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Fairbairn 1980.Pdf Shogi history .... and the Variants I am delighted to announce that after many years of painstaking and sometimes very frustrating research on the rules of play of the various shogi variants, at long last significant and far reaching new documentary evidence has come to fight which assists me enormously in my efforts to re-establish these great games of long ago. The current research means, however, that we must radically alter our thinking and conclusions about these old games. Despite the repetitions and lacunae of the Nichureki text the initial In addition to this we are now in close co-operation with Maruo Manabu of set-up is agreed as that shown above. But there is some doubt Chigasaki and through that gentleman with the Kyoto University Shogi History about the moves. Giving more credence to later texts Maruo Manabu Group. As mentioned in the last issue much new work has been and is being suggests the following for those pieces not in ordinary shogi: done on all aspects of shogi history. Clear ideas are still not formed with regard to Dai-Dai upwards and hard and fast rules for these very largest games are not likely to be formulated for some time if indeed ever. Following a visit by myself and John Fairbairn to Mr Maruo in June, I have asked John Fairbairn kindly to summarise the present state of history knowledge with particular reference to the variants. The first section of this article therefore deals with history and has been somewhat adapted from a manuscript intended for a possible forthcoming book. The second part of the article will give precise alterations to the published rules for Chu and Dai shogi together with some other relevant data on Wa shogi etc. George Hodges - Ed. * The article Chu Shogi and beyond will be held over this issue to make space for this most important report. Despite the numerous references to go and backgammon in the laws, diaries and novels of Heian times, the first description of shogi is not until about 1126-30 in Part 13 of the obscurely titled history book Nichureki. Whereas this book mentions go and backgammon but does not give the rules, it gives the moves of the pieces for shogi, says that all pieces promote to Gold on reaching the third rank, and says that reducing the opponent's forces to a solitary King counts as a win. The pieces are the same as in modern shogi except that no mention is made of a Rook or Bishop. Nor is anything said about the number of pieces, the size of the board or the initial set-up. Two reconstructions of this Heian shogi have been suggested by Masukawa Koichi. One version has only an 8 x 8 board; the other has a 9 x 8 board with an extra Gold on the back rank as in modern shogi. This first Japanese form of chess, in whichever version, is clearly cognate with the other forms of chess known throughout the world, especially in South-East Asia. The distinctively Japanese feature of drops was not then known but it is significant that the concept of a large promotion zone had already been introduced. Whether promotion was compulsory, however, is not clear. The Nichureki also describes a larger shogi. It says: "There is also a 13 x 13 shogi. The Kings are placed in the centre on each side with the Gold Generals on both sides of them. The Silver Generals are next to the Gold Generals and next to them are Silver Generals. Next to them are the Copper Generals and next to them are the Iron Generals. Next to them are the Lances. The Copper Generals cannot go to the four corners. The Iron and he assumes all the pieces promote to Gold at the third rank, Generals cannot go back in three directions. Also a Side except for the Flying Dragon, which adds the power to go one step in Mover sits in front of the King and it can go one step the four orthogonal directions. (But it is not a good game, he says.) forward or any distance left or right. There ate also Fierce Tigers. They sit in front of the Silver Generals and can go one step to the four earners. Flying Dragons The conclusion we can draw from this detail in Nichureki is that the sit in front of the Knights and fly along the four large shogi was not then a widely known game. It may indeed have been diagonals. The Free Chariots sit in front of the Lances recently invented. No conclusion can be drawn from the reference to and can go any distance forward or back. A Go-between the smaller shogi since this seems to be intended merely as a sits in front at the centre of the Pawns and can go one preamble to the description of the larger version. step forward or back." That a small shogi was already well known can be inferred from passing mentions of it in earlier books. The first reference is in Volume 7 of the Kirinsho, a book of the early 11th century written by a Heian courtier, the Dainagon Fujiwara no Yukinari. Yukinari is famous as one of the great calligraphers and in Kirinsho The Muromachi poet Ise Sadayori, in his collection of mores and he describes how shogi pieces should be written: etiquette Sogo Ozoshi, gave the following protocol for shogi: "[For the name of the piece] either square script or "When you face your shogi opponent open the box cursive script will do. The strokes should be thin but containing the pieces and put the pieces on the board. solid are boldly show the outline. The character on the .. to finish setting them up too quickly is a breach top half o the piece should be large and bold in either of politeness. It is also impolite to be too slow and to square script o cursive script and it should be written make the opponent wait. Practise therefore so that you in graceful symmetry The character for Gold [on the can set up the pieces in just the right time. This applies underside of the piece] should be written in grass script. also to both middle shogi and little shogi." Since shogi pieces are small place them on a stand held in the hand before writing or them." This reference to little shogi is important for shogi by itself clearly means large shogi. And that this was not now the Heian large shogi can perhaps be deduced from a diary entry for the 2nd of the first The significance of this text is manifold if we can make some month, 1424 in the Hanasakai Sandaikai: "Played shogi with Sedate assumptions First, promotion applied to most pieces. Second, the Motoyuki .... I received a Free King handicap." Rook and Bishop did not than exist (they do not promote to Gold). Though this may relate to middle shogi (which, like the later large Third, by the same reasoning and if the reconstruction of the large shogi, has a Free King) it is striking that the many diary references shogi is correct, that game did not exist. Fourth, the pieces have of the time seem to maintain the distinction between shogi, middle names with two characters, not one as in China and Korea. shogi and little shogi. For instance, the diary of the father of the According to Masukawa the preference for binomes can be Emperor Gohanazono, Gosukoin, (the Kanmon Gyoko) has, in an attributed to an edict of 713 which revised many names into entry for the 22nd of the eighth month 1435: "His Majesty the binomes. If he is right this may be a clue to an early dating for Emperor) played little shogi with the kanpaku (chief adviser to the shogi. The epithets affixed to the names of the pieces to make them Emperor). In all three games the kanpaku lost." Similar references binomial were simply products of Heian times, the King being really a abound throughout the 15th century, and indeed many of them Jade General and the top half of the Lance (Fragrant Chariot) and imply that little shogi was generally regarded as merely a boys' Knight (Laurel Horse) names referring to incense and cinnamon game. respectively. No detail of any of the games is forthcoming until the great Though the Rook (Flying Chariot) and Bishop (Horned Chariot) did Muromachi politician Ichijo Kanera (regent, prime minister and no exist then, and the structure of their names argues for a kanpaku) mentions the names of the middle shogi pieces in his Aro separate development, they may still contain references to treasure. Kassen Monogatari of 1478. The name of the promoted Rook is literally Dragon Jade and the -me A book published in 1811 (but probably written earlier), Shogi of ryume (Dragon Horse: promoted Bishop) has been interpreted by Rokushu no Zushiki, purports to be a copy of a document dated 1443. Yamamoto Teikai as agate (me being an alternative form of meno). Notwithstanding its title (Six kinds of shogi illustrated) it describes The basic names of the pieces are of course war terms: generals, only four kinds of shogi, knowledge of middle and little shogi horses chariots and soldiers. This applies even to the Rook and apparently (and justifiably for 1811) being taken for granted. " Bishop. The true meaning of kakugyo (the Bishop) is not diagonal The games it does describe are large shogi (or great shogi, to " goer but more probably "horned chariot".
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