DOCSLIB.ORG

Comdeks Case Study Semau Island Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comdeks Case Study Semau Island Indonesia COMDEKS CASE STUDY SEMAU ISLAND INDONESIA Japan Biodiversity Fund COMDEKS CASE STUDY : SEMAU ISLAND INDONESIA PROCESS Institute is an institution that focuses on research, monitoring and evaluation, training, and facilitating services using data and visual display for environmental issues and natural resource management. PROCESS stands for pro to conservation, environment, social justice and sustainability. PROCESS Institute aims to produce accountable and qualified results of research and evaluation that can be well accepted and understood by partners and public, as well as providing training and facilitating services for various organisations both government agencies, non-governmental institutions and companies. Project Team : 1. Ery Damayanti (Project Coordinator) 2. Nur Hidayati (Facilitator) 3. Katrun Nada Danielsson (Facilitator) 4. Ramadian Bachtiar (Video Director, Camera Person) 5. Sarie Wahyuni (Facilitator, Administration Assistant) 6. Adipati Cakraningrat (Layout Designer) Photo Contributors :Ery Damayanti, Ramadian Bachtiar, Sarie Wahyuni, Hamzah Almuhadzdzib, Bingkai Foundation 2 COMDEKS CASE STUDY : SEMAU ISLAND INDONESIA COMDEKS CASE STUDY : SEMAU ISLAND INDONESIA 3 Contents summary 4 section 1 Landscape Background and Context 6 section 2 Baseline Assessments (ex-ante and ex-post) and Community Consultations 10 Semau Island in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara Significant changes were experienced by the communities involved in section 3 COMDEKS Country Programme Landscape Strategies 21 Province was selected as the target seascape for the activities the fresh water provision, organic farming and biogas stove projects. of the COMDEKS (Community Development and Knowledge Production forest development as a way to repair water catchment Management for the Satoyama Initiative Project) Country was still in its initial stages. Results were not yet evident from seaweed section 4 Key Activities and Innovations 25 Programme. Semau Island was selected based on the consideration farming and post-harvest development as well as mangrove planting. that it is an island separate from the mainland. The island also Non-intensive facilitation in seaweed and mangrove development is represents a highly vulnerable area with potential impacts from attributed as one of the causes. section 5 Key Results and Innovations 38 climate change and extreme weather on its agriculture given the limited fresh water and thin soil layer in karst dominated terrain. The project achievements produced in 1.5 years has the potential Furthermore, the island is rich in terrestrial, coastal, and marine for replication and further development. Therefore the role of local section 6 Challenges 46 biodiversity. government cannot be ignored, and dialogs with village, sub-district and district governments are needed to build commitment for project The COMDEKS Project in Semau Island is an example of sustainability so that it can be replicated and extended to other villagers section 7 Sustainability 52 management that combines several SGP focal areas, namely who were not involved in the previous project. A funding mechanism by the community for the community must be developed, such as arisan biodiversity, climate change, renewable energy and land Replication and Upscaling degradation. In addition, the Semau Island project can become an or rotating savings and credit groups to purchase agriculture and section 8 54 example of comprehensive management for four focal SGP areas seaweed farming inputs or fresh water facilities as needed. based on socio-ecological production landscapes (SEPL), through the use of four interconnected landscapes: (1) ecosystem and With regard to extending knowledge and expertise, facilitating NGOs section 9 Lessons Learned 58 biodiversity protection; (2) agriculture diversity; (3) knowledge, must immediately undertake efforts to connect communities, develop learning and innovation; and (4) social and infrastructure justice. communication forum and inter-learning among communities, to encourage inclusive capacity building among the entire Semau section 10 Recommendations and way forward 62 This project was implemented in 10 villages in two sub-districts in Islanders. The involvement of women in these groups will contribute to Semau Island, namely Semau and South Semau Sub-districts. In the project success. During the final assessment several women group general, it can be said that the communities involved in the project initiatives were observed which can be facilitated by local government activities experienced good results and significant changes from to carry out backyard farming, create organic fertilizers and harvest this project based on the four aforementioned SEPL dimensions. product processing to generate additional economic value. 