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Studies on Spiny Lijbster Fisheryeifsijuth West Coast STUDIES ON SPINY LIJBSTER FISHERY EIF SIJUTH WEST COAST OF INDIA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY K- V. MOHAN RAJAN M. Sc. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES CCCHIN UNIVERSITY CF SCIENCE AND TECHNCLCGY COCHIN - 682 016 1991 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this thesis is an authentic record of research work carried out by Sri.K.V. Mohan Rajan, M.Sc. under my supervision and guidance in the Department of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY and that no part thereof has been submitted for any other degree. Cochin - 682 016 (M. SHAHUL‘-_-”_f____,_._ HAMEED)— Supervising Teacher April, 1991 Dr. M. SHAHUL HAMEED Professor 6: Head of the Department Department of Industrial Fisheries Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin - 682 016. DECLARATION I K.V. Mohan Rajan do hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is the result of my own investigations and neither the thesis nor any part there of has been accepted nor is being submitted for any other degree. All the sources of information have been duly acknowledged. fawfii K.V. MOI-IAN RAJAF ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I record my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.M.Shahu1 Hameed, Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin-682 016, under whose guidance this work has been carried out. I am thankful to Sri.M.R Nair, present Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682 029 and Dr.C.C.Panduranga Rao former Director, for providing necessary facilities for carrying out this study at the Institute. I express my thanks to Sri. P.A. Panicker, Head of the Fishing Technology Division of C.I.F.T. for his valuable support. My thanks are also due to my coIleagues‘Sri.M.R. Boopendranath and Dr.(Smt.) B. Meenakumari for the valuable help and suggestions received during the course of this investigation. I am grateful to Dr.Kesavan Nair and Sri. Krishna Iyer, Principal Scientists of Statistics Division of C.I.F.T. for their help in analysis of the data. I am indebted to several traditional lobster trap fishermen of S.W. coast for willingly and cheerfully carrying out different fishing operations according to my request, amongst whom Sri.Yesudas of Enayam and Sri.Maria John of Kadiapatnam in Kanyakumari district deserve special mention. Support received from Fisheries officials of S.W. Coast of India in gathering information and conducting field studies are acknowledged with thanks. My sense of appreciation and thanks to Dr. K. Ashok Kumar and Sri.K.V. Pauly, Research Scholars of Department of Industrial Fisheries for their help on different occasions. Above all I express my gratitude to my wife Dr.(Mrs.) K.K. Kairaly who shouldered the entire responsibilities of the family, leaving me alone to pursue my research work. I wish to place on record my gratefulness to Indian Council of Agri­ cultural Research. (K. V. MOHAN RAJAN) CONTENTS Page No. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Review of Previous Research 1.2.1 Biological Studies 1.2.2 Studies on Harvest Technology 1.3 Artisanal Fisheries 1.4 Energy Efficient 11 1.5 Scope of the Study 11 CHAPTER [I THE FISHERY 2. 1 Species of Spiny Lobsters 15 2. 1.1 Systematic Position 17 2. 1.2 Characters of Taxonomic Importance 17 .1.3 Order : Decapoda 19 .1.4 Suborder : Reptantia 19 .1.5 Section : Macrura (Palinura) 19 .1.6 Family : Palinuridae 19 .1.7 Genus : Panulirus 20 .1.8 Species, distinctive characters and distribution 20 .1.8.1 Panulirus homarus 21 Page No. 2.1.8.2 Panulirus Enicillatus 22 2.1.8.3 Panulirus longigs 23 2.1.8.4 Panulirus Qlyphagys 24 2.1.8.5 Panulirus ornatus 25 2.1.8.6 Panulirus versicolor 26 2.1.8.7 Puerulus sewelli 27 2.1.8.8 Palinustus mossambicus 28 2.2 Fishing Season 29 2.3 Geographical area 29 2.4 Area of Greater abundance 30 2.5 Landings 30 2.6 Ecological Aspects 32 2.6.1 Physical Features 33 2.6.2 Zonation by depth 35 2.6.3 Effect of turbulence 36 2.6.4 Lunar Periodicity and Catch 37 CHAPTER 1]] PREDATORS, COMPEI‘I'I‘0R.S AND CO-OCCURING SPECIE 3.1 Predators 46 3.1.1 Epinephelus malabaricus 48 3.1.2 Family : Serranidae 49 3.1.3 Family : Muraenidae 