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“People of the Jungle” “PEOPLE OF THE JUNGLE” Adat, Women and Change among Orang Rimba Anne Erita Venåsen Berta Master thesis submitted to the Department of Social Anthropology UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May 2014 II “PEOPLE OF THE JUNGLE” Adat, Women and Change among Orang Rimba Anne Erita Venåsen Berta III © Anne Erita Venåsen Berta 2014 “People of the Jungle”: Adat, Women and Change among Orang Rimba Anne Erita Venåsen Berta http://www.duo.uio.no Print: Reprosentralen, University of Oslo IV Abstract In a small national park in the Jambi province of Sumatra, Indonesia lives Orang Rimba. A group of matrilineal, animist, hunter-gather and occasional swidden cultivating forest dwellers. They call themselves, Orang Rimba, which translates to ‘People of the Jungle’, indicating their dependency and their connectedness with the forest. Over the past decades the Sumatran rainforest have diminished drastically. The homes of thousands of forest dwellers have been devastated and replaced by monoculture oil palm plantations that push Orang Rimba away from their customary land. Development projects, national and international governments, the Non-Governmental Organisation KKI Warsi through initiatives such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) seek to conserve forests and ‘develop peoples’. In the middle of all this Orang Rimba are struggling to keep their eminence as a group who define themselves in contrast to ‘others’, people of the ‘outside’. The core question this thesis asks is how physical changes in the environment have affected Orang Rimba of Bukit Duabelas and their perceptions of the world. It answers the question by going through Orang Rimba ‘now and then’, drawing mainly on the works of Steven Sager (2008) and Øyvind Sandbukt (1984, 1988, 2000 and in conversation) as well as other comparable literature to compare. It proves that Orang Rimba have moved from being a group almost completely isolated from the world outside the forest to a group in nearly daily contact with ‘the outside’ dependent on foods, trading partners and the monetary economy represented by the outside. Their significant adat customary system however, reveals that women play a significant role in Orang Rimba’s success not to assimilate into major society. Simultaneously, their traditional practices are daily challenged by outside influences. This thesis goes through the changes and challenges, and adjustments Orang Rimba face in a world that is physically changing through deforestation, and socially changing through increased interaction with ‘others’. It concludes that despite changes, Orang Rimba have managed to keep their sense of belonging in the forest, where the majority have interest in keeping it intact. Keywords: Matrilineality, deforestation, animism, forest-dwellers, customs, spirituality, onto-praxis, cosmology, perception, belonging, separation, boundaries, change. V VI Acknowledgement The people who have helped me the last two years completing this thesis are many. First of all I must thank my supervisor Signe Howell for guidance and support throughout a two year-process that resulted in this thesis. Your passion, engagement, and firm hand encouraged me from start to end. Then there is Øyvind Sandbukt for the nights and days of sharing stories, experience and mutual enthusiasm when I was in the field. I thank my lovely friends and informants in Bukit Duabelas for opening your homes and hearts, for keeping me alive and for giving me more than I can ever give back. Warsi, and all my friends in Warsi, for helping me get in contact with Orang Rimba and for being there whenever I needed you: For you who opened your homes to me and shared your life and stories with me. A special thank you to Elna Bastiansen for support and friendship, to Lena Groß, Geetika Nautiyal, and particularly my invaluable sister, Enid Josefine Venåsen Berta for comments and support. I thank “REDD in Comparative Perspective: Local and National Governance Issues” through Signe Howell and Desmond McNeill, and the collaboration with UGM (Universitas Gadjah Mada) for seminars, workshops, guidance and sharing of experiences, and the Norwegian Embassy in Jakarta for funding. Thank you also to Cultures of Biodiversity: Perceptions and Practices (CUBI) and the Department of Social Anthropology, Oslo (SAI) for financial support and an interesting anthropological network. Finally thanks to those who inspired me to go through with this project: The Anthropologists before me, and my mother and sister for always supporting all my choices in life. To everyone at the department of anthropology both in Yogyakarta and University of Oslo, fellow students and colleagues, thank you for encouragement, sharing experiences, worries and countless coffees. Anne Erita Venåsen Berta, Oslo, May 2014 VII VIII Table of Contents “PEOPLE OF THE JUNGLE” III Abstract V Acknowledgement VII 1 Changing environments and the people in them 1 Orang Rimba perceptions of the world 1 Why – REDD, minorities and environmental challenges 4 Where - Indonesia, Sumatra, Jambi, Bukit Duabelas 6 Who – Orang Rimba 9 How - Methods, challenges and possible gaps 13 What to expect 21 2 Warsi – The ‘heroes’? 