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The Past Becomes the Present. German National Identity and Memory Since Reunification

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The Past Becomes the Present. German National Identity and Memory Since Reunification The Past becomes the Present. German National Identity and Memory since Reunification Mark James Barnard European Studies Research Institute School of Languages University of Salford Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, January 2008 The Past becomes the Present. German National Identity and Memory since Reunification Contents List of Graphs.....................................................................................ii Acknowledgements..............................................................................iii Abbreviations.................................................................................... iv Abstract......................................................................................... viii Introduction...................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 German Citizenship - the Legacy of Blood.................................................30 Chapter 2 Immigration......................................................................................71 Chapter 3 Xenophobia and Right-Wing Violence in Germany...................................... 104 Chapter 4 Collective Guilt or 'Atonement' of Contempt?........................................... 157 Chapter 5 Contested Memory - the 60th Anniversary of the Air War.............................. 206 Chapter 6 Contested Sites of Memory - Symbols for and against Expulsion..................... 259 Conclusion .....................................................................................312 Bibliography.................................................................................. 324 List of Graphs 1. Acts of Violence with Proven or Suspected Right-Extremist.................. 154 Motivation Per 100,000 inhabitants, 1999 and 2000 2. Acts of Violence with Proven or Suspected Right-Extremist.................. 155 Motivation by Land, 1999 and 2000 3. Acts of Violence with Proven or Suspected Right-Extremist.................. 156 Motivation by Land, 1997 and 1998 Acknowledgements I would like to thank first and foremost the numerous German archives, academics and newspaper editors who have willingly, consistently and unconditionally provided their time, suggestions, documents and publications. I would particularly like to thank Bochum, Brunswick, Kassel and Rheine city archives along with Drs. Maren Ballerstedt (Magdeburg), Eva Berger (Osnabriick), Peter Engels (Darmstadt), Rolf Haaser (Giessen), Ingaburgh Klatt (Liibeck), Frank KreiBler (Dessau) and Sonke Neitzel (Mainz) respectively. Supplying official annual reports, the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Saxon Ministry of the Interior have also been very generous in their co-operation. Dr. Mark Connelly, Professor Mary Fulbrook and Dr. Adrian Gregory have provided much appreciated advice and guidance, and I am also indebted to my supervisor Professor John Keiger for his constructive comments that have improved the thesis in several ways. Completed during the author's tenure of an ESRI bursary at Salford University, as head of department Professor Keiger also ensured that I had the time and financial means to carry out the necessary research. Special thanks are also due to my family and Deborah Bamford - without whose support this thesis would not have been possible. in Abbreviations ANS/NA National Socialist and National Activist Front (Aktionsfront Nationaler Sozialisten/NationaleAktivisteri) ARD Working Group of the Public Broadcasting Institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der offentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) AS Comradeship South (Kameradschaft Sud - Aktionsburo Suddeutschland) AuslG Foreigner Law (Auslandergesetz) BAFL Federal Office for Refugees (Bundesamt fur die Anerkennung ausldndischer Fluchtlinge) BDM National Socialist League of German Maidens (Bund Deutscher Madel) BdV The Federation of Expellees (Bund der Vertriebenen) BfV Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt fur Verfassungsschutz) BHF The Womens' Homeland Association (Bund Heimattreuer Fraueri) BITKOM The Federal Association of Information Technology, Telecommunications and New Media (Bundesverband Informationswirtschaft Telekommunikation und neue Medien e. V.