49 iii Page No. 3.1.3.1 Lycodontis meleaggis 51 3.1.3.2 Siderea pii 51 3.1.3.3 Echidna nebulosa 51 3.1.4 Class : Cephalopoda 51 3.2 Competitors and Co—occur-ing species 52 3.2.1 Family : Anguillidae 55 3.2.1.1 Angyilla bicolor 55 3.2.2 Family : Muraenosocidae 56 3.2.2.1 Congresox talabonoides 56 3.2.3 Family : Aridae 56 3.2.3.1 =*P_i1J‘3_J'e& 57 3.2.3.2 A. Qlatystomus 57 3.2.3.3 :4: tenuisginis 58 3.2.4 Family : Bothidae 58 3.2.4.1 Pseudorhombus fiii 58 3.2.4.2 E. natalensis 59 3.2.5 Family : Mugilidae 59 3.2.5.1 _.V1_ugi_l dussumieri 60 3.2.5.2 cephalus 60 3.2.6 Family : Mullidae 60 3.2.6.1 Upeneus vittatus 61 3.2.6.2 E. moluccensis 61 3.2.6.3 Paraugeneus indicus 62 iv Page 3.2.7 Family : Scatophagidae 3.2. 7.1 Scatoghagys flgyg 3.2. 8 Family : Ephippidae 63 3.2. 8.1 Eghipus ibig 63 3.2. 9 Family : Gerreidae 63 3.2. 9.1 BE filamentosus 64 3.2.9.2 Q. abbrevatus 64 3.2. 10 Family : Ambassidae 64 3.2. 10.1 Ambassis commersoni 65 3.2. 11 Family : Apogonidae 65 3.2. 11.1 Aagon frenatus 65 3.2. 11.2 Agogon endekataenia 66 3.2. 12.‘ Family : Balistidae 66 3.2. 12.1 Balistes maculatus 67 3.2. 12.2 Balistes mitis 67 3.2. 12.3 Balistes stellatus 67 3.2. 13 Family : Belonidae 68 3.2. 13.1 Belone strongylura 68 3.2. 14 Family : Carangidae 69 3.2. 14.1 Caranx malabaricus 69 3.2. 14.2 Alectis indicus 70 3.2. 15 Family : Clupeidae 70 3.2. 15.1 Anodontostoma chacunda 71 3.2. 15.2 Nematalosa nasus 71 Page No. 3.2.16 Family : Muraenidae 71 3.2.17 Family : Plotosidae 72 3.2.17.1 Plotosus Lula 72 3.2.17.2 Plotosus Lb 73 3.2.18 Family : Monodactylidae 73 3.2.18.1 Monodactylus falciformis 73 3.2.18.2 Monodactylus argenteus 74 3.2.19 Family : Diodontidae 74 3.2.19.1 Diodon hystrix 74 3.2.19.2 Chilomycterus reticulatus 75 3.2.19.3 Chilomycterus orbicularis 75 3.2.20 Family : Drepanidae 75 3.2.20.1 Dregane Eunctata 76 3.2.21 Family : Engraulidae 76 3.2.21.1 Stoleghorus indicus 77 3.2.21.2 Stolephorus commersonii 77 3.2.21.3 Thryssa malabarica 77 3.2.21.4 Thryssa rnystax 78 3.2.21.5 78 3.2.22 Family : Hemiramphidae 78 3.2.22.1 Hemiramphus lutkei 79 3.2.22.2 Hemiramphus archipelagicus 79 3.2.23 Family : Leiognathidae 79 vi Page No. 3.2.23.1 Gazza minuta 80 3.2.23.2 Leiognathus dussumieri 80 3.2.23.3 Leiognathus splendens 81 3.2.24 Family : Platycephalidae 81 3.2.24.1 Platyceghalus indicus 81 3.2.24.2 Platycephalus crocodila 82 3.2.25 Family : Nemipteridae 82 3.2.25.1 Scolopsis bimaculatus 83 3.2.26 Family : Lutjanidae 83 3.2.26.1 Lutjanus 6 84 3.2.26.2 Lutjanus malabaricus 84 3.2.27 Family : Lethrinidae 85 3.2.27.1 Lethrinus nebulosus 85 3.2.27.2 Lethrinus lentjan 86 3.2.28 Family : Menidae : Menemaculata 86 3.2.29 Family : Serranidae 86 3.2.29.1 Egineghelus tauvina 87 3.2.29.2 Chromileptus altivelis 87 3.2.30 Family : Siganidae 88 3.2.31 Family : Scorpaenidae 88 3.2.31.1 Pterois russellii 89 3.2.32 Family : Sillaginidae 89 3.2.32.1 Sillago sihama 89 vii Page No. 3.2.32.2 _Si_llagg vincenti 90 3.2.33 Family : Soleidae 90 3.2.34 Family : Teraponidae 90 3.2.35 Family : Lactaridae 91 3.2.36 Rays and Skates 91 3.2.36.1 flygfl walga 91 3.2.36.2 92 3.2.37 Sharks 92 3.2.37.1 Chiloscyllium indicum 92 3.2.37.2 Scoliodon sorrakowa 93 3.2.38 Prawns 93 3.2.38.1 Penaeus indicus 94 3.2.38.2 Metapenaeus dobsoni 94 3.2.38.3 Metapenaeus monoceros 95 3.2.39 Crabs 95 3.2.39.1 Portunus sanguinolentus 95 3.2.39.2 Negtunus gelagicus 96 3.2.39.3 Charybdis annulata 96 3.3 Other Faunistic Features 97 3.3.1 Sea weeds 97 3.3.2 Sponges and Corals 97 3.3.3 Molluscan E3 98 3.3.4 Echinoderms 99 viii Page No. CHAPTER IV STUDIES ON BAITS 4.1 Types of baits in lobster fishing 100 4.2 Feeding behaviour 102 4.3 Feeding Rhythm 103 4.4 Experiments with different baits 105 4.4.1 Materials and Methods 105 4.4.2 Endurance of Baits 107 4.4.3 Results and discussions 108 CHAPTER V HARVFST TECHNOLOGY OF SPINY LOBSTERS 5.1 Fishing Gear presently in use 116 5.1.1 Lobster traps 117 5.1.1.1 Traditional traps 118 5.1.1.2 Draw backs of local traps 119 5.1.1.3 Development of new traps 119 Behaviour and its importance 120 Relevant behaviour of spiny lobsters 121 Concept of trap design 122 Selectivity in traps 123 5.1.2 Design and construction 124 5.1.2.1 Materials for traps 125 5.1.2.2 Fishing operations 126 5.1.2.3 Strategy of fishing 127 ix Page No.
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