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En France Dans Une Perspective Européenne École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Histoire et Civilisation Centre d'études sociologiques et politiques Raymond Aron (CESPRA) Doctorat Histoire DAMIEN GUILLAUME Les débuts de l'« agitation antisémitique » en France dans une perspective européenne Contribution à l'histoire de l'antisémitisme Thèse dirigée par: Christophe Prochasson Date de soutenance: 18 décembre 2019 Rapporteurs 1 Bertrand Joly, Université de Nantes 2 Marie-Anne Matard-Bonucci, Université de Paris 8 Jury 1 Bertrand Joly, Université de Nantes 2 Mareike König, Institut historique allemand 3 Marie-Anne Matard-Bonucci, Université de Paris 8 4 Jean-Frédéric Schaub, EHESS 5 Perrine Simon-Nahum, ENS 1 à Alix, Louise et Viorel 2 REMERCIEMENTS Au terme de longues années de recherches, j'ai le plaisir d'adresser mes sinceres remerciements a tous ceux qui m'ont apporté, de pres ou de loin, aide et conseils lors de l'élaboration de cette these de doctorat. Cette gratitude va tout d'abord a Christophe Prochasson, qui a accepté de diriger mes recherches a l'EHESS et m'a ensuite accompagné avec une indéfectible patience. J'adresse également mes remerciements a Mareike König, Bertrand Joly, Marie-Anne Matard-Bonucci, Jean-Frédéric Schaub et Perrine Simon-Nahum pour avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury de these. Que soient tout spécialement remerciés la Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, la Mairie de Paris, le Centre Marc Bloch et le Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst pour les financements par lesquels ils ont bien voulu soutenir mes efforts. Je tiens par ailleurs a exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance a Ulrich Wyrwa, qui m'a introduit au Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung de l'Université Technique de Berlin : les échanges auxquels j'ai eu l'honneur de participer dans le cadre du projet de recherche qu'il y dirigeait avec Werner Bergmann m'ont été d'un apport inestimable et expliquent en grande partie la perspective adoptée dans ces pages. De même, que le New Europe College de Bucarest soit chaleureusement remercié pour son accueil et les moyens mis a ma disposition durant pres d'une année. Enfin, j'ai une pensée toute particuliere pour Emmanuel Delille, Steven Englund, Silvia Marton et surtout Emmanuel Kreis, compagnon de pensée s'il en fût : les discussions sérieuses ne sont jamais aussi fécondes que lorsque s'y mêle l'amitié. 3 RÉSUMÉ ET MOTS CLÉS Les débuts d'une agitation proprement « antisémite » en France (non seulement en 1886 avec la parution de La France juive d'Édouard Drumont mais des le début de la décennie) n'ont guere été considérés par l'historiographie qu'au regard de la situation nationale. Pourtant, ces débuts coïnciderent tres exactement avec divers développements de la « question juive » a l'échelle européenne auxquels les premiers antisémites français firent d'ailleurs abondamment référence. La these se propose d'explorer cette séquence exceptionnelle de quelques années (approximativement 1878-1884) a travers sa réception française et tâche de mettre en évidence sa profondeur historique. L'adoption d'une focale large (ou perspective européenne) permet ainsi de dégager une dynamique de fond qui correspond a l'émergence progressive, tout au long du XIXe siecle, d'une « question juive » considérée par l'ouest du continent comme typiquement est- européenne. À ce titre, le tournant des années 1880 ne fut pas seulement le moment où se fit jour en Allemagne puis ailleurs cette forme d'hostilité antijuive supposée nouvelle et autoproclamée « antisémitique ». Elle fut également – en particulier avec les polémiques sur les juifs de Roumanie lors du congres de Berlin puis l'écho international donné a la vague de pogroms russes de 1881- 1882 – une étape cruciale dans la rencontre de deux hémispheres a la fois géographiques et thématiques de la « question juive ». Ainsi mis en contexte, les débuts de l'agitation antisémite en France ne se limiterent pas a l'émergence d'une forme particulierement radicale d'hostilité antijuive, initiative de quelques polémistes plus ou moins en vue et de structures militantes souvent marginales. Ces débuts confirmerent parallelement l'existence de profondes équivoques chez les tenants d'une approche libérale de la « question juive », c'est-a-dire ceux qui étaient les plus susceptibles de défendre les juifs face aux attaques de leurs ennemis. Mots clés : antisémitisme, Allemagne, Autriche-Hongrie, catholicisme, Congres de Berlin, émancipation, émigration polonaise en France (« Grande Émigration »), France, libéralisme, meurtre rituel, pogroms, Pologne, « question juive », Roumanie, Russie, solidarité juive internationale, Tisza-Eszlar 4 ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS The beginnings of the "anti-Semitic" agitation in France in the 1880s – not only with the publication of Edouard Drumont's La France juive in 1886 but even earlier in the same decade – have been explained above all by national factors in the historiography. Yet, they coincided with various concerns about the "Jewish question" on a European scale, concerns to which the first French anti-Semites were extensively referring in their texts. This PhD thesis explores (in depth) the French reception of a European phenomenon during the span of a few exceptional years (approximately 1878 to 1884). By focusing on the European context this study reveals the gradual emergence, throughout the nineteenth century, of a "Jewish question" considered by the West of the continent as typically Eastern European. As such, the turning point of the 1880s was not only the moment when, first in Germany and then in other countries, this supposedly new form of anti-Jewish hostility arose, which was called by its actors itself "anti-Semitic". These years were also – especially with the controversies over the Jews of Romania at the Congress of Berlin and the international echo given to the wave of pogroms of 1881-1882 in Russia – a crucial step in the confrontation between two hemispheres, both geographical and thematic, of the "Jewish question." Thus put in context, the beginnings of anti-Semitic agitation in France were not limited to the emergence of a particularly radical form of anti-Jewish hostility, initiated by some more or less known polemists or rather marginal groups. These beginnings also confirmed the existence of profoundly equivocal attitudes among proponents of a liberal approach to the "Jewish question," that is to say, those who were most likely to defend the Jews against the attacks of their enemies. Keywords: antisemitism, Austria-Hungary, blood libel, Catholicism, Congress of Berlin, emancipation, France, Germany, international Jewish solidarity, liberalism, polish immigration in France (“Great Emigration”), pogroms, Poland, “Jewish Question”, Romania, Russia, Tisza-Eszlar 5 TABLE DES MATIÈRES Les débuts de l'« agitation antisémitique » en France dans une perspective européenne Contribution à l'histoire de l'antisémitisme Dédicace...............................................................................................................................................2 Remerciements.....................................................................................................................................3 Résumé et mots clés.............................................................................................................................4 Abstract and keywords.........................................................................................................................5 Table des matieres................................................................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................9 Joseph Jacobs, ou l'examen des débuts de l'agitation antisémite en « A. » et « P. ».........9 « Antisémitisme » et « agitation antisémitique »............................................................16 La France et les débuts de l'« agitation antisémitique » dans une perspective européenne.......................................................................................................................25 La « question juive » est-européenne, la France et la crise du credo libéral...................33 Plan et sources de la these...............................................................................................42 1ère PARTIE : De la « question juive » polonaise en France à la « question juive » est-européenne..................................................................................................................................48 Chapitre 1. De l'invisibilité à la première « question juive » polonaise en France...........51 Invisibilité ? L'exemple de Basnage................................................................................51 Une fenêtre entrouverte : récits de voyages et discussions du cas polonais dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siecle.....................................................................................55 Gabriel Bonnot de Mably................................................................................................63 Avant 1830 : limites de la premiere « question juive » en Pologne................................67 Avant 1830 : persistances de la premiere « question juive » en Pologne........................79 6 Chapitre 2. Le tournant des années 1830..............................................................................85 Une « théorie du judaïsme », par l'abbé Chiarini............................................................85
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