By John Sinltankas, John I. Koinlla, and Gerhard Becker

The stonyiron meteorites known as pallasites are famed for the areas of yellowish green olivines they contain. Since the earliest description by Peter Simon Pallas in the 18th century, reference has been made to the gem-like nature of these meteorite "inclusions." Not until the early 20th century, however, was there any record of a faceted pallasitic olivine, and only recent- ly have a handbl of stones been available for gemological examination. Study of nine peridoh facetedfiom pallasites revealed properties within the range known for peridots plus a common inclusion feature never before observed in their terrestrial counte@arts.

Peridot, the gem variety of olivine, is relatively soft The ability of some peridot to withstand high and fragile.when compared to diamond, corundum, temperatures is demonstrated by the occurrence of spinel, and a number of other gemstones. It also is transparent, facetable masses and crystals in volcanic lcnown to shatter on exposure to high temperatures, and metamorphic environments. Notable occurrences such as those encountered in jewelry manufactur- include the basalts of Peridot Mesa, Arizona ing. Nevertheless, some peridots are able to survive (Sinlzanlzas, 1959; Koivula, 1981)and the marbles of the journey from outer space and a fiery passage the Mogolz region, Myanmar (Burma).The latter through the Earth's atmosphere as a major component yields faceted gems in excess of 100 ct. A lower-tem- of the stony-iron meteorites lznown as pallasites. perature hydrothermal environment characterizes the beautiful, sharply terminated crystals that have been found since antiquity in veins on Zabargad (St. John's Island) in the Red Sea (Moon, 1923; Wilson, ABOUT THE AUTHORS 1976; Giibelin, 1981; Bancroft, 1984). Other occur- Dr. Sinkankas is a retired naval captain residing in La Jolla, rences of olivine, including peridot, are recorded by California; he has authored numerous books and articles on lapidary work, mineralogy, and gem and mineral collecting. Hintze (1897)and Doelter (1914).Summaries of prop- Mr. Koivula is chief gemologist at the Gemological lnstitute of erties are also gven by Deer et al. (1966),Wilson (1976), America, Santa Monica, California. Mr. Becker, a prominent Koivula (1981),and Stoclzton and Manson (1983). gem designer and lapidary, is head of Friedrich August Although much has been written about palla- Becker, Idar-Oberstein, Germany. sites since they were first described in 1776, includ- Acknowledgments: The authors thank George Harlow, of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York, for ing comprehensive reports on the olivines contained arranging the loan of the Eagle Station, Kentucky, pallasitic therein, the historic literature carries only a few ref- peridot; Robert Haag, of Robert A. Haag-Meteorites, erences to the gem potential of these olivines. Tucson, Arizona, and Dale Dubin, of Ft. Meyers, Fiorida, for providing the study stones faceted from the Esquel, Recently, however, one of the authors (GB)super- Argentina, pallasite; Andreas Becker, of Friedrich August vised the faceting of several olivines removed from a Becker, Idar-Oberstein, for faceting the Esquel peridots; and large pallasite that was found in Esquel, Argentina. Christopher P. Smith, now of the Giibelin Gemmological Laboratory, Luceme, Switzerland, for recording the gemo- Eight of these were studied for this report (seven are logical properties of several of the study samples. illustrated in figure 1).The authors also obtained Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 43-51. from the American Museum of Natural History a 0 1992 Gemological Institute of America peridot faceted several decades ago from the Eagle Station, Kentucky, pallasite (figure 2). This article

Notes and New Techniques GEMS W GEMOLOGY Spring 1992 43 Figure 1. AU of these peridots were faceted by Andreas Becker from olivines extracted from the Esqziel, Argentina, pallasite. The stones on the right range from 0.25 to 1.39 ct and are courtesy of Robert A. Haag; the stones on the left range from 0.39 to 0.51 ct and are courtesy of Dale Dubin. Photos 0 Tino Hon~mid.