4 COMDEKS CASE STUDY : SEMAU ISLAND INDONESIA COMDEKS CASE STUDY : SEMAU ISLAND INDONESIA 5 The island is regarded to represent the characteristics of small activities and the potential for program collaboration. islands isolated from mainland with high vulnerability due climate Section 1: change impacts such as extreme weather, agriculture with limited Production activities in Semau greatly influence the community’s freshwater supply and thin soil layer dominated by karst rocks. food security. Community production greatly relies on nature, such as seasons. In addition to seasons, production in Semau depends Landscape The island is administratively situated in Kupang District, East on the work and roles of various elements of the community, Nusa Tenggara Province. Semau Island directly borders Sawu namely farmers, fishermen, seaweed farmers, women, youth, clan Background and Sea in the south, west and north, and borders the Semau Strait, an leaders, landowners (tuan tanah), landowners for areas in which international sea lane, to the east. On the south of Semau Island there are water sources (tuan air), collectors, village officials, lies Rote Island (Rote Ndao District), with Pukuafu Strait between church officials, and land and sea transportation operators. The Context the two islands. Semau Island can be accessed by sea from Tenau Government, in this case Village, Sub-District, District, Province Port in Kupang which takes 30-45 minutes by motor boat and and Central Governments (through their local programs) as well approximately 18 minutes by ferry boat. as numerous non-government organizations play important emau Island was the site selected roles in influencing community’s food security. The Ministries of Based on preliminary mapping and consultation with community, Agriculture, Marine Affairs and Fisheries, as well as Environment by the COMDEKS program in it was concluded that limited water sources, limited knowledge and and Forestry are the branches of the central government with SIndonesia through multi-stakeholder innovations in terrestrial and marine culture systems, increased interests in Semau Island. consultation process. Semau Island was chemical use for agriculture, and the threat of the reduction of clan selected as a seascape target for COMDEKS forest are the main issues to be addressed by COMDEKS program Nearly all communities in Semau Island have farmlands. The Country Programme in Indonesia. This in this island. Consultation was done with local communities, few who do not own land are usually newcomers from outside of village and sub-district government, district government, and Semau. However, many of those who came from outside Semau 265 square kilometer island is an example other national stakeholders to gain inputs for strategy, selected owned land given or purchased from clans. Nearly all of the Coast of management which combines several of Semau Island is part of the Marine Nature Recreational Park FGP focal areas including biodiversity, managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, while climate change, renewable energy, and part of the south/southeast waters are part of the Sawu Marine land degradation. In addition, the Semau National Park managed by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF). It can be said that the Ministry of Agriculture Island project can become an example plays the most critical role along with the Kupang District of comprehensive management for four Government because agriculture has supported the lives of the focal SGP areas using four interconnected Semau Islanders for generations. Among the communities, the dimensions: (1) ecosystem and biodiversity tuan tanah (Land Owners), tuan air (Water Owners) and farmers protection; (2) agriculture diversity; (3) (both land-based farmers as well as seaweed farmers) are the main actors in determining the success of COMDEKS program. knowledge, learning and innovation; and (4) social and infrastructure justice. Based on Bingkai Indonesia’s assessment which gave birth to the CPLS Strategy in Indonesia, COMDEKS in Semau Island was then developed together with several NGOs from various expertise in Kupang. These NGOs then formed the COMDEKS Program Coalition to implement COMDEKS program in Semau. 6 COMDEKS CASE STUDY : SEMAU ISLAND INDONESIA COMDEKS CASE STUDY : SEMAU ISLAND INDONESIA 7 through an agreement between the landowner and the harvest product or monetary payment that do not burden the farmers. sharecropper and is determined when the farmer makes a request Land in Semau is distributed as clan lands which are managed by each to the landowner to work a certain plot of land. This request is clan. Clan land applies all the way to the coastline area. Therefore called Hol Hela Tamata, or
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appell, GN 1986 Kayan Land Tenure and the Distribution of Devolvable
    - 119 - Appell, G. N. 1986 Kayan Land Tenure and the Distribution of Devolvable Usufruct in Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin 18:119-30. KAYAN LAND TENURE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF DEVOLVABLE USUFRUCT IN BORNEO G. N. Appell Brandeis University INTRODUCTION The literature on land tenure among the indigenous peoples of Borneo perpetuates an error with regard to the Kayan system of land tenure. It is stated that among the Kayan no devolvable usufructary rights are created by the clearing of primary forest (e.g. Rousseau 1977:136) and that the Kayan land tenure system is, therefore, like that of the Rungus of Sabah. However, according to my field inquiries the Kayan and Rungus have radically different systems of land tenure. In correcting this misapprehension it will be necessary to review the status of research on land tenure in Borneo and pose critical questions for further research.1 THE TYPES OF LAND TENURE SYSTEMS IN THE SWIDDEN SOCIETIES OF BORNEO There are two basic types of land tenure systems found in those societies practicing swidden agriculture (see Appell 1971a). First, there is what I term "the circulating usufruct system"; and second, there is what I call "the devolvable usufruct system" (See Appell 1971b).2 In the system of circulating usufruct, once a swidden area has reverted to forest, any member of the village may cut the forest again to make a swidden without seeking permission of the previous cultivator. In other words, no devolvable or permanent use rights are established by cutting primary forest. Examples of this type of system may be found among the Rungus (See Appell 1971b, 1976) and the Bulusu' (see Appell 1983a, n.d.).
