Catalogue of SUMATRAN BIG LAKES Lukman All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Catalogue of SUMATRAN BIG LAKES Lukman LIPI Press © 2018 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Research Center for Limnology Cataloging in Publication Catalogue of Sumatran Big Lakes/Lukman–Jakarta: LIPI Press, 2018. xviii + 136 pages; 14,8 × 21 cm ISBN 978-979-799-942-1 (printed) 978-979-799-943-8 (e-book) 1. Catalogue 2. Lakes 3. Sumatra 551.482598 1 Copy editor : Patriot U. Azmi Proofreader : Sarwendah Puspita Dewi and Martinus Helmiawan Layouter : Astuti Krisnawati and Prapti Sasiwi Cover Designer : Rusli Fazi First Edition : January 2018 Published by: LIPI Press, member of Ikapi Jln. Gondangdia Lama 39, Menteng, Jakarta 10350 Phone: (021) 314 0228, 314 6942. Fax.: (021) 314 4591 E-mail: [email protected] Website: lipipress.lipi.go.id LIPI Press @lipi_press List of Contents List of Contents .................................................................................. v List of Tables ...................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................... ix Editorial Note ..................................................................................... xiii Foreword ........................................................................................... xv Preface ............................................................................................... xvii Sumatran Lakes at a Glance ....................................................................... 1 Lake Laut Tawar ........................................................................................... 9 Lake Toba ..................................................................................................... 21 Lake Maninjau .............................................................................................. 35 Lake Singkarak ............................................................................................. 53 Lake Diatas .................................................................................................... 69 Lake Dibawah ............................................................................................... 79 Lake Kerinci .................................................................................................. 85 Lake Ranau.................................................................................................... 97 Sumatran Lakes: Final Thoughts ............................................................... 107 References ........................................................................................... 109 Glossary ........................................................................................... 125 Index ........................................................................................... 131 Author Information ........................................................................... 135 v vi Catalogue of Sumatran Big Lakes List of Tables Table 1. List of Small Lakes on Lake Kerinci Watershed in Jambi Province ........................................................................................ 5 Table 2. List of Small Lakes (>4.0 ha) Included in the Flood Plain Type in Jambi Province .............................................................. 6 Table 3. The Flood Plain Type Lakes in South Sumatra Province .... 6 Table 4. Characteristics of Lake Laut Tawar Morphometry ............... 11 Table 5. Water Quality Condition in Lake Laut Tawar in 2014 ....... 14 Table 6. Water Quality Condition in Lake Laut Tawar in 2012 ....... 15 Table 7. Land Use in Lake Laut Tawar Catchment Area .................... 18 Table 8. Characteristics of Lake Toba Morphometry .......................... 24 Table 9. Water Quality Condition of Lake Toba .................................. 28 Table 10. Content of Chlorophyll (mg/m3) on April 2009 and October 2009 in Lake Toba ...................................................................... 29 Table 11. Land Use in Lake Toba Catchment Area ............................... 32 Table 12. Charecteristics of Lake Maninjau Morphometry .................. 38 Table 13. Water Quality Condition in Open Zone of Lake Maninjau 41 vii Table 14. Water Quality Condition in Cage Aquaculture Zone of Lake Maninjau ....................................................................................... 42 Table 15. Land Use in Lake Maninjau Catchment Area (in 2010) ..... 50 Table 16. Characteristics of Lake Singkarak Morphometry .................. 56 Table 17. Water Quality Condition in Lake Singkarak ......................... 60 Table 18. Land Use in Lake Singkarak Catchment Area ....................... 66 Table 19. Characteristics of Lake Diatas Morphometry ........................ 71 Table 20. Water Quality Condition in Lake Diatas ................................ 75 Table 20. Water Quality Condition in Lake Diatas (Continued) ......... 76 Table 21. Land Use in Lake Diatas Catchment Area ............................. 78 Table 22. Characteristics of Lake Dibawah Morphometry ................... 81 Table 23. Water Quality Condition in Lake Dibawah ........................... 81 Table 24. Characteristics of Lake Kerinci Morphometry ...................... 88 Table 25. Water Quality Condition in Lake Kerinci in 2013 ............... 91 Table 26. Water Quality Condition in Center of Lake Kerinci in 1992 ............................................................................................... 92 Table 27. Land Use in Lake Kerinci Catchment Area ........................... 95 Table 28. Characteristics of Lake Ranau Morphometry ........................ 99 Table 29. Water Quality Condition of Lake Ranau ................................ 102 Table 30. Land Use in Lake Ranau Catchment Area ........................... 106 viii List of Figures Figure 1. Physiography Map of Sumatra Island ..................................... 2 Figure 2. Distribution of Major Lakes in Sumatra Island .................... 3 Figure 3. Profile of Six Major Lakes in Sumatra Island ........................ 4 Figure 4. A View of Lake Laut Tawar ...................................................... 10 Figure 5. Location Map of Lake Laut Tawar ......................................... 10 Figure 6. Bathymetry Map of Lake Laut Tawar ..................................... 12 Figure 7. Water Quality Measured Stations in Lake Laut Tawar in 2014 (upper) and in 2012 (below) ...................................... 13 Figure 8. Takengon City with Lake Laut Tawar as a Background ...... 15 Figure 9. Rasbora tawarensis; Endemic Species of Lake Laut Tawar .. 17 Figure 10. A View of Lake Toba ................................................................. 22 Figure 11. Map of Lake Toba in North Sumatra Province. .................... 22 Figure 12. The apM of Regency Distribution in Lake Toba Area ....... 23 Figure 13. Bathymetric Map of Lake Toba ................................................ 25 Figure 14. Temperature Vertical Stratification Pattern of Lake Toba ... 26 Figure 15. Water Quality Measured Stations in Lake Toba .................... 27 ix Figure 16. Oxygen Vertical Distribution Profile of Lake Toba (April 2009 [left]; October 2009 [right])............................... 29 Figure 17. Lake Toba Total Phosphorus Condition (March 2010 [left]; Aug 2010 [right]) ........................................................................ 30 Figure 18. Neolissochilus thienemanni, endemic species of Lake Toba . 31 Figure 19. Renun Hydro Electric Power Plant. The HEPP uses water supply from other catchment in Lake Toba area ....... 33 Figure 20. A View of Lake Maninjau ......................................................... 36 Figure 21. Map of Lake Maninjau .............................................................. 36 Figure 22. Inflow and Outflow Rate Fluctuation of Lake Maninjau .... 37 Figure 23. Southern Catchment Condition of Lake Maninjau .............. 38 Figure 24. Bathymetry Map of Lake Maninjau ........................................ 39 Figure 25. Temperature Vertical Stratification Pattern of Lake Maninjau 40 Figure 26. Water Quality Measured Stations at Open Zone (left) and Cage Aquaculture Zone (right) in Lake Maninjau ....... 40 Figure 27. Oxygen Vertical Distribution Profile in Open Zone of Lake Maninjau ...................................................................................... 42 Figure 28. Blooming of Phytoplankton in Lake Maninjau ..................... 44 Figure 29. Disolved Oxygen Distribution Profile in Cage Aquaculture Zone of Lake Maninjau ............................................................. 45 Figure 30. Molusc (C. moltkiana) Catching Activity in Lake Maninjau. Substrate Disturbation by Feet (upper) and by Hand While Diving (below)............................................................................. 49 Figure 31. Selling of Clam (C. moltkiana) in Traditional Market ....... 50 Figure 32. Cage Aquaculture activity in Lake Maninjau ........................ 51 Figure 33. A View of Lake Singkarak ........................................................ 54 Figure 34. Map of Lake