reviews hlstoric references to these unusual olivines In speaking of extraterrestrial, Earth-like bodies and presents the results of a gelnological examina- that could have provided meteorites, Wasson states tion of nine faceted pallastic peridots. elsewhere that "pallasites were probably formed by violent events that mixed mantle and core materials" (1985, p. 93), thus accounting for the spongy structure OLIVINE IN METEORITES of the nickel-iron alloy that encloses the olivine nod- Extraterrestrial olivine is abundant in relatively large ules. The metallic portions of pallasites consist of grains only in pallasites. These stony-iron meteorites lzanacite and plessite, two nickel-iron alloys believed were named for the famous German naturalist, geol- to have been the principal constituents of the core, ogist, and traveler Peter Simon Pallas (1741-181 1), while the olivine itself was derived from the man- who first described the type specimen-a 680-lzg tle. Much of the olivine is sufficiently low in iron to (McCall, 1973) mass found near the town of be classed as peridot, which approaches forsterite Krasnoyarslz, Siberia, in 1749 (Pallas, 1776).This spec- (Mg2Si04),the magnesium-silicate end member of imen was originally called the "Pallas iron" but, as is the olivine group. As iron substitutes for the magne- now customary, has been renamed Krasnoyarslz after sium, the color changes toward brown to fully blaclz the locality. In Pallas's time, the true origin of mete- in the opposite, iron-silicate end member, fayalite orites was the subject of much wonder and specula- (Fe2Si04).For descriptions and remarks on pallasites tion. Many scientists regarded them as peculiar in general, see Dodd (1986),Farrington (1915b),Hintze products of the Earth's crust; only the more danng sug- (1897), Krinov (1960), McCann (1973), and Wasson gested an extraterrestrial origin. The strongest argu- (1985).Farrington, among others, called the trans- ments for the latter were advanced by Emst Florens parent olivine in pallasites "chrysolite," a term once Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827), a German scientist coinmonly used to designate peridots that were more best laown for his studies of sound and its propaga- yellowish green (Bristow, 1861).The term is now in tion, in his monograph on the Pallas iron (Wasson, disfavor; for an excellent discussion of peridot noinen- 1974, introduction to facsimile of Chladni, 1794). clature, see Giibelin (1981).

Notes and New Techniques GEMS & GEMOLOGY Spring 1992 ent and yellowish-green in color." Unfortunately, he did not state whether any were cut into gems.

FACETED PALLASITIC PERDOTS IN HISTORY It is lilzely, however, that George F. Kunz had a hand in the extraction and perhaps even faceting of anoth- er pallasitic peridot, the stone shown here as figure 2. The catalogue, A Collection of Gems, American and Foreign, Cut and in Their Natmal State . . ., pub- lished by Tiffany and Co. for the 1900 Paris Expo- sition, reports the presence of an olivine from the Eagle Station, IEagle Station meteorite in 1887. According to George Harlow of the American Museum (pers. comm., 1992),the original accession card, in the handwriting of then-curator Louis Pope Gratacap, refers to a "cut stone and chips" as being the same listed in the Tiffany catalogue as no. 347. Figure 2. This 0.52-ctperidot was faceted from Unfortunately, the Tiffany catalogue does not state olivine found in the Eagle Station, IZentuclzy, pal- whether this stone was faceted, and there is no date lasite. It is currently part of the collection at the on the Gratacap accession card, although we lmow the American Museum of Natural History, New Yorlz peridot must have been cut before Gratacap's death (catalogubnb. 42748). Photo 0 Tino Hammid. in 1918. In hght of I(unzls propensity for faceting any

PALLASITIC OLIVINE AS A Figure 3. The transparent character of the olivines POTENTIAL GEM MATERIAL in the Krasnoyarslz pallasite are evident in this Pallas himself hinted at the gem-like appearance of the watercolor reproduction, by Iohn Sinlzanlzas, of Krasnoyarsk pallasite olivines, which he described the color engraving of a fragment of the original as "rounded and elongated drops of a very brittle but pallasite shown in Plate VIII of Schreibers (1820). hard, amber-yellow, transparent glass" (Farrington, 1915b, p. 182). Farrington also noted that "Count Boumon in 1802 showed that this was similar to ter- restrial chrysolite and Howard in the same year [see Brown, 1953, p. 18021 gave an analysis [that]indicat- ed the mineral to be chrysolite." The earliest published illustrations of meteorites, one of which includes a specimen of the Pallas iron, are engravings in Schreiber (1820).From the repro- duction of the Krasnoyarslz pallasite shown in figure 3, it is evident that the olivine nodules are promi- nent and largely transparent. However, so far as is lznown, no gem has been cut from this olivine. Noted American gemologist George Frederick Kunz (1856-1932) also suggested the suitability of meteoritic olivine for gems. He first remarked on the transparent olivine in the Glorieta Mountain, New Mexico, pallasite in 1886. Later (1890, p. 101),he reported that he had obtained from this meteorite "some peridots of 1 carat weight that were transpar-

Notes and New Techniques GEMS h GEMOLOGY Spring 1992 Figure 4. Plate XXVII from Mingaye (1916)shows a slice of the Molong, New South Wales, pallasite together with v(~rionspieces removed from [hemeteorite and, in the upper left-hand corner, the faceted gem cut from one of the Molong olivines.