    [Show full text]
  • Through Central Borneo
    LIBRARY v.. BOOKS BY CARL LUMHOLTZ THKODOH CENTRAL BORNEO NEW TRAILS IN MEXICO AMONG CANNIBALS Ea(k Profuitly llluilraUd CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS THROUGH CENTRAL BORNEO 1. 1>V lutKSi « AKI. J-lMHol,!/. IN IMK HI 1 N<. AN U H THROUGH CENTRAL BORNEO AN ACCOUNT OF TWO YEARS' TRAVEL IN THE LAND OF THE HEAD-HUNTERS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1913 AND 1917 BY ^ i\^ ^'^'' CARL LUMHOLTZ IfEMBER OF THE SOaETY OF SCIENCES OF CHRISTIANIA, NORWAY GOLD MEDALLIST OF THE NORWEGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCTETY ASSOCIE ETRANGER DE LA SOCIETE DE L'ANTHROPOLOGIE DE PARIS, ETC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR AND WITH MAP VOLUME I NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1920 COPYKICBT, IMO. BY CHARLF.'; '^CRIBN'ER'S SONS Publubed Sepcembcr, IMU We may safely affirm that the better specimens of savages are much superior to the lower examples of civilized peoples. Alfred Russel ffallace. PREFACE Ever since my camping life with the aborigines of Queensland, many years ago, it has been my desire to explore New Guinea, the promised land of all who are fond of nature and ambitious to discover fresh secrets. In furtherance of this purpose their Majesties, the King and Queen of Norway, the Norwegian Geographical So- ciety, the Royal Geographical Society of London, and Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, generously assisted me with grants, thus facilitating my efforts to raise the necessary funds. Subscriptions were received in Norway, also from American and English friends, and after purchasing the principal part of my outfit in London, I departed for New York in the au- tumn of 1913, en route for the Dutch Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Eastern Insulindia a Distinct Musical Area? L’Est Insulindien Est-Il Une Aire Musicale Distincte ?
    Archipel Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien 90 | 2015 L’Est insulindien Is Eastern Insulindia a Distinct Musical Area? L’Est insulindien est-il une aire musicale distincte ? Philip Yampolsky Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/373 DOI: 10.4000/archipel.373 ISSN: 2104-3655 Publisher Association Archipel Printed version Date of publication: 15 October 2015 Number of pages: 153-187 ISBN: 978-2-910513-73-3 ISSN: 0044-8613 Electronic reference Philip Yampolsky , « Is Eastern Insulindia a Distinct Musical Area? », Archipel [Online], 90 | 2015, Online since 01 May 2017, connection on 14 November 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/ 373 ; DOI : 10.4000/archipel.373 Association Archipel PHILIP YAMPOLSKY 1 Is Eastern Insulindia a Distinct Musical Area? 1In this paper I attempt to distinguish the music of “eastern Insulindia” from that of other parts of Insulindia.2 Essentially this is an inquiry into certain musical features that are found in eastern Insulindia, together with a survey of where else in Insulindia they are or are not found. It is thus a distribution study, in line with others that have looked at the distribution of musical elements in Indonesia (Kunst 1939), the Philippines (Maceda 1998), Oceania (McLean 1979, 1994, 2014), and the region peripheral to the South China Sea (Revel 2013). With the exception of McLean, these studies have focused exclusively on material culture, namely musical instruments, tracing their geographical distribution and the vernacular terms associated with them. The aim has been to reveal cultural continuities and discontinuities and propose hypotheses about prehistoric settlement and culture contact in Insulindia and Oceania.
