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Rainforest Foundation Annual Report 2009

Contents

FROM THE DIRECTOR

4–5

LATIN AMERICA

the amazon

6–7

7

no Borders Brazil and peru paraguay, Bolivia, Venezuela, ecuador

8–9
10–11

ASIA

southeast asia Malaysia

12 13

indonesia papua/new Guinea

14–15 16–17

AFRICA

Central africa

18 dR Congo

18–19

CLIMATE
20–21
POLICY AND PROMOTION 20TH ANNIVERSARY
22 23 25 25 27
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 24 ADMINISTRATION

––

FUNDING AND SUPPORTERS ACCOUNTS
2
28
–31

The Rainforest Foundation

the Rainforest foundation fights to preserve the world’s rain forests and ensure the rights of indigenous peoples, in cooperation with local indigenous and environmental organizations in southeast asia, Central africa and the amazon. in norway we work on raising awareness about the rainforest and preventing norwegian politics and business interests from contributing to its destruction.

the Rainforest foundation was founded in 1989.
We are a part of the international network Rainforest foundation, with sister organizations in the us and the uK. project support is financed by public authorities, the annual school project «operation day’s Work», private donors and sponsors.

five norwegian organizations are members: earth norway, nature and Youth, the children’s environmental organization «eco-agents», the development fund and the future in our Hands.

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RainfoRest foundation annual RepoRt 2009
RainfoRest foundation annual RepoRt 2009 3

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 9

F R O M T H E D I R E C T O R

A global player with solid local contact

Director for

»

vENEZuEla

the Rainforest Foundation, Lars Løvold

»

Malaysia

»

»

  • ECuaDoR
  • DRC

Twenty years have passed since the musician Sting and the Indian leader Raoni visited Oslo with their appeal to preserve the rainforest and create a major new Indian territory in the Brazilian Amazon. Their visit inspired the forming of what has become one of the most important organizations in Europe for the conservation of the world’s rainforests.

  • »
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  • iNDoNEsia
  • PaPua

NEW GuiNEa

Rainforest:

  • »
  • »

  • BRaZil
  • PERu

Today Originally

»

Bolivia

»

PaRaGuay

researchers, united nations leaders and representatives from the Rainforest foundation’s partner network. the and broad participation from civilian society are essential for long-lasting reductions in deforestation and destruction. Gradually, we have expanded the debate from mere technical discussions of those who destroy – the forests. in order to succeed it is essential for all affected groups to be inv olved in developing and implementing the new plans – especially those who live in and depend on the of the Menkragnoti-Kayapó territory, was the Rainforest foundation’s first victory. since then we have grown considerably. specific results from the past 20 years in the form of protected rainforest territories, indigenous people who stand up and demand their rights, and communities that derive revenues from sustainable forest management demonstrate that it is possible to stop the destruction.

today the Rainforest foundation works in Common conflict the amazon, asia, africa and oceania.

local rainforest activists seized this

over a hundred local partners are

opportunity to learn from the experiences

engaged with us in the ten most impor-

of others. Central here was the importance conference made clear how central the rainforest issue has become in internadifferent national experiences participants tional politics, and the broad credibility

tant rainforest nations. a core principle in of the rainforest to climate, and despite our work from day one has been the

importance of working closely with those joined in a common message to the forest carbon content to include social and rainforest. the Rainforest foundation and recognition that the Rainforest foundation has achieved. economic factors. the foundation’s key issues of 20 years have also gained acceptance in the international climate negotiations. Hardened negotiators have works to promote this through partnerships in many countries. openness, broad participation and full disclosure are necessary to prevent forestry measures

who live in the rainforest if we are to protect it.

world’s climate negotiators: it is essent ial to recognize the rights and role of indigenous peoples and other forest peoples in forest conservation if we are to

The Race for our Climate

the year 2009 should have produced a reduce greenhouse gas emissions from de- new, legally binding climate agreement in

in June 2009 our partners gathered for anniversary celebrations in oslo. t he main event was a three-day gathering of more than fifty representatives from our partner organizations in ten countries. experiences in the struggle to protect the rainforest and ensure rights of forest inhabitants were exchanged across the continents. seldom have so many

had to learn to see the rights of indigenous that benefit only a small elite. it is too early to say that the rainforest has been saved, but never in the course of the foundation’s 20-year history have we had more reason to believe that this will actually be possible. peoples and participatory processes as part