American material that could be cut, it may have New South Wales, Australia. Mingaye described the been faceted when it was displayed at the Paris circumstances of the discovery, the precise location, Exposition. This stone may actually be the first faceted the weights of the two masses comprising this mete- pallasitic peridot of record. orite (approximately204 lbs. 193 kg] and 28 lbs. [13 l

Notes and New Techniques GEMS & GEMOLOGY Spring 1992 FeO (9.59 wt.%), and MgO (47.70 wt.%), which falls been acquired by meteorite dealer Robert Haag. The mid-range for typical forsterite con~positions(Arein, author identified several olivines that promised to 1987).Mingaye also found a specific gravity of 3.357 yield small faceted gems and took them back to Idar- and noted that "the olivine ranges from darlz-black, Oberstein, Germany, where they were subsequently shades of red, to pale lemon yellow in colour, the crys- faceted by Andreas Becker (figure 5). tals being largely fractured in the coohng of the mete- The olivine "raisins" extracted from the palla- orite in falling through space to reach earth. These site slices were sawed with extremely thin diamond- were found cemented hl the solid niclceliferous iron charged saw blades, then preformed on diamond- particles . . . and one small piece free from flaws has charged laps, and finally faceted using the tradition- been cut by the Department Lapidary as a gem stone." al, fully handheld "jamb-peg." The flexibility of the The gein is shown in the upper left-hand comer jamb-peg enabled Beclzer to obtain maximum recov- of Mingaye's Plate XXVII, here reproduced as figure ery from the rough. Polishing was performed on an 4. The same plate also shows a slice of the Molong pal- alloy lap of 60% lead and 40% tll, charged with "dia- lasite, which indicates the volume occupied by olivine mantine" powder (aluminum oxide]. Further details as compared to the inetallic constituents. The text of this cutting process have been reported by Frazier identifies Mr. W. H. Gilding of the New South Wales and Frazier (1992). Department of Mines as the lapidary but, unfortu- Compared to the San Carlos basalt peridots, the nately, provides no further information. According Esquel olivines appeared to be more brittle, perhaps to Dr. G. S. Gibbons of the Geological Survey of New because of the greater stresses imposed on them dur- South Wales (pers. comm., 19901, neither the slice ing growth and, later, celestial flight and impact. Also nor the objects associated with it can now be found, because of these stresses, most of the olivines in the due to relocation of the department's collections. Esquel pallasite are heavily fractured. Even with a Tcherwinslzi (1916) provided additional data from relatively transparent piece, the yield is only 15% to his study of a 109.4-gram fragment of the Molong 20%. To date, Mr. Beclzer has faceted fewer than 30 pallasite. He noted that the iron is "much decom- peridots extracted from the Esquel pallasite. Although posed," but the "olivine seems here and there quite additional gem material is undoubtedly present in fresh . . . light yellow colour, inclining to green." this meteorite, we do not laow how much and spec- Tchenvinslci also commented that he "could not, ulate that the sizes will continue to be small. under the microscope, discover the primary inclu- sions" in the olivine. A much more recent attempt to obtain a gem from meteoritic peridot is recounted by Nininger (1972), Figure 5. Andreas Becker faceted the pallasitic who collected most of the pieces of the Brenham, peridots on he right from transparent pieces Kansas, pallasite, whlch fell in the late 19th century, of olivine (like those at center) removed from and extracted various fragments for study and disper- slices of the Esquel, Argentina, pallasite similar sal. He noted (pp. 83-84] that "in one instance my cut to that shown on the left. revealed a perfectly beautiful crystal, transparent but of greenish golden hue, which I determhed to remove and have mounted in a ring for my wife . . . I thought. How romantic, to present a ring with a gem cut out of this worlcl!" The peridot was taken to a jeweler, who was cautioned that it must be treated carefully. Fdy, after a long delay, the jeweler admitted that he had brolzen the gem whlle mounting it. Nlninger closed his anecdote with the remark that "I have never found another perfect crystal."