    [Show full text]
  • “People of the Jungle”
    “PEOPLE OF THE JUNGLE” Adat, Women and Change among Orang Rimba Anne Erita Venåsen Berta Master thesis submitted to the Department of Social Anthropology UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May 2014 II “PEOPLE OF THE JUNGLE” Adat, Women and Change among Orang Rimba Anne Erita Venåsen Berta III © Anne Erita Venåsen Berta 2014 “People of the Jungle”: Adat, Women and Change among Orang Rimba Anne Erita Venåsen Berta http://www.duo.uio.no Print: Reprosentralen, University of Oslo IV Abstract In a small national park in the Jambi province of Sumatra, Indonesia lives Orang Rimba. A group of matrilineal, animist, hunter-gather and occasional swidden cultivating forest dwellers. They call themselves, Orang Rimba, which translates to ‘People of the Jungle’, indicating their dependency and their connectedness with the forest. Over the past decades the Sumatran rainforest have diminished drastically. The homes of thousands of forest dwellers have been devastated and replaced by monoculture oil palm plantations that push Orang Rimba away from their customary land. Development projects, national and international governments, the Non-Governmental Organisation KKI Warsi through initiatives such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) seek to conserve forests and ‘develop peoples’. In the middle of all this Orang Rimba are struggling to keep their eminence as a group who define themselves in contrast to ‘others’, people of the ‘outside’. The core question this thesis asks is how physical changes in the environment have affected Orang Rimba of Bukit Duabelas and their perceptions of the world. It answers the question by going through Orang Rimba ‘now and then’, drawing mainly on the works of Steven Sager (2008) and Øyvind Sandbukt (1984, 1988, 2000 and in conversation) as well as other comparable literature to compare.
    [Show full text]
  • Water in the Study of Southeast Asia
    KEMANUSIAAN Vol. 25, Supp. 1, (2018), 21–38 Water in the Study of Southeast Asia LEONARD Y. ANDAYA Department of History, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822, USA [email protected] Published online: 20 December 2018 To cite this article: Andaya, L.Y. 2018. Water in the study of Southeast Asia. KEMANUSIAAN the Asian Journal of Humanities 25(Supp. 1): 21–38, https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2018.25.s1.2 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2018.25.s1.2 Abstract. This paper advocates the use of a water perspective in the study of Southeast Asia. Such a perspective, it is argued, is multidimensional and complex, and incorporates an understanding of the physical characteristics of water, the transformations it undergoes through human intervention, and the sociocultural meaning that is applied to it by individual human communities. Moreover, water is a generic term that refers to a variety of types (salt, fresh, brackish, land-water) and forms (oceans, seas, straits, estuaries, rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, canals). By citing examples across the world, this paper proposes the study of the differing combinations of types and forms of water in order to gain a greater precision of its role in Southeast Asia. At the heart of the water approach is the understanding that a body water should be studied as an equal partner to the human community. By examining the dynamic interaction of these two elements, important connectivities and new spatialisations based on water could greatly enhance our understanding of society.