23 Funding 24 Achievements 26 Organisation of Warsi - Who are Orang Warsi 35 Ignorance and communication problems 36 With the will to improve 42 3 Adat – an encompassing concept 43 The four above and the four below – Adat laws 45 Melanggun (nomadism following a death) 48 Separation - outside and inside 50 Spirits and animism - Adat as ‘religion’ 53 Achieving Adat - Three main levels 59 Kinship - Gender upside down 64 Social organisation – Equality and segmentary structures 74 Returning to Adat – It is adat that binds the society together 77 4 Ancient knowledge, current problems 79 Ancient knowledge, current problems - A case 82 Cosmology, multiple worlds and animism 84 IX Masuk mimpi - Entering dreams 88 Boundaries that matter 90 Negotiated boundaries 92 5 Die with the forest or live on without it? 97 Coping with physical changes in the landscape 97 Resilience 98 In-between-ness 100 Signs of slow assimilation 102 Can REDD save Bukit Duabelas and Orang Rimba? 104 Appendix 111 References 113 Table of Figures Figure 1. Forest cover loss Indonesia 2000-2012 5 Figure 2. Map of Orang Rimba settlement 10 Figure 3. Orang Rimba interviewed at the memorial of Yusak, March 2013. 28 Figure 4 (TNBD) Bukit Duabelas National Park 32 Figure 5. The eight branches of laws 46 Figure 6. Sekolah Rimba (the Jungle School) 48 Figure 7. Example of Orang Rimba Settlement pattern (Four camps, one settlement) 73 Figure 8. Adat 75 Figure 9. Segmentary structures 77 Figure 10. Traditional rubber plantation with processing station in Bukit Duabelas National park 106 X 1 Changing environments and the people in them Orang Rimba perceptions of the world «I stumble along the slippery, narrow path as I try to keep up with my companions. It is too early in the day for the sun to have dried up the ground after a night of rain. I concentrate to hold on to my flip-flops with my toes as the muddy ground attempts to absorb them. The crowd of young men and boys are barefoot or just more skilled than me, and they do not even slip as we walk down the steep hill to the tree we are heading for. Our mission is Benton; a fruit I was told is exclusive to Bukit Duabelas. At the bottom of the hill, we have to cross a small river before we arrive at the tree. I admit defeat and get rid of the annoying flip-flops before entering the muddy soil that forms the river floor. Everyone but me is unaffected by the mud, dirt and slipperiness of the landscape. They agree that Adik will climb the tree. I am still trying to cross the river. He climbs the tree and most of the others climb another tree – just for fun. Me, being the only one on the ground, Adik continuously orders me to move here and there to avoid getting a branch in my head. I understand why the others climbed that other tree. After a while of cutting loose large branches from the Benton tree, Adik climbs down and we all work together to gather the fruits and fill them in a large backpack. As we work and struggle to bring down one of the branches that is stuck on a smaller tree, I wonder how anyone could describe Orang Rimba as being concerned about protecting the forest. I have just witnessed a young man cutting several meters long branches of a valuable fruit tree just to get the fruits that grow on them. How long will it take the branches to grow back to that size? Will they ever grow back? How will next years’ harvest from this tree be, when we have cut off many of its branches? Disappointed and a bit worried I walk back to the camp where eager friends are waiting to cook and eat the goods we bring.» (Excerpts from field notes March 2013) 1 The ‘Benton’ story is just one of many incidents that I interpreted as ignorance of the value of the forest, while simultaneously acknowledging Orang Rimba’s excellent skills. Before going to the field, I had heard somewhere that Orang Rimba had an animistic cosmology and that they carefully respect all forms of life, not taking anything without giving something back. When I arrived, I saw ignorance and carelessness. The questions repeating itself in my early field notes were: ‘Why?’ How have physical changes in the environment affected Orang Rimba1 perceptions of the world, is the foundational question this thesis asks. In the field, I found that the physical changes in the environment – both the political, physical and social environment – have affected Orang Rimba perceptions of the world. In the past all Orang Rimba strived to be isolated whereas today it is mainly the women who are ‘isolated’.
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