FACETING PALLASITIC PERIDOT In 1990, one of the authors (GB)noted relatively large transparent to translucent areas in slices talcen from the Esquel, Argentina, pallasite, which had recently

Notes and New Techniques GEMS & GEMOLOGY Spring 1992 GEMOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF With the refractometer, the optic character was PALLASITIC PERIDOTS found to be biaxial (confirmed with a polariscope), Over the last year, one of the authors (JK)and a col- with the optic sign varying between -, +, and +/-. league, Chris Smith, studled the gemological prop- erties of a total of nine faceted meteoritic peridots Specific Gravity. All of the stones sank relatively slow- (again, see figures 1 and 2), eight from the Esquel fall ly in methylene iodide (S.G. = 3.32)) with only very mentioned above and one from the Eagle Station pal- slight differences in the sink rate. From this, the spe- lasite loaned by the American Museum of Natural cific gravity of the nine gems was estimated to be 3.4. History (new catalogue no. 42748). The properties Next, the samples were weighed hydrostatically obtained are reported in table 1 and discussed below. on an appropriately modified Mettler CM1200 carat- weight electronic balance. Values averaged from three Visual Appearance. The sainples range in size from a separate determinations done on each stone at room 0.25-ct round mixed cut (3.97-4.06 x 2.18 mm) to a temperature ranged from 3.37 f 0.05 on the 0.34-ct 1.39-ct triangular step cut (7.14 x 7.00 x 4.82 mm). Esquel stone to 3.47 f 0.05 for the Eagle Station stone They range in color from greenish yellow to yellow- (again, see table 1).These values, too, are within the ish green in IIght to medium-dark tones. Diaphaneity accepted range for peridot. varies from transparent to translucent, depending on the abundance of inclusions. Compared to peridots of Ultraviolet Fluorescence. Under darlRefractive Index. All of the gems were well polished, phosphorescence. permitting good optical contact with the refractometer hemicylinder. We obtained refractive indices and Spectroscopy. To observe the visible-light absorption birefringence for each of the nine gems using a near characteristics of the nine pallasitic peridots, we used monocl~oinatic,sodium-equivalent light source and three different tabletop-model spectroscopes-a Beck a Duplex II refractometer. The values obtained (see prism spectroscope, a GIA GEM Instruments Discan table 1) were consistent with those known for ter- diffraction grating spectroscope, and a new proto- restrial peridots from various localities, although the type prism spectroscope also from GIA GEM R.I. of the Eagle Station stone was unusually high. Instniments+n all nine stones. Absorption bands According to Dr. Brian Mason (pers. comm., 1992), were noted at approximately 456 1~11,474nrn, and 495 who has studied olivines from both pallasites, the nm. The larger and/or darker the stone was, the higher R.1, for this stone is to be expected in light of stronger the absorption features were. The spectra the significantly higher Fe content of the olivines observed in these pallasitic peridots are virtually iden- from the Eagle Station material as compared to those tical to those shown by their terrestrial counterparts from Esquel and most other pallasites. (Liddicoat, 1989).

TABLE 1. Gemological properties of nine pallasitic pendotsa. ------Locality Weight Refractive index Optic character Specilic gravity kt) ct P Y Biaxial Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Kentucky Argentina Argentina Argentina

texl for details of testing methods used.