  • of any future climate solution.
  • forestation.
  • Copenhagen in december. We now know

that it did not. But hidden under the collapse of that un summit are nearly

Increased hope through 20 years

it is impossible to say what a future

  • climate agreement will contain. But,
  • Rainforest and climate were also themes

National forestry processes

  • in an open jubilee conference organized in completed partial negotiations, including
  • parallel with sluggish international climate without a doubt, the climate threat has

oslo. speakers included norway’s Minister of the envir onment and international development erik solheim, former the conservation of forests in order to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. the efforts of the Rainforest foundation and its partners in climate negotiations can hardly be ov erestimated. along with our allies we have created recognition that respect for the rights of forest dwellers negotiations, important processes are underway within most forest-rich made rainforest conservation a question that ranks very high on the international political agenda. deforestation in the Brazilian amazon has been reduced by nearly two-thirds within a few years – clear proof that change is possible. sting and Raoni’s goal from 1989, the creation developing countries. national plans to monitor and preserve forests are being developed. pilot projects have started and new mechanisms have been drafted to reward those who preserve – and punish

“grass-root” rainforest experiences been in one place, requiring simultaneous interpretation in indonesian, french, portuguese, spanish and english.

Brazilian Minister of the environment Marina silva, the head of the un permanent forum on issues for indigenous peoples, leading international forest

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O U R P R O J E C T S A N D P A R T N E R S T H E A M A Z O N

V e n e Z u e l a V e n e Z u e l a

Venezuela has 450,000 km2 of forest, and half of the country’s land area lies within the Amazon region. In the period 2000–2005, 553 km2 of forest disappeared each year.

The Amazon

The Rainforest Foundation began as a campaign to establish the indigenous territory of Menkragnoti in the Brazilian Amazon 20 years ago. Today we have over 50 partners in six nations. In 2009, NOK 50 million was used for work in the Amazon.

Without borders

Large areas of rainforest are threatened by the most ambitious development project in the region’s history, the initiative for the integration of infrastructure in South America (IIRSA).

Rainforest recognizes no national borders, and nor do the threats it is exposed to. A holistic and rights-based administration across borders in the Amazon is the best way to secure the region’s rainforests.

Many Indian groups live in border areas between the nation-states of the region. Each country differs in its policies, and the Rainforest Foundation is involved across-borders to protect large, contiguous forest areas in the Amazon. Nearly 1.5 billion tons of CO2 reaches the atmosphere each year because of forest clearance and burning in the Amazon. This represents approximately 5 percent of world emissions. The greatest threats to the rainforest and the indigenous peoples of the Amazon are cattle farming, industrial agriculture, logging and mineral extraction. These factors often work together. Some 90 percent of deforestation in the Amazon occurs less than 50km from roads.

Of the 42 indigenous groups in Venezuela, with a total of 150,000 people, 24 live in the Amazon region. The Indians formally have good rights, but follow-up is poor.

Through IIRSA the authorities want to facilitate access to the region’s natural resources by linking geographically separated areas throughout South America.

As 90% of deforestation in the Amazon region occurs less than 50km from roads, this can have major consequences. In close cooperation with our partners, we have defined four areas where we will work for sustainable management of contiguous rainforest.
The Amazon represents over half the world’s rainforests and stretches over about 6 million sq. km. in nine countries. About 17% of the Amazon – over 3 times the area of Norway – has been deforested. Around 33 million people live in the Amazon region; an estimated 1.6 million are indigenous people mostly living in the rainforest. Each of the region’s 375 Indian groups has its distinctive culture and social organization, and some 300 different languages are spoken in the Amazon area. Most h ave now also developed their own written language.
In 2007 the Rainforest Foundation, with a grant from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs was able to support projects with such a goal. The aim is that the work will serve as a counterweight to the many powerful forces within each country seeking to exploit the region’s natural resources in ways that damage the rainforest.

The greatest threats are agriculture, hydropower and mining activities.

B R a Z i l

The woVrlde’s lnargeestZrauinfoerelst acountry

contains over 33% of the planet’s remaining rainforest – more than 20 times the land area of Norway. Some 17% of the Brazilian Amazon is already gone; however, Brazil has managed to halve its deforestation since measurements began.