} BMGS Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security (Bundesministerium fur Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung) BMI Federal Ministry of the Interior (Bundesministerium des Innern) BNO New Order Movement (Bewegung Neue Ordnung) BR Alliance of the Right (Biindnis Rechts) BVA Federal Administration Office (Bundesverwaltungsami) BVFG Federal Expellees' and Refugees' Act (Bundesvertriebenen- und Fliich tlingsgesetz) CDU Christian Democratic Union (Christlich-Demokratische Union) CDU/CSU Group of the CDU/CSU in the Federal Parliament (Fraktion van CDU/CSU im Bundestag) CIS Commonwealth of Independent States IV CSU Christian Social Union (Christlich-Soziale Union, Bayern) DA German Alternative (Deutsche Alternative) DHF German Heathen Front (Deutsche Heidnische Front} DLF German Radio (Deutschland Funk) DP German Liberal Party (Deutsche Partei. Die Freiheitlichen) DVU German People's Union (Deutsche Volksunion) EMNID A News Service of Opinion in Germany (Ein Informationsdienst zum Meinungsbild in Deutschland) FAF Prankish Action Front (Frdnkische Aktionsfront) FAP Free German Workers Party (Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) FDP Free Democratic Party - The Liberals (Freie Demokratische Partei) FMB League of Free Maidens (Freier Mddelbund) FORSA Society for Social Research and Statistical Analysis (Gesellschaft fur Sozialforschung und statistische Analysen mbH) FRG Federal Republic of Germany FUL Citizens Movement (Biirgerbewegung Fur unser Land) GDF Community of German Women (Gemeinschaft Deutscher Frauen) GDR German Democratic Republic HLA Hamburg List to Stop Foreigners (Hamburger Liste fur Ausldnderstopp) IDA-NRW North Rhine-Westphalian Information and Documentation Centre Against Violence, Right-Wing Extremism and Xenophobia (Informations- und Dokumentationszentrum gegen Gewalt, Rechtsextremismus und Ausldnderfeindlichkeit in Nordrhein-Westfalen) IDGR Information Service Against Right-Wing Extremism (Informationsdienst gegen Rechtsextremismus) IfZ Munich Institute of Contemporary History (Institutfur Zeitgeschichte) IMI Military Information Centre (Informationsstelle Militarisierung) JN Young National Democrats (Junge Nationaldemokraten) KFN Criminal Research Institute of Lower-Saxony (Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen) KGM Museum of Cultural History (Kulturgeschichtliches Museum Osnabriick) MABB Berlin-Brandenburg Regional Supervisory Authority for Private Broadcasting (Medienanstalt Berlin-Brandenburg) MGFA Military History Research Office (Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamf) MHS Defence of the Mark Brandenburg (Mdrkischer Heimatschutz) MRT Thuringian Ring of Maidens (Mddelring Thiiringen) MSD Germany's Band of Maidens (Mddelschar Deutschland) NDR North German Broadcasting (Norddeutscher Rundfunk) NF Nationalist Front (Nationalistische Front) NKVD People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs NL National List (Nationale Liste) NLPB Lower Saxon Regional Centre for Political Education (Niedersdchsische Landeszentrale fur politische Bildung) NMBW Weimar Band of Maidens (Nationaler Mddelbund Weimar) NO National Offensive (Nationale Offensive) NPD National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands) NR Northern Ring (Nordischer Ring) NSDAP National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartef) NZ German National and Weekly Newspaper (National-Zeitung/Deutsche Wochen-Zeitung) OKB Berlin's Open Public Broadcasting Channel (Offener Kanal Berlin) PDS Party of Democratic Socialists (Partei Demokratischer Sozialisten) REP The Republicans (Die Republikaner) RuStAG Imperial Nationality Law (Reichs- und Staatsangehorigkeitsgesetz) SA Nazi Storm Troopers (Sturmabteilungen) SED East German Communist Party/Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands} VI SFD Skingirl-Circle of Friends (Skingirl-Freundeskreis Deutschland) SJD Socialist Youth of Germany (Sozialistische Jugend Deutschlands} SPD Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) SS Protection Squad (Schutzstaffel) VVN-BdA Association of those Persecuted by the Nazi Regime and Union of Antifascists (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des NaziregimeslBund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten e. V.} WDR West German Broadcasting Corporation (Westdeutscher Rundfunk) ZDF German Channel II (Zweites Deutsches Fernseheh) vn Abstract History and national consciousness are central to the creation and sustaining of national identity. Although much has been written on German national identity, there has been little examination of how the 60th anniversary of the Allied air campaign or expulsion of ethnic Germans are remembered from the perspective of the Germans as victims. Reflecting the changing status of the National Socialist past as it continues to affect the present, this thesis argues there were significant disparities between official and popular perceptions of national identity and memory. Presenting a focussed examination of current developments in German society and politics from a German perspective, this thesis examines why many in Germany have rejected a national identity based on a constitutional patriotism and collective atonement. Debates conducted by prominent intellectuals, journalists
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