteht, eine der Richtlinie für die Verwaltungsbehörde des NP Medvednica zu bieten. Die Situation, in welcher es kein rechtlich bindendes Dokument zur Verwaltung des Parks gibt, hat zu kontinuierlich voranschreitenden Bautätigkeiten geführt, wo Wohn- und Sportanlagen, aber auch Bauten für den Tourismus auf Flächen etabliert werden, die einst bewaldet waren. Ein erneuter und dritter Prozess der räumlichen Planung begann im Jahr 2012. Die endgültige Entscheidung über den Flächennutzungsplan vom NP Medvednica erfolgte am 15. Juli 2014 und wurde vom Parlament verabschiedet. Dieser Beschluss (OZ, No.89/14, 2014) wurde am 24. Juli 2014 veröffentlicht. Zahlreiche Expertenstudien beschreiben die drei Prozesse; alle diese verwendeten Umfragen, öffentliche Anhörungen und beratende Treffen mit Experten und Akteuren, mit dem Ziel, gemeinsam einen Raumordnungsplan zu erarbeiten. Partizipation erwies sich als einen wichtiger Teil der Raumplanung vom NP Medvednica. Nichtdestotrotz dauerte der Planungsprozess dreißig Jahre und wurde während verschiedenen II Urbanisierungprozessen stark beeinflusst. Um den Prozess zu verstehen, stellt sich jedoch die folgende Forschungsfrage: Wie beeinflusst die Partizipation die Raumplanung des Naturparks Medvednica? Ein theoretischer Ansatz bildete die grundlegende Theorie. Durch Auswertung von Unterlagen für die Raumplanung des NP Medvednica wurde eine erste Liste von 32 Befragten erstellt, die im Schneeball-Verfahren auf die endgültige Liste von 51 Befragten erweitert wurde. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte parallel zur Datenerhebung, wobei die Datenerhebung bis zur theoretischen Sättigung fortgesetzt wurde. Die Analyse bestand aus zwei Teilen: einerseits der "Intermediär-mechanistischen“- Analyse und andererseits der altbewährten „klassischen“ grundlegende Theorie. Beide Ansätze bestehen aus offener, axialer und selektiver Kodierung. Jeder dieser Schritte hatte mehrere Teilschritte, in der die Bezeichnungen und die Codes neu angeordnet wurden, dann zu neuen Codes auf einer höheren theoretischen Abstraktionsebene aggregiert, dann disaggregiert und schließlich wieder auf andere, noch theoretischer Codes und Codegruppen zusammengefasst wurden. Dieser Prozess wurde fortgesetzt, bis keine neuen Aspekte in den Daten gefunden werden konnten. Durch dieses Vorgehen wurden versucht, mögliche Verzerrungen, die auf bestimmten theoretischen Perspektiven, (Vor)Wissen und Kontext der Forschenden beruhen, zu umgehen. Jedes der Kodierungsverfahren führte zur Identifizierung von mehreren zentralen Kategorien, die theoretische Konstrukte von hohem Abstraktionsgrad ist. Insgesamt wurden 11 zentrale Kategorien bestimmt, angeordnet in Intermediär „storyline“. Die endgültigen Ergebnisse der „klassischen“ Analyse sind die „storyline“ über die Rolle der Beteiligung der Raumplanung für den Nationalpark Medvednica und insgesamt 63 Hypothesen, Annahmen und Vorschläge. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine starke Rolle der sozio-politischen Faktoren in der Raumordnungsplanung, die wiederum die Rolle der Partizipation beeinflusst. Die wichtigsten allgemeinen Kontextfaktoren sind der Grad der Zentralisierung der staatlichen Verwaltung, der Grad der Urbanisierung sowie die Partizipationskultur bei der Entscheidungsfindung auf lokaler Ebene. Diese Faktoren beeinflussen, wie die Raumordnung abläuft und die Rolle der Partizipation am Raumordnungsprozess. Einige der wichtigsten Merkmale für eine Partizipation bei der Raumordnungsplanung sind die Beziehung zwischen den Experten und Laien, Kosten und Nutzen der Partizipation und der Planungsumfang des Bereiches, der die menschlichen Bedürfnisse tangiert. Diese Faktoren prägen den Rahmen der Beteiligung, d.h. sie legen fest, welche Gruppe von Interessenvertretern mitwirkt und in welcher Form sie sich beteiligt. Die III Formen der Beteiligung können sein: passive Teilnahme, öffentliche Anhörungen oder informelle Beteiligung. Allerdings ist es hier sinnvoller von einem Kontinuum von Mechanismen der Partizipation zu sprechen, die durch zwei Dimensionen charakterisiert werden: die Intimität in der Kommunikation zwischen dem Beteiligten und dem Planer und die Rückmeldung vom Planer zum Stakeholder (beide bewirken eine Veränderung von der passiven zur informellen Beteiligung). Dies sind auch die beiden Kriterien, nach denen die Stakeholder bewerten, wie angemessen der Mechanismus der Partizipation funktioniert. Die Beteiligung von Akteuren basiert letztlich auf der eigenen “Berechnung” von Kosten und Nutzen. Das gesamte System der Partizipation und der Prozess der Raumordnung insgesamt wird durch die Interessen der Stakeholder bestimmt. Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen Übereinstimmungen mit Postulaten verschiedener Theorien und theoretischer Ansätze. Dies betrifft in erster Linie Ansätze im Bereich Partizipation, soziale Austauschtheorie, Stakeholder Analysis und die vier Gesichter der Macht. Allerdings schafft es
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