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Adaptive Collaborative Management of Community Forests in Asia Experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the Philippines Adaptive Collaborative Management of Community Forests in Asia Experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the Philippines Edited by Robert Fisher, Ravi Prabhu and Cynthia McDougall Adaptive Collaborative Management of Community Forests in Asia Experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the Philippines Edited by Robert Fisher, Ravi Prabhu and Cynthia McDougall Copyright © 2007 by Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved. Published in 2007 This book was designed and typeset by Rifky and Andhika Vega Praputra. It was copyedited by Sally Atwater. Cover photos by Alain Compost and Eva Wollenberg. ISBN 978-979-1412-37-7 Published by: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Mailing address: P.O. Box 0113 BOCBD, Bogor 16000, Indonesia Office address: Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, 16115, Indonesia Tel: +62 (0251) 622622 Fax: +62 (0251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org Contents Foreword ............................................................................................... v About the Contributors .......................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ................................................................................ x Chapter 1. Introduction: People, Forests and the Need for Adaptation............... 1 Robert Fisher, Ravi Prabhu and Cynthia McDougall Chapter 2. Adaptive Collaborative Management: A Conceptual Model ............ 16 Ravi Prabhu, Cynthia McDougall and Robert Fisher Chapter 3. Enhancing Adaptiveness and Collaboration in Community Forestry in Nepal: Reflections from Participatory Action Research ................................. 52 Cynthia McDougall, Hemant Ojha, Raj Kumar Pandey, Mani Ram Banjade and Bishnu Hari Pandit Chapter 4. Shaping Opportunities for Improving Forest Quality and Community Livelihoods in Central Sumatra and East Kalimantan, Indonesia .......................................................... 93 Trikurnianti Kusumanto iv • Contents Contents • PB Chapter 5. Muddling Towards Cooperation: Spontaneous Orders and Shared Learning in Malinau District, Indonesia ................................................................. 134 Eva Wollenberg, Ramses Iwan, Godwin Limberg, Moira Moeliono, Steve Rhee and Made Sudana Chapter 6. Facilitating Change from the Inside: Adaptive Collaborative Management in the Philippines .................... 162 Herlina Hartanto Chapter 7. Discussion and Conclusions ................................................................ 208 Cynthia McDougall, Ravi Prabhu and Robert Fisher Foreword HE EASY ‘solUTions’ OFFERED by centralised resource T management no longer work, and the era of top-down decision making is all but over. Some of the new directions that have been proposed include learning-based approaches in place of set management prescriptions, using a broader range of knowledge (including local and indigenous knowledge), dealing with uncertainty and complexity, and of course the sharing of management power and responsibility. Resource management has become not a search for the optimal solution but an ongoing learning and collaboration process for shared problem solving. Adaptive management is a way of dealing with uncertainty and complexity; collaborative management is about sharing management power and responsibility. Adaptive management and collaborative management have been evolving towards a common ground. Adaptive management, without user collaboration, would become a sterile technocratic process; collaborative management, without a learning loop, eventually withers. In our recent book, Adaptive Co-Management: Collaboration, Learning and Multi-Level Governance (University of British Columbia Press, 2007), we found that time-tested collaborative management necessarily becomes adaptive collaborative management, not only in forestry but in a diversity of resource management areas. For forest-dependent peoples of Southeast Asia and elsewhere, making a living in a rapidly changing, globalised world requires continual learning, adaptation and collaboration. Managing forests in a rapidly changing world also requires a process of deliberate social learning and collaborative vi • Foreword Foreword • PB problem solving. The development of flexible, participatory governance systems that can learn from experience and generate knowledge to cope with change is an important mechanism for adaptation and resilience. In a world characterized by unpredictable shocks and stresses, forest users and managers need alternatives and backup options. Social learning helps generate these options, building resilience in linked systems of forests and people. This volume contributes to a deeper understanding of the issues around deliberate social learning and collaboration, with chapters on four Asian cases. The Center for International Forestry Research is a world leader in this area; CIFOR researchers have been investigating adaptive collaborative management at least since 2000. The cases in this book aim to demonstrate what adaptive collaborative management is and how it can be applied in practice. Fikret Berkes Professor and Canada Research Chair in Community-Based Resource Management University of Manitoba About the Contributors Mani Ram Banjade is a graduate of Wageningen University and Research Center, the Netherlands. He is currently the Theme Leader, Natural Resource Management and Livelihoods, at ForestAction Nepal. He has more than 12 years of experience in community forestry and participatory action research. Robert (Bob) Fisher is an anthropologist specialising in community forestry and community-based natural resource management. Since the late 1980s, when he worked for the then Nepal-Australia Forestry Project, he has worked extensively and written widely in these fields. He was Deputy Director of the Regional Community Forestry Training Center (RECOFTC) in Bangkok from 1997 to 2001. He has a strong interest in action research. He is currently Senior Researcher at the Australian Mekong Resource Centre at the University of Sydney. Herlina Hartanto is completing her Ph.D. in the School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Australia. She was the Country Coordinator of CIFOR’s Adaptive Collaborative Management project in the Philippines. Her major areas of research are criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, collaborative monitoring in community forest management, and adaptability of customary forest institutions. Ramses Iwan has been a Field Researcher at CIFOR since 2001. He is a community member of Setulang Village in Malinau, East Kalimantan. Trikurnianti (Yanti) Kusumanto is an agriculturalist and social science researcher at CIFOR and specialises in social learning and multistakeholder collaboration. She coordinated the Jambi research case study. viii • About the Contributors About the Contributors • ix Godwin Limberg has lived and worked in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, since 1990. He has been a CIFOR field researcher, focusing on governance issues and community rights, since 2000. Prior to joining CIFOR, he worked with the Rio Tinto Foundation, World Wildlife Fund in Kayan Mentarang National Park, Indonesia, and as a volunteer with a local community development organisation. He holds a master’s degree in tropical crop science from Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands. Cynthia McDougall, Senior Associate with CIFOR, is a social scientist who focuses on issues of equity, learning and social change. Her background includes research and/or practice in food security, community forestry, gender and diversity, and experiential education and facilitation. She was the team leader for both phases of CIFOR and partners’ adaptive collaborative management research in Nepal (1999 to 2002 and 2004 to 2007). Moira Moeliono has been a researcher at CIFOR since 2001, looking at national-local policy linkages, policy learning at local level and issues of community involvement in natural resource management. Hemant R. Ojha has conducted research on policy, institutional and cultural aspects of natural resource governance in Nepal as well as internationally. He has conducted extensive theoretical reviews on knowledge, power and governance and published in journals such as Policy and Society, International Development Planning Review, International Journal of Social Economics, Forestry Chronicle and International Forestry Review. Raj Kumar Pandey is a researcher in the field of environment and development. He is currently studying issues related to carbon sequestration as an way to mitigate global climate change. He worked as a field researcher in the adaptive collaborative management projects in Nepal. Bishnu Hari Pandit is an independent Research Consultant, currently working at New ERA in Kathmandu. He graduated with a master’s degree and Ph.D. from the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. He has experience in several fields of study, including adaptive collaborative management, forest enterprise development, project evaluation, natural resource policy and planning, participatory action research, team building and conflict management. He has written several journal articles, conference papers and project reports. Ravi Prabhu is a forester by training. He worked at CIFOR in Indonesia and Zimbabwe from 1994 until 2006, initiating and leading global research on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management and subsequently adaptive collaborative management of forests in Asia and Africa. He is currently the Coordinator
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