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Saxo and His Younger Cousin a Study in the Principles Used to Make Gesta Danorum Into Compendium Saxonis

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Saxo and his younger cousin a study in the principles used to make Gesta Danorum into Compendium Saxonis Marko Vitas Supervisor: Arne Jönsson Centre for Language and Literature, Lund University MA in Language and Linguistics, Latin SPVR01 Language and Linguistics: Degree Project – Master's (First Year) Thesis, 15 credits January 2017 Abstract Saxo and his younger cousin a study in the principles used to make Gesta Danorum into Compendium Saxonis The aim of this study is to offer as detailed analysis as possible of the Compendium Saxonis, a late medieval abridgement of the famous historical work Gesta Danorum, written towards the end of the XII century by Saxo Grammaticus. Books I–IV and XVI have been used for this purpose. The study contains an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion. In the introduction, scarce information known about life of Saxo Grammaticus, author of the original work, is summarized and briefly discussed. Further on, general information about Compendium and its dating are referred to. Second part of the introduction deals with the theoretical background concerning ancient and medieval abridged version. In this discussion, we rely on Paul Grice’s Theory of Communication and its reinterpretation by Markus Dubischar. In the First chapter, called Treatment of the content of Gesta Danorum in the Compendium Saxonis we analyse the way the author of the shorter version dealt with the content of the original. Particular attention is payed to the abridgment’s treatment of four distinct episode types frequent in the original. These are episodes pertaining to the supernatural, episodes pertaining to the moral and didactical issues, episodes pertaining to the upbringing, legal activity and death of a Danish king and episodes pertaining to war and destruction. In the Second Chapter, called Treatment of style and language of Gesta Danorum in the Compendium Saxonis we analyse the way the author of the shorter version dealt with the style of the original. This chapter is divided into three parts. In the first part, we meticulously analyse the account of the kingship of Frotho (book II) in both works and compare stylistic features to be found in each. In the second part, we compare concordances of the vocabulary concerned with death and killing made for both the original and the abridged version in order to establish whether the shorter version lacks variety of the longer one. In the third part, we turn towards grammar and analyse the absolute ablatives in both works. In the conclusion, summary of all the conclusions reached throughout the paper is offered. Additionally, the contents of the shorter version are compared to the schema (compiled by Ilona Opelt) of typical contents to be found in medieval abbreviations. Keywords: abridged texts, Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, Compendium Saxonis 2 Magna cum gratia Arnoni magistro universitatis Lundensis qui opusculum meum diligentissime legerat et emendaverat, Elisabethae magistrae seminarioque latino universitatis dictae parentibusque meis familiaribusque qui me studiosissime adiuverant. 3 Table of contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Magna cum gratia ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of contents ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Tables and abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1. 1. Saxo Grammaticus and his Gesta Danorum .............................................................................. 7 1. 2. Compendium Saxonis in the context of the ancient abridging practice ................................. 9 2. Treatment of the content of Gesta Danorum in the Compendium Saxonis ................................ 14 2. 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 14 2. 2. A Comparative Table of the Contents of GD and CS ............................................................. 14 2. 3. Results and discussion ................................................................................................................ 58 2. 3. 1. Episodes pertaining to the supernatural ........................................................................... 58 2. 3. 2. Episodes pertaining to moral and didactical issues ........................................................ 61 2. 3. 3. Episodes pertaining to war and destruction .................................................................... 65 2. 3. 4. Episodes pertaining to the upbringing, legal activity and death of a Danish king .... 66 2. 3. 5. Changes and additions ........................................................................................................ 67 2. 4. Summary of the results ............................................................................................................... 68 3. Treatment of style and language of Gesta Danorum in the Compendium Saxonis ................... 69 3. 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 69 3. 2. General discussion on the stylistic features of Gesta Danorum and Compendium Saxonis: the account of the kingship of king Frotho....................................................................................... 70 3. 2. 1. Saxo’s style ............................................................................................................................ 70 3. 2. 1. 1. Contrast ......................................................................................................................... 70 3. 2. 1. 2. Repetitions ..................................................................................................................... 71 3. 2. 1. 3. Other stylistic features of Saxo’s text ......................................................................... 72 3. 2. 2. Style of Compendium Saxonis ........................................................................................... 74 3. 3. The richness of the vocabulary in Gesta Danorum and Compendium Saxonis ................. 75 3. 4. Absolute ablatives in Gesta Danorum and Compendium Saxonis ....................................... 81 3. 4. 1. Absolute ablatives in the two texts: a systematization ................................................... 81 3. 4. 2. Results and discussions ..................................................................................................... 106 4 3. 5. Summary of the results and conclusions ................................................................................ 110 4. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 112 References ............................................................................................................................................... 115 5 Tables and abbreviations List of tables Table 1. A Comparative Table of the Contents of GD and CS pp. 17–58 Table 2. Concordances of the death vocabulary – Gesta Danorum pp. 76–78 Table 3. Concordances of the death vocabulary – Compendium Saxonis pp. 79 Table 4. Table of the treatment of the absolute ablatives pp. 83–106 Abbreviations (further clarifications in the text) GD – Gesta Danorum (all quotations referring to the edition by Holder 1886). CS – Compendium Saxonis (all quotations referring to the edition by Gertz 1917–1918). 6 1. Introduction 1. 1. Saxo Grammaticus and his Gesta Danorum Gesta Danorum (Deeds of the Danes) bursts out from Danish Middle Ages unprecedented and incomparable to anything else. It is not an overstatement to say that Gesta were the very first masterpiece of Danish literature in Latin. It has been noted that at the time when it was written, although literature had already been flourishing on Iceland, only annals produced by the monks, runic epigraphical monuments and the History written by Sven Ågesen existed in the corpus of Danish literature and, interesting as these might be, they were no match for the great masterpiece that was going to come from the quill of Saxo Grammaticus (Elton 1894). Next to nothing certain is known about the life of Saxo, writer of Gesta Danorum. His title grammaticus comes from an introductory notice from the Compendium Saxonis, an abbreviated version of Gesta (quidam egregius grammaticus: CS 216/1), to which we shall return shortly. The nature of his work offers evidence that he was a Dane, most likely a Sealander, since he praises Sealand more than any other part of Danmark (Elton 1894). One might want to add that it is in that vein that Saxo offers information that Sealand was the very heart and the center of Denmark. Additionally, he uses an opportunity in his introduction to express very warm feelings about this particular county: Quae insula [Sialandia] amoenitate cunctas nostrae regionis provincias antecedens medium Daniae locum obtinere putatur, ab extimae remotionis limite pari spatiorum
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