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Mémoires 2016 MÉMOIRES DE L’ACADÉMIE DE NÎMES IXe SÉRIE TOME LXXXX Année 2016 ACADÉMIE DE NIMES 16, rue Dorée NÎMES (Gard) 2017 376 MÉMOIRES DE L’ACADÉMIE DE NÎMES TABLE DES MATIÈRES I – SÉANCE PUBLIQUE DU 7 FÉVRIER 2016 Didier Lauga, préfet du Gard Allocution ....................................................................................7 Jean-Paul Fournier, sénateur du Gard, maire de Nîmes Allocution ..................................................................................13 Jean-Louis Meunier, président sortant Compte rendu des travaux académiques de l’année 2015 .........19 Bernard Fougères, président de l’Académie Des pierres et des hommes ! ......................................................33 Paule Plouvier, membre non résidant Pierre vive : Paule Pascal, une femme sculpteur dans la cité ...41 II – COMMUNICATIONS DE L’ANNÉE 2016 Robert Chalavet, membre non résidant Le noble jeu de mail ..................................................................57 Gabriel Audisio, membre résidant Les cordonniers et leurs saints patrons, Crépin et Crespinien ....75 Jean-Marie Mercier, correspondant Un peintre reconnu, un poète méconnu : Auguste Chabaud et ses Sonnets de dignité nîmoise ......................................................107 Jean-Luc Pontvieux, correspondant Le grand ballon captif à vapeur de monsieur Henry Giffard, clou de l’exposition universelle de 1878 à Paris .............................155 Catherine Marès, membre résidant Le général Juge, de la guerre de Sécession à la colonisation en Algérie .....................................................................................177 Hugues Bousiges, membre honoraire Henry de Balzac (1807-1858) .................................................205 Marie-Lucy Dumas, correspondant 50 ans d’une politique de défense nationale et de sécurité ......233 Victor Lassalle, membre honoraire Le Pont du Gard, Saint-Gilles et la cathédrale de Tournai ......249 Jean-Michel Ott, correspondant L’étrange Monsieur Cardan (1501-1576) ................................261 Romain Daudé, correspondant À l’orient du Vigan : La Parfaite Union (1780-1791). Éléments pour servir à l’histoire d’une loge maçonnique en Cévennes au siècle des Lumières ..................................................................281 Carol Iancu, membre non résidant Les stéréotypes antijudaïques de Judas l’Iscariote : l’exemple de la Roumanie .............................................................................301 III – JOURNÉE DE RENCONTRE DU 19 OCTOBRE 2016 AVEC L’ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES ET LETTRES DE MONTPELLIER Alain Aventurier, secrétaire perpétuel de l’Académie de Nîmes Histoire de l’acquisition de l’Hôtel du 16 rue Dorée, 1912-1919 ...... 335 Pr. Michel Gayraud, de l’Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier Un voyage de Montpellier à Nîmes sous l’Empire romain .....343 IV – L’ACADÉMIE DE NÎMES AU 31 DÉCEMBRE 2016 Composition du bureau pour l’année 2016 ........................................359 Membres d’honneur et membres honoraires ......................................360 Membres résidants .............................................................................362 Membres non résidants ......................................................................365 Correspondants ..................................................................................368 Académies, Sociétés savantes et organismes correspondants ............372 Pour le compte de l’Académie de Nîmes 16, rue Dorée - 30000 Nîmes Ouvrage publié avec l’aide de la ville de Nîmes et du Conseil Général du Gard Dépot Légal : 3e trimestre 2017 le gérant de la publication : Alain AVENTURIER Secrétaire Perpétuel L’Académie des Sciences, Arts et Lettres de Nîmes n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises au cours de ses séances et dans ses publications. Ces opinions devront être considérées comme propres à leurs auteurs. ISSN 0755-8864 © Académie de Nîmes – 2017 I. SÉANCE PUBLIQUE DU 7 FÉVRIER 2016 ALLOCUTION de M. Didier LAUGA Préfet du Gard Monsieur le Président, Monsieur le Secrétaire perpétuel, Messieurs les Présidents honoraires, Mesdames et Messieurs les membres de l’académie, Mesdames, Messieurs, C’est pour moi, « jeune » préfet du Gard, une grande fierté que d’être devant ce parterre d’érudits pour participer au rendez-vous annuel de rentrée solennelle de votre noble institution au moment où vous accueillez en votre sein un nouveau président, Monseigneur Bernard Fougères, qui succède à Jean-Louis Meunier que je salue. Je mesure la responsabilité qui est la mienne aujourd’hui tant mon arrivée récente s’affronte à la permanence de votre institution qui rayonne au sein de la cité des Antonins depuis 1682, et aux deux cents quinze années de présence des préfets comme président d’honneur de cette académie de province, l’une des plus anciennes de notre pays. Cet ancrage et cette constance à travers des siècles tranchent singulièrement avec notre époque où l’immédiateté s’oppose au raisonnement, la rapidité du clic contrarie la réflexion, la démagogie bouscule la pédagogie. 