Caracas

e C u a d o R

SlightlyVleses tnhanehZalfuEcueadlora’s land

area is in the Amazon, covered by rainforest. But Ecuador is losing its rainforest at the fast rate of all the

VENEZUELA

The Brazilian Amazon is home to around 300,000 Indians, in 173 ethnic groups. Indigenous territories account for over 20% of the Amazon region. These territories serve as a highly effective barrier against rainforest destruction.

FR. GUIANA

COLOMBIA

Boa vista

Rainforest

Wajapi

AMAPÁ

Yanomami
Rio Negro

RORAIMA

ECUADQOuitRo

Amazonian countries– nearly 400 of its

Belém

roughly 13,000 km2 of rainforest are lost every year.

Manaus

The greatest threats are cattle farming, soy plantations, industrial agriculture and large-scale infrastructure and energy projects.

AMAZONAS

Timbira

MARANHÁO

The greatest threats are oil operations, mining and logging operations.

ACRE

PERU
BRAZIL

Ashaninka

Rio Branco

RONDÔNIA

Yine

lima

Xingu

TOCANTINS
MATO GROSSO

BOLIVIA

pa R a G u aY

Brasilia

B o l i V i a

la paz

Previously, Paraguay was covered by

V e n e Z u e l a

TropicalVforeestnstiell cZovuersemolreathan half

forest. Now it is almost only in the Indian areas that trees remain. In the north-western Chaco region, deforestation increased by 17% from 2008 to 2009. of Bolivia, but between 1990 and 2005 6.5 % disappeared. From 2007, large areas were opened for oil operations.

Rio de Janeiro

THREATENED FOREST: The darkest areas are either deforested or seriously endangered.

São Paulo

asunción

ARGENTINA

One of South America’s poorest countries, Bolivia stands out from other Amazonian countries in that most of its 9,000,000 inhabitants are indigenous people. In the Bolivian Amazon, about 88,000 belong to 25 different Indian groups. In addition, an unknown number of Indians live with no contact with the outside world.

Amazon region. Such maps are an

One Amazon – one map

There are 87,000 Indians in Paraguay, in 20 different groups. Many of them live under difficult conditions, and systematic violations of human rights occur. Almost half the country’s indigenous people have still not had their land rights recognized as the provided for in the Constitution.

important tool in achieving a holistic management of the Amazon. For example, it will be easy to see if a logging or oil concession overlaps a protected area. The Rainforest Foundation funded the map project with grants from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The map can be downloaded from www.raisg.socioambiental.org.
It was a great advance when the network RAISG in 2009 could present the first map ever to display all the indigenous territories and protected areas in the nine Amazon nations. Another map shows the extent of forest destruction and which areas are exposed to various threats.

The Peruvian Amazon is home to around

  • p e R u
  • V e n e Z u e l a

350,000 Indians, with 65 ethnic groups. In addition, there are various groups living without contact with the outside world in the border areas between Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia.
Peru is the second largest rainforest land in the Amazon after Brazil. Between 2000 and 2009, about 1,500 km2 were deforested each year – equal to three times the area of Oslo municipality. In 2009, 75% of Peru’s Amazon region was opened for oil exploration.
Cattle raising, soy farming, logging and agriculture are the greatest threats.
The greatest threats are rapidly expanding oil activities, timber logging and road construction.
The greatest threats are soya and meat production.

The map series gives us a new overview of the serious situation in the

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O U R P R O J E C T S A N D P A R T N E R S T H E A M A Z O N

  • Brazil
  • Peru

Since 1989, the Rainforest Foundation has worked to create Indian territories and protect Indian rights in Brazil. The country has solid environmental legislation, but in 2009 this was under great pressure.

and international understanding and recognition of the vulnerability of indigenous peoples and the rainforest in Peru. Cohesion in the indigenous movement was strengthened in 2009. In Peru in 2009, there was still no law on the right of indigenous peoples to be consulted on matters affecting their territories. Another important result of the work with territory legislation is the creation of a state commission to evaluate and approve proposals for establishing territories for isolated indigenous peoples.

Major confrontations between the in- digenous movement and the Peruvian government characterized our work throughout 2009. Despite constant pressure, our partners have remained well-organized and articulate.