    [Show full text]
  • BRITISH and DUTCH PERCEPTIONS of CANNIBALISM in BORNEO, 1882-1964 Adrienne Smith
    CONTIBUTOR BIO ADRIENNE SMITH is pursuing a Bachelor of Arts in History with a minor in Women and Gender Studies at California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo. She is particu- larly interested in modern Latin American and Middle Eastern studies. Adrienne is from the central coast of California, and in her free time enjoys spending time with family and friends, going to concerts, reading comic books, eating tacos, and traveling. 118 BRITISH AND DUTCH PERCEPTIONS OF CANNIBALISM IN BORNEO, 1882-1964 Adrienne Smith During Europe’s quest for direct control of Borneo from 1882-1964, British and Dutch explorers penetrated Borneo’s interior to establish colonies. Ex- plorers witnessed elaborate cannibalistic ceremonies. Some Europeans where excited by the existence of cannibals, others used the indigenous tribes’ canni- balistic customs to dehumanize them. This paper asks how British and Dutch travelers viewed cannibalism in Borneo, and why? I will argue that from 1882- 1964 British and Dutch perceptions of cannibalism in Borneo generated ex- ploration, while creating a stigma toward the indigenous people. My research required the use of travelogues in order to reach a better un- derstanding of the European perception of Southeast Asia. Travelogues provide a first-hand account of what colonizers experienced during their attempts to establish colonial rule over the East. The benefit of using travelogues is their representation of European knowledge as a whole during imperialism. The disadvantage of using travelogues, however, is they only focus on European interpretation. The examination of multiple historical approaches gives a better under- standing of Europe’s perceptions of Southeast Asian culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea Voorstellen DEF.Indd 1 11-01-12 14:01 LORDS of the LAND, LORDS of the SEA
    Lords of the land, lords sea Lords of the land, lords of the sea 1600-1800 and adaptation in early colonial Timor, Conflict Conflict and adaptation in early colonial Timor, 1600-1800 European traders and soldiers established a foothold on Timor in the course of the seventeenth century, motivated by the quest for the commercially vital sandalwood and the intense competition between the Dutch and the Portuguese. Lords of the land, lords of the sea focuses on two centuries of contacts between the indigenous polities on Timor and the early colonials, and covers the period 1600-1800. In contrast with most previous studies, the book treats Timor as a historical region in its own right, using a wide array of Dutch, Portuguese and other original sources, which are compared with the comprehensive corpus of oral tradition recorded on the island. From this rich material, a lively picture emerges of life and death in early Timorese society, the forms of trade, slavery, warfare, alliances, social life. The investigation demonstrates that the European groups, although having a role as ordering political forces, were only part of the political landscape of Timor. They relied on alliances where the distinction between ally and vassal was moot, and led to frequent conflicts and uprisings. During a slow and complicated process, the often turbulent political conditions involving Europeans, Eurasians, and Hans Hägerdal Timorese polities, paved the way for the later division of Timor into two spheres of roughly equal size. Hans Hägerdal (1960) is a Senior Lecturer in History at the Linnaeus University, Sweden. He has written extensively on East and Southeast Asian history.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Science Research and Conservation Management in the Interior of Borneo Unravelling Past and Present Interactions of People and Forests
    SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND CONSER The Culture & Conservation Research Program in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan, constituted a unique interdisciplinary engagement in central Borneo that lasted for six years (1991-97). Based on original ethnographic, ecological, and historical data, this volume comprehensively describes the people and the environment of this region and makes MANAGEMENT VATION IN THE INTERIOR OF BORNEO a rare contribution to the understanding of past and present interactions between people and forests in central Borneo. Kayan Mentarang has thus become one of the ethnographically best known protected areas in Southeast Asia. By pointing at the interface between research and forest management, this book offers tools for easing the antagonism between applied and scholarly research, and building much needed connections across fields of knowledge. ISBN 979-3361-02-6 Unravelling past and present interactions of people and forests Edited by Cristina Eghenter, Bernard Sellato Cristina Eghenter, and G. Simon Devung Editors Cristina Eghenter Bernard Sellato G. Simon Devung COVER Selato final 1 6/12/03, 1:20 AM Social Science Research and Conservation Management in the Interior of Borneo Unravelling past and present interactions of people and forests Editors Cristina Eghenter Bernard Sellato G. Simon Devung 00 TOC selato May28.p65 1 6/11/03, 11:53 AM © 2003 by CIFOR, WWF Indonesia, UNESCO and Ford Foundation All rights reserved. Published in 2003 Printed by Indonesia Printer, Indonesia WWF Indonesia holds the copyright to the research upon which this book is based. The book has been published with financial support from UNESCO through its MAB Programme. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Delivery of Land Rights to Land for Development of Public Interest in Kupang City