- - ~--

48 Notes and New Techniques GEMS & GEMOLOGY Spring 1992 .s!sXleut! ~v:,!rrray:,roj .sjop!rad 3p!sel-[edroj :,pso&e!p Aly2!q pa:,yp~esaq 03 aney Q~IIOM.[e!raJeur awos 'raaa~oy se parap!suo:, aq ue3 suo!sn-[:,u!asayJ JeyJpa~sa2 'sqaaord o~ .uoq--[a>l:,prpJrrauraIa aq dam s$op!.rad -8ns arojarayJ s! 11 .s$op!rad 1eysalral u! pa~rodal :,!~~se~-[edu! sal:,!wed yrep re-[!ur!spue S!L-[J'salpo uaaq IaAau sey uoysn~:,u!Isp:,!:,e jo ad$s!y~ ley1 -ajam uor!-lay3!u y~lmuo~jr?!:,osse UMOP pue '8uy SMOLIS SUO!S~~:,U!uo arn$eIaJ!I alqepeae ayj jo dpn~s -yms parolmapvo uoq p a~uasardajqarrmq '~ajsnl v 'au!a!lo jsor[ ayl woq uopnlosxa ro/pue jo uope :,!1[waur 'so103 )]rep ayJ jo asnu:,aa '(01arn2y) raJa -raqe pa:,npu!-luay pue -ssaas jo qnsar e se paurroj -uIeyp q urur 9.0 parnseaw JEL~JIaJsnI :,!-[p~ar~ryrep dlq!ssod suo!snpq asau -(ga.rn8y) lay30 y3ea OJ .06 e ZIJIMal:,pred papunor Xlsno!aqo uv payerno:, 'raaa jv paJua!ro aq 01 parvadde ~eyjsuo!sn-[:,u! re-[n:,!:,e -MOY 'jn3 dals E~GI~~IJ13-6~1 au 'd1m1:, aapsalo~ u~o.rq-mo11ariI@-[ jo slas OMJ paleaaax sauols ayl jo OOJ dy[erauaS araM asayJ 'sap!ut?dy:,e~q Xq aq r[e 'ado:,sor:,~w-[e:,!%o1oura8 e Su!sn pau!uIexa uayM 01 paleadde 1eyM paqeluo:, sauols Islams apyM .uo~~e:,@eu~ou ro aIuq yl~malq!sp aIaM suo!sn~:,q .aue~darrres 'sauo~sayJ jo Ieraaas UI -s;lpspa~;lsrey=)IeuraJuI ayJ UT palua!lo araM Ile 'uo!jer~wnl1!jo a12ue aures ayJ Je lq%-[paJ:,aua;r say:,$ed ayl jo .[1eam!S '(6aln .pau!urexa %u!aqauols ays jo lolo:, jo -89) al!yM ~uap~:,qq pama!a uarlM a:,ua~sap!r! y~dapayl ~J!Mpa!rea ro~o:,pahTasqo ayj jo y~8uaas aap3aua1 lnf10103 pamoys osIe say31vd asayL .aJ!r au'(uaaB ys~mo-[-[ad) flasl! raqy arp se ro~o:,awes -oaJaurwand ayJ UIO.TJ paa!rap sa1:,!lled uoq-lay:,!u ayl d-[~e!~uassaaAey 04 paruadde saldures ayl jo IIe dup jo uopup!xo ayl jo qnsar ayl aq ly%!ur asayL 'a:,snos JLF~:,pdo-raqy e L~!Mla419 ro-[o:,easlaq3 .(g ar~Gy)pahTasqo slam sauqd a2eaeap UI paJua!lo arp @nonp pamsxa uaqM -uopxax xaqg easlaq3 sayxed pau!e~s-uor!LIMOI~ qsjppar 'a1dures ~cao I:,-sz'~ayj rr~.(p ardg aas 'rr~e8e)aqse-[-[ud 2uolo~ 'sauouaAo UMOI~JL@-[S ayl ur u~oysleyl 01 IB~TUI!S~U!UTBIS ap!xo uoq ~I!M~011ad pue uaarS jo saperls snopeA LI!'pa~ou u~orq-parpauye~uo:, sXe~1e ~sorrrle sauols asayl jo SVM UISTOILI~O~~~qeaM hraa OJ yeam 'a:,lnos ~r12q a:,ej.~l~sayl pay~ea~ley2 sa8saeap lo sa~nl:,elj aJIyM e pm ado:,son~:,!pal~:,le:, r? ~JTM-ws!o~q;loa~~ .urs!lalse delds!p ley3 swaS pla!d 4ySrur dar1~'uoygoqv3 ua 3113 put! paluapo d~radordaraM sauoqs yms fl .(L m8y) .X 9~ pa~!u8u~h:olm?o>f lua3n~sue1~pamdde sauqs atp ~eyl~m?punqe os alaM uyol Aq ~~v.I%~~!LuoIo~~.A7![~30[[brrisarra~ duo suo!snI:,u! IuIn:,T:,e ayl 'sauols lsa91el OM^ ayl q ru0.q s?opyrad u! pa~rocla~uaaq JOU anay suo!snlnur Y312S 'au!ngo soy ayl-uozj uognlosxa .ro/prtu -jo uo!?maqo pastza3-~uaypuu -ssarts Aq paurroj A[q!ssod a.rv asatlJ .raylouo auo 01 .06 .x SZ p"~uSuru aq OJ sruacldn JUL[MJD auvld 17 rr! paluauo ~v,7ra7uul :up~!oy7 uyol liq yilvJ8013ruro~oyd .suoq3oqt)3 umouyun uo lo suorsnpv rula3r3u pau!uiuo3 ojrr! In:, put7 palua!ro ril~ado~dj! srols p3Au.r-lnoj pa!ptlts sjop!rad a!l!su~udayt jo au!u nv .9 a.rn8.r~ urwP~ZOM sjopr~ad 311rsu[[od y3ns IDL~Ialqrssod s! 11 .3rra3111suu.r1paraprra.7 s,r soy ay? 3ur/7 asuap os azv srro!snl3u! .ruln3pu ayl saru!lauroS .L 2.rrS~j Figure 8. The 1.25-ct stone contained reddish Figure 