The Rainforest Foundation’s partners in Brazil have worked hard to counter an intense and coordinated attack on environmental legislation from strong property interests in the Congress and their allies in export agriculture, industry and finance. This attack may be seen as a response to the government’s greater degree of actually enforcing environmental laws.

The pressure led to weakening the legislation on several points. Setbacks have included the legalization of land theft in Amazonas, amnesty for illegal forestry operations in the rainforest and less stringent requirements for environmental impact assessment of development projects.
Since 2006, the Government of Peru has tried to speed up the exploitation of natural resources in the Amazon region. This has led to laws and regulations that deprive Indians of traditional rights, while making it easier for oil and mining companies to establish themselves in indigenous areas. What started with a peaceful mobilization ended in June in violent clashes between police and the indigenous movement. The clashes in the town of Bagua led to 108 arrests, 34 dead and over 200 injured. Several indigenous leaders were persecuted by the authorities in the course of the year; and Alberto Pizango, the leader of our partner AIDESEP, has been in exile in Nicaragua since June.

FORMAL TEACHER TRAINING: Education is an important part of the indigenous peoples’ fight for their rights. In 2009 the very first class of Yanomami teachers graduated in Brazil.

middle school level were approved by the government. And in the Acre state the authorities have finally approved a technical education curriculum based on both local and western knowledge. For the first time, indigenous people with such education can participate in formulating management plans for their own territories.

We also achieved important results in efforts to strengthen indigenous organizations. For example, in the course of

2009 FOIRN, ATIX Hutukara and OPIAC

showed that their members can act as political representatives, spokesmen and project managers for indigenous peoples in their own regions. ATIX conducted a successful restructuring process and today stands as a unified representative of Xingu National Park.

that (non-indigenous) farmers operating there had to withdraw. But it also established a range of criteria for the establishment of new territories, which led to a virtual cessation in the recognition of new territories. can receive education in their own language, based on their own culture. In 2009, we saw several breakthroughs. The greatest milestone was when the first-ever group of Yanomami Indians completed formal teacher training. In addition, eight new Yanomami schools have been officially recognized and registered.

Victory for isolated groups

Despite the difficult political situation, we have achieved important results regarding the protection of indigenous people’s rights and recognition of indigenous territories in Peru. During 2009 our partners succeeded, with support from the Rainforest Foundation, in closing two entry rivers in two territories of isolated indigenous peoples for incomers, thanks to manned checkpoints set up in 2008. A new checkpoint was established in 2009.

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    MIGRATION AND lTS ALTERNATIVES AMONG THE IBAN OF SARAWAK VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 98 CHRISTINE PADOCH MIGRATION AND lTS ALTERNATIVES AMONG THE lBAN OF SARAWAK THE HAGUE - MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1982 © Copyright 1982 by Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Leiden, the Netherlands. All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereofin any form Printed in the Netherlands. ISBN 90.247.6183.2 CONTENTS Foreword by Andrew P. Vayda VII Acknowledgements IX Prefatory Note XI Maps 2,4,6 Chapter 1. lntroduction 1 1. Shifting cultivation: Stasis and change 3 2. Change in Iban resource use 9 Chapter 2. A History of Migrations 14 1. Iban migration: An overview 15 2. Iban migration: The Engkari basin 16 3. Iban migration: The Kemena basin 25 4. Iban migration: The Upper Ensebang basin 29 Chapter 3. Land Use and Land Tenure 36 1. Research sites: Physical and biotic characteristics 37 2. Research sites: Land ten ure patterns 43 3. Research sites: Land use patterns 51 Chapter 4. Agricultural Methods, Labor and Yields 60 1. Agricultural methods: Dry land cultivation 63 2. Agricultural methods: Swamp padi cultivation 67 3. Agricultural methods: Input and output 71 Chapter 5. Human Fertility and Population Growth 80 1. Demographic characteristics of censused populations 83 2. Behavioral patterns affecting fertility 91 Chapter 6. Trade and Sources of lncome 106 Chapter 7. Summary and Conc/usions 116 Bibliography 119 FOREWORD Writing a few years ago about the Tsimihety people of Madagascar, the anthropologist, Peter Wilson, noted that they did not seem to have a distinc­ tive way of "going ab out things, at least not a way so weIl defined that it could constitute a sort of ethnographic trademark" .
  • Indonesia: Rollback in the Time of COVID-19