    International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 21, Issue 5 (April) ISSN 2289-1552 2020 DELIVERY OF LAND RIGHTS TO LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC INTEREST IN KUPANG CITY Umbu Lily Pekuwali ABSTRACT This paper emphasizes the polemic on the land phenomenon with the label of customary rights which is always a problem in Kupang City. Before there was a surrender of development in the public interest nobody questioned the existence of customary rights. However, after the surrender of the land for development in the public interest there are still parties in the name of ownership of customary rights in order to question ownership of their customary rights. This paper highlights the main problem studied in the form of how the surrender of customary rights over land for development in the public interest? and why is there a polemic on customary land rights for development in the public interest in Kupang City? The method used in this study includes nominative juridical research and empirical legal research in which the writer studies and analyzes it qualitatively. Research results show that the transfer of customary rights to land is done in a final manner between the holders of customary rights to land both communally (ulayat) and individually. However, the surrender was not followed by written evidence so that it was customary to apply immediately. So that the customary rights of the people of Kupang City over the relevant customary law land has been completed after the city of Kupang was formed. So that the customary tenure rights to land no longer exist.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Kupang and the Five Loyal Allies, 1658-1700S |
    6 Kupang and the fi ve loyal allies, 1658-1700s the formation of the five allies The Dutch post in Kupang was typical of the fortified trading offices that dotted the map of maritime Southeast Asia. It was a coastal stronghold situated by a river, which had an inter-dependent relationship with the local inhabitants populating the hinterland. A fortress strong enough to deter local adversaries housed a rudimentary administration staff that attempted to follow the statutes and orders from Batavia as well as it could, considering the limited resources available. The commander, or opperhoofd, headed a council consisting of four trusted Dutchmen, and managed both the administrative and purely commercial affairs. The commercial side of his duties was accentuated by the fact that along with his position as opperhoofd, he was also onderkoopman (under-merchant). The opperhoofden were normally appointed by Batavia, and for the most part were people with no previous experience of Timor. However, mortality rates were high at this distant post as there were illnesses from which the Dutchmen were unable to protect themselves. Many opperhoofden died in office after a few years or even months, and were succeeded by a locally residing Dutchman, the second in command, on a temporary basis. All this did little to foster continuity in Fort Concordia, whose soldiers could usually be counted in numbers of two digits. Rather, such continuity would be found among the allied princes on Timor and Solor. In line with the usual lines of development for VOC offices, a small settlement slowly evolved around Fort Concordia, which hardly seemed to merit the name ‘town’ until late in the eighteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia COMDEKS Country Strategy
    Country Programme Seascape Strategy For Community Development and Knowledge Management (COMDEKS) Indonesia Prepared by: P. Raja Siregar, Ery Damayanti, Pantoro Tri Kuswardono, Sofyan, Ina Nisrina TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Priority Area ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. Situation Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Community Resilience Assessment ........................................................................... 7 2.2. Issues and Threats in Semau Island …………........................................................... 9 2.3.Social – Economic Conditions ....................................................................................... 9 2.4.Stakeholder Analysis ........................................................................................................ 10 3. Seascape Strategy ...…………………………………………...….................................................. 12 3.1. CPLS Indonesia .......……………………………………………............................................. 12 3.2. CPLS Indonesia Planning and Implementation 14 Process Strategy ................................................................................................................. 4. Typology of Potential Community-based Projects
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Establishments and Clashes, 1641-1658
    4 Establishments and clashes, 1641-1658 makassarese inroads, portuguese responses The dual kingdom of Gowa and Tallo’, commonly known as Makassar, developed as a major power in South Sulawesi during the sixteenth century. Through contacts with Malay merchants, an archipelago-wide network was forged that had both commercially and politically impor- tant implications. At the same time, a hierarchy of titles and positions developed, which created the basis for an expansive early state. Some authors have gone so far as to say that early Makassar turned into a bureaucratic state with centralized institutions, yet this is hotly debated (Cummings 2007:5, 9). At any rate, its political and commercial influ- ence greatly increased in the seventeenth century, especially after the adoption of Islam in 1605. Islam provided an ideological rationale for taking military action against pagan territories, by way of reference to the classic juridical juxtaposition of the House of Islam and the House of War.1 There was supposedly a latent state of conflict between those lands under Muslim rule, and those lands that were not, hence providing a degree of legitimacy for military conquest. In 1602, Makassarese squadrons operated from the islands of Flores and Solor, making an unsuccessful request for tributes to be paid by the Solorese in 1613. The fact that kingdoms on Sulawesi had an early interest in the Solor-Timor area is also illustrated by the role of Buton, whose sultan formed an alliance with the VOC in order to take control of the Portuguese fort on Solor in 1613. Makassarese, Javanese and other Asian ships are known to have visited Timor and Maluku over the next decades, sometimes being hunted down and captured by the maritime 1 Noorduyn 1987:314.
    [Show full text]