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Universidade Federal Do Paraná André Szczawlinska

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Universidade Federal Do Paraná André Szczawlinska UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ ANDRÉ SZCZAWLINSKA MUCENIECKS VIRTUDE E CONSELHO NA PENA DE SAXO GRAMMATICUS (XII-XIII) CURITIBA 2008 ANDRÉ SZCZAWLINSKA MUCENIECKS VIRTUDE E CONSELHO NA PENA DE SAXO GRAMMATICUS (XII-XIII) Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Pós- Graduação em História, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Fátima Regina Fernandes CURITIBA 2008 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, doador do Sopro da Vida e da Salvação, do Conhecimento e Sabedoria. À professora Fátima, pela orientação firme, pela paciência, pelos pés-no-chão, pela confiança e principalmente, pela coragem frente ao inóspito. Aos professores Renan, Marcella e Ana Paula, pelos conselhos e sugestões, pela criatividade, poesia e estímulo. Aos contubernalli ( tanto novos quanto velhos) que contribuíram de inúmeras formas; seria deselegante mencionar alguns e não outros. Ao Paulinho, e sua ajuda desinteressada, constante e imprescindível. À Maria Cristina, que tantos galhos e problemas de memória resolveu. À IBVM, em particular ao Ministério de Música, pela ajuda com as passagens, dentre outras tantas. À CAPES, pelo auxílio financeiro. Dedicatória À Celiane; que sabe sempre os porquês. Aos meus pais e avós, que sempre deram (e ainda dão) mais do que podiam para que eu chegasse aqui. À minha irmã, Rebeca; que persevere. À Ísis, que merecia chegar ao fim mais que eu e muitos outros. 5 Em Gibeom apareceu o Senhor a Salomão de noite em sonhos, e lhe disse: Pede o que queres que eu te dê. 6 Respondeu Salomão: De grande benevolência usaste com teu servo Davi, meu pai, porque ele andou contigo em verdade, em justiça, e em retidão de coração, perante a sua face. Guardaste-lhe esta grande benevolência, e lhe deste um filho que se assentasse no seu trono, como se vê neste dia. 7 Agora, ó Senhor meu Deus, tu fizeste reinar teu servo em lugar de Davi, meu pai. Mas eu sou apenas um menino pequeno, e não sei como sair, nem entrar. 8 Teu servo está no meio do teu povo que elegeste, povo grande, que nem se pode contar, nem numerar, pela sua multidão. 9 Portanto, dá ao teu servo um coração entendido para julgar o teu povo, para prudentemente discernir entre o bem e o mal. Pois quem poderia julgar este teu grande povo? 10 Esta palavra pareceu boa aos olhos do Senhor, por haver Salomão pedido tal coisa. 11 Disse-lhe Deus: Visto que pediste esta coisa, e não pediste para ti muitos dias, nem riquezas, nem a vida de teus inimigos, mas pediste entendimento, para discernires o que é justo, 12 farei segundo as tuas palavras. Dar-te-ei um coração tão sábio e entendido, que antes de ti igual não houve, e depois de ti igual não se levantará. 13 Também até o que não pediste te darei, assim riquezas como glória, para que não haja teu igual entre os reis, durante todos os teus dias. 14 E se andares nos meus caminhos, e guardares os meus estatutos e mandamentos, como andou Davi, teu pai, eu prolongarei os teus dias. (I Reis 03:05-14) RESUMO Esta dissertação analisa o contexto de transição dos séculos XII-XIII na Dinamarca, em particular sua atuação no Báltico Oriental, na Estônia, Livônia e Curlândia, nas chamadas Cruzadas setentrionais, baseado nas interpretações e contruções de Saxo Grammaticus. Este, por sua vez, foi clérigo danês que escreveu no mesmo período. Sua obra, chamada posteriormente Gesta Danorum, tornou-se história oficial e de referência na Dinamarca pelos séculos posteriores. Escrita inicialmente por encomenda do Arcebispo Absalão, consta de dezesseis livros, e divide-se tradicionalmente em duas partes chamadas arbitrariamente chamadas de “mítica” (livros I-IX) e “histórica” (livros X-XVI), sendo que a maioria das opiniões aponta que a segunda parte teria sido escrita antes que a primeira. Duas temáticas diferentes foram instrumentais em tal análise, a saber, o esquema das quatro virtudes cardinais, estudado pioneiramente na Gesta Danorum por Kurt Johanesson, e a Temática do Conselheiro, detectada primordialmente no estudo das passagens selecionadas acerca das regiões do Báltico Oriental. As Virtudes Cardinais propiciaram os valores primordiais e estruturais; a temática do conselheiro contemplou o núcleo narrativo principal, inserindo tanto os valores anteriores quanto concepções políticas e as idéias fundamentais de Saxo; ela significa basicamente que não é suficiente ao rei ser forte; ele necessita também ser sábio, e ter um homem sábio para guiá-lo. Este obviamente representa o Arcebispado. As conclusões do entrelaçamento das temáticas com o contexto de escrita apontam para a defesa na obra de concepções hierocráticas, mesmo nos livros míticos, onde há ausência da Cristandade nos eventos narrados. Aponta também a defesa de um projeto de hegemonia danesa no contexto Báltico, sob tutela e conselho do arcebispado, e fundamentado nos movimentos de Cruzada na região Báltica. Tal movimento é apresentado, por fim, como aglutinador do imaginário acerca de um passado glorioso, ao projeto de glória e hegemonia no presente de escrita; presta-se também como canalizador de tensões e contradições externas, em processo paralelo ao fortalecimento das instituições monárquica e da Igreja danesa. Palavras-chave: Saxo-Grammaticus. Dinamarca. Báltico. Medievo. História-Cultural. ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the transition context of the centuries XII-XIII in Denmark, particularly its actuation in Eastern Baltic, Estonia, Livonia and Kurland, in the called “Northern Crusades”, and based in interpretations and constructions of Saxo Grammaticus. This, by his time, was a Danish clerk that wrote in the same period. Their workmanship, called posteriorly Gesta Danorum, became official and referential history in Denmark for several centuries after. Initially wrote under commission of Archbishop Absolom, it has sixteen books divided traditionally in two parts, arbitrarily called ‘mythic’ (books I-IX) and ‘historical’ (books X-XVI), but the most opinions agrees that the second part was wrote before the first one. Two different thematics were instrumental in such analysis; the scheme of the Four Cardinal Virtues, studied first in Gesta Danorum by Kurt Johanesson, and the Thematic of the Counselor, detected primarily in this study of selected parts concerning Eastern Baltic. Cardinal Virtues provided referential and structural values; Thematic of the Counselor covers a principal narrative kernel, inserting since the previously mentioned values as politic conceptions and fundamental ideas in Saxo; it means basically that it is not sufficient to the king to be strong; he needs to be wise, and have a wise man to guide him. This wise man obviously represents the Archbishopric. Conclusions obtained from the interweaving with the write context points to defense of hierocratical conceptions, even in the mythical books, where there is absence of Christianity in the narrated events. Points too to the defense of a Danish hegemonic project in the Baltic, under guidance or Archbishopric, grounded in crusade movements on Baltic region. Such movements are presented as agglutinative of the imaginary about glorious past with the projects of glory and hegemony in the present of the write process; serves too to canalize internal tensions and contradictions, in parallel process to strengthening of the monarchic institutions and the Danish Church. Keywords: Saxo-Grammaticus. Denmark. Baltic. Medieval. Cultural-History. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Mapas: 01 The Baltic Region, 1100 ............................................................................... 15 02 Dinamarca ................................................................................................. 17 03 The Wendish Crusades ................................................................................ 25 04 Livônia no séc. XIII ....................................................................................... 34 05 The Baltic Tribes in the 9-12th centuries ...................................................... 117 06 Semgállia, Hellesponto, Galácia e o Hellesponto de Saxo .......................... 122 Figuras: 01 Reconstituição de Groβ Raden, perto de Sternberg .................................... 26 02 Os Valdemares............................................................................................. 28 03 A Batalha de Lyndanisse e o Dannebrog caindo dos céus ......................... 31 04 Castelo de Toompea .................................................................................... 32 05 Arcebispo Absalão, como retratado em seu túmulo .................................... 41 06 Konungs skuggsjá;”Espelho de príncipe” .................................................... 44 07 Danorum Regum heroumque Historia ......................................................... 49 08 QVATOR VIRTVTES EAM VISITANT. FRONESIS. DIKIA. SOFROSINI. ANDREIA vel YSKIS .................................................................................... 66 09 Amblett ......................................................................................................... 82 10 Amblett ......................................................................................................... 82 11 Manuscrito de Angers, contendo o diálogo entre Bessus e Gro .................. 109 12 Fragmento de Lassen contendo parte da narrativa de Starcatherus ........... 145 Tabelas: 01 Frequência da terminologia para as virtudes cardinais em Saxo Grammaticus ...............................................................................................
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