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Religion and Social Capital:Civil Society Organisations in Disaster

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Religion and Social Capital:Civil Society Organisations in Disaster Religion and Social Capital: Civil Society Organisations in Disaster Recovery in Indonesia Muhammad Riza Nurdin A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW Canberra May 2018 Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Australia's Global UNSW University SYDNEY Surname/Family Name Nurdin Given Name/s Muhammad Riza Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar PhD Faculty UNSW Canberra School Humanities and Social Sciences Religion and Social Capital: Civil Society Organisations in Disaster Recovery Thesis Title in Indonesia Abstract 350 words maximum: This thesis examines the roles of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and their social capital formation in post-disaster Indonesia. In the context of recovery following a catastrophic event, this subject has been studied by scholars such as Aldrich (2011, 2012), James and Paton (2015) and Rivera and Nickels (2014) but their research focussed on examining the role of internal civil society in the disaster recovery. I define internal groups as associations that emerge within the disaster affected communities. This study will fill the gap by studying external civil society: that of organisations from outside of the affected localities. The main research questions are the followings. To what extent external civil society groups (i.e. CSOs/Faith Based Organisations or FBOs), along with other disaster management agencies, can contribute to providing economic recovery aid in post-disaster Indonesia? In what way are external CSOs groups able to create positive social capital or produce adverse results from social capital formation in the affected society? The main arguments in this research are twofold. First, the roles of CSOs in post-disaster Indonesia are increasing particularly after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami but their involvement in the phase of recovery needs to be more extensive. CSOs involvement in the recovery phase is the least compared to other phases of disaster management cycle. This fact is paralysed with little attention from scholars to study the recovery phase. Second, while scholars like Candland (2001), Lockhart (2005) and Smidt (2003) maintain that CSOs particularly with religious background (FBOs) are capable to generate social capital using religious and cultural means, their ability in building good social capital is largely depends on numerous factors. As social capitalis a "double-edged sword" (Aldrich and Crook, 2007: 379), the findings of this study demonstrate that external FBOs can harm the society through their recovery aid and social capital formation. Consequently, affected-communities will experience slower process of recovery and resilience. This study employs qualitative approaches, using the 2013 earthquake in Aceh and the 2014 Mt. Keiud eruption in East Java as case studies. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). L I . The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. l=OR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 'I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation� AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT 'I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digit�crorm97 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT 'I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.' vii Abstracts This thesis examines the roles of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and their social capital formation in post-disaster Indonesia. In the context of disaster recovery, this subject has been studied by scholars e.g. Aldrich (2011, 2012), James and Paton (2015) and Rivera and Nickels (2014) but their research focused on examining the role of internal civil society, that of associations that emerge within the disaster-affected communities. This study will fill the gap by studying external civil society: organisations from outside of the affected localities. The main research questions are the followings. To what extent external civil society groups along with other disaster management agencies, can contribute to providing economic recovery aid in post- disaster Indonesia? In what way are external CSOs groups able to create positive social capital or produce adverse results from social capital formation in the affected society? The main arguments in this thesis are twofold. First, the roles of CSOs in post-disaster Indonesia are increasing particularly after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami but their involvement in the phase of recovery needs to be more extensive. CSOs involvement in the recovery phase is the least compared to other phases of disaster management cycle. This fact is analysed with little attention from scholars to study the recovery phase. Second, while scholars like Candland (2001), Lockhart (2005) and Smidt (2003) maintain that CSOs particularly with religious background (Faith Based Organisations, FBOs) are capable to generate social capital using religious means, their ability in building good social capital largely depends on numerous factors. As social capital is a “double-edged sword” (Aldrich and Crook, 2007: 379), I argue that external FBOs, through their recovery aid, can harm the society. Consequently, affected-communities will experience slower recovery and resilience. External civil society disaster relief organisations need to be careful with their approach of delivering recovery assistance and this consideration is not comprehensively reflected in disaster management policy in Indonesia e.g. Disaster Management Law 24/2007. This study employs qualitative approaches, mainly semi-structured interviews and participant observation, using the 2013 earthquake in Central Aceh and the 2014 Mt. Kelud eruption in East Java as case studies. viii Acknowledgments Alhamdulillah (Praise to Allah), I thank You for giving me strength and courage to finish this thesis. This thesis would not have been possible without the support given by many people and institutions. My first debt of gratitude is to the University of New South Wales (UNSW) for providing me with a three and a half years’ UNSW Scholarship to undertake this PhD project. I am especially grateful to my supervisor Dr Minako Sakai for her endless support and invaluable guidance from my arrival in Canberra until the final phase of the writing process. I have benefitted a lot from her critical comments and positive suggestions. It is my privilege to have accomplished this thesis under her persistent supervision. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to Dr Nicolaas Warouw as my co-supervisor who has been helpful with his constructive feedback and good-humoured discussion. The School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HASS) at UNSW Canberra has been very supportive and has provided resources to help me complete my study. I wish to thank the HASS management and administration staff, especially Prof David Lovell, Prof Shirley Scott, Dr Ned Dobos, Margaret McGee, Bernadette McDermott, Marilyn Anderson-Smith and Shirley Ramsay for their excellent support. I also greatly appreciate Dr Sally Burt’s professional editorial and proofreading services, in accordance with the UNSW Guidelines. My friends and colleagues have been steadfast supporters. At HASS I am indebted to Najib Kailani, Falik Isbah, Peter Job, Ajie Saksono, Birawa Anoraga, Haoyue Zu, Ross Mackie and Zaw Linn for their company and cheerfulness. Outside the office, I have received significant social support from countless Indonesian friends who have helped me survive and stay sane.
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