    Indonesia: Rollback in the Time of COVID-19

    Indonesia: Rollback in the Time of COVID-19 Non-Transparent Policy Changes, Continued Neglect and Criminalisation of Indigenous Peoples during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia DISCUSSION PAPER FEBRUARY 2021 Mia Siscawati, Ph.D. | Senior Lecturer, School of Strategic and Global Studies, Universitas Indonesia Cover images Left: Samuel and his son check their fishing net for a catch. Dayak Bahau Busaang indigenous community of Long Isun, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Credit: Angus MacInnes / FPP Right: People of the village, sprayers in hand, lining up to fill their tanks with disinfectant - Dayak Iban from Sungai Utik, Borneo, Indonesia Credit: Kynan Tegar / If Not Us Then Who ROLLBACK IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 1 Foreword The Covid-19 pandemic became a ghost terrifying everybody throughout 2020 and has yet to end. Indonesia is one of the most affected countries in South East Asia. Thousands have lost their lives, and hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of people have lost their job, which will in turn affect those dependent on them. This is not to mention the impacts on those whose lives are completely dependent on land and forests. The report assessing the impacts of the pandemic on indigenous peoples has opened our eyes that when the world is increasingly centered on industrial and urban-centric lives, there are millions of people out there who have been struggling hard to survive on land and forests, even long before the pandemic. They are indigenous peoples living in and around tropical forests – forests that have been sustaining earth’s life. These peoples are the true land and forest defenders.
  • Livelihood Transformations of the Orang Rimba As Tacit Resistance in the Context of Deforestation1

    Livelihood Transformations of the Orang Rimba As Tacit Resistance in the Context of Deforestation1

    Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi E-ISSN : 2599-1078 Livelihood Transformations of the Orang Rimba as Tacit Resistance in the Context of Deforestation1 Adi Prasetijo Program Studi Antropologi, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Diponegoro Semarang Email: [email protected] Abstract The Orang Rimba are one of the hunter-gatherer groups remaining in Sumatra. Their livelihoods are based on managing the forest in which they live. They follow the tradition of natural resource management that is based on non-wood forest products (Ø. Sandbukt, 1988). State policies that focus on economic development since the New Order regime have ultimately affected their lives. Many forest areas and the territories in which they practice nomadism are being converted into plantations, agricultural land, and residential development, which all contribute to the condition of deforestation. State policy also does not favor the Indigenous people. If we look at spatial development in Jambi over the past 25 years, the allocation of land for other uses, such as residences, estates, and physical development, has shown little regard for the indigenous people who live in the forest region. Orang Rimba have no area left in which to roam and continue their lives as traditional hunters and gatherers. Cut off from their cultural roots, they cannot any longer live in accordance with their culture and tradition. As a group, they suffer both physical and socio-cultural displacement. Orang Rimba react to this situation in different ways to transform their livelihoods into a survival mode in order to face the everyday reality of accelerated deforestation. Under these new circumstances, Orang Rimba livelihoods can be regarded as ‘tacit resistance’ or, to use James Scott’s term, a ‘hidden transcript’ of the weapons of the weak(Scott, 1985).

  • Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation, Mitigation and Indigenous Peoples

    a compendium of case studies . odianship indigeno . cust us pe ts ople igh s . r tra an di um tio . h n es al ic k v no er w s l m ed e g t e ys . s h o e c a e l . t y h it . s f r o e v o i d d s l e a c r u u r t i l t u y c . - b o i i o b . d i t v n e e r s m i e t y g a c o n n a s m e t r s v e a r t i o o f n . s . e a c d r a u p o t s a e t i r o r n e t . a s u w s . t a n i o n i t a a b l g i e t i d e m v . e s l o d p o m o e h i n l t e v . i n l a . t s u t r h a g l i r r e d s o n u a l r c . e e g m a a t i n r a e g h e m l a e r n u t t l e u . n c v i r n . o o i n t m c e e t n o t r a l p Advance Guard climate change impacts, adaptation, mitigation and indigenous peoples Kirsty Galloway McLean United Nations University – Institute of Advanced Studies Traditional Knowledge Initiative REFERENCE DETAILS Galloway McLean, Kirsty (2010) Advance Guard: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation, Mitigation and Indigenous Peoples – A Compendium of Case Studies.