8 MÉMOIRES DE L’ACADÉMIE DE NÎMES Nul besoin d’aller plus avant pour comprendre le besoin d’institutions telles que la vôtre où la profondeur des réflexions nourrit et enrichit l’héritage culturel de notre pays qui fait de lui une référence à travers le monde. Tout cela appelle de ma part deux sentiments, l’humilité et la modestie, vertus dont les serviteurs de la chose publique doivent ne jamais se départir. Au moment où notre pays est traversé par divers courants de tensions, comment ne pas appeler les hommes détenteurs d’un pouvoir ou d’un mandat à l’application de ces principes dans la conduite de leur action. N’oublions jamais que l’action publique c’est nourrir une ambition pour le dessein collectif au risque, de plus en plus croissant, d’une rupture entre le peuple et ses dirigeants. Vous aurez l’occasion de le voir dans la conduite de mon action, une maxime résume ma conduite : être l’homme de tous et de personne ; servir l’intérêt général tout le temps et partout, tels sont les leitmotivs qui guident mon engagement depuis trente ans. Il est de coutume de faire devant les membres de cette institution un exposé, je ne me déroberai pas à cette tradition. Mais, avant de commencer, je voudrais rendre hommage à Isaac Borne, dernier survivant de la communauté juive, rescapé des camps d’extermination, qui nous a quittés quelques jours seulement avant la date anniversaire de la libération d’Auschwitz. Au moment où les témoins de la Shoah s’effacent, naît pour nous l’immense responsabilité de maintenir vivante la flamme de la mémoire. Car cette flamme est fragile, vacille, chancelle. La situation géopolitique à travers le monde avec les affrontements en terre d’Islam opposant sunnites et chiites, le déferlement sur notre continent de milliers d’âmes fuyant la barbarie nous obligent, tant l’histoire semble à nouveau bégayer avec ce vent mauvais de haine qu’a connu notre vieille Europe au milieu du siècle dernier. Vous connaissez cette célèbre citation de Berthold Brecht à propos du nazisme : « Le ventre encore fécond d’où a surgi la bête immonde ». Ce terreau sur lequel jaillit la bête immonde est bien là : crise économique, migrations massives, rupture avec les classes dirigeantes, montée du populisme et des extrémismes..., tout cela nous conduit, plus que jamais, à ne rien céder sur nos valeurs. Plus que jamais, revenons aux auteurs classiques. Cinq siècles avant J.-C., on prête à Périclès cette phrase toujours d’actualité : « Il n’est point Didier LAUGA, Allocution 9 de bonheur sans liberté, ni de liberté sans courage ». En ces moments de tensions, sans précédent depuis la guerre d’Algérie, que notre pays traverse, il m’a paru naturel d’évoquer sans dérobade cette situation d’état d’urgence. Ne nous y trompons pas, cette situation où des enfants de la République ne la reconnaissant plus, attrapés dans les rets de fanatiques ayant comme seule culture la violence, ont massacré au cœur de l’hiver des journalistes et, à travers eux, la liberté d’expression, puis des Français insouciants se divertissant et d’une culture que ces barbares abhorrent, appelle une mobilisation générale car c’est bien notre mode de conception de la société qui est visée. Nous ne pouvons pas rester dans un entre-deux : il nous faut choisir. Lors des accords de Munich, Churchill n’avait-il pas déclaré : « Ils avaient le choix entre la guerre et le déshonneur, ils ont choisi le déshonneur et ils auront la guerre ». Bien entendu, notre système de défense et de résilience ne peut trouver son fondement que dans l’état de droit et l’équilibre de nos pouvoirs judiciaires et administratifs. L’état d’urgence ne fait pas exception à cela mais de quoi s’agit-il précisément ? Pour faire face à de telles situations exceptionnelles, il existe en droit français plusieurs dispositifs juridiques qui permettent de renforcer les pouvoirs des autorités administratives. L’article 16 de la Constitution donne au Président de la République, « lorsque les institutions de la République, l’indépendance de la Nation, l’intégrité de son territoire ou l’exécution de ses engagements internationaux sont menacés d’une manière grave et immédiate et que le fonctionnement régulier des pouvoirs publics est interrompu », la faculté de prendre « les mesures exigées par ces circonstances, après consultation officielle du Premier ministre, des présidents des Assemblées, ainsi que du Conseil constitutionnel ». L’article 36 de la Constitution, prévoit l’état de siège qui « en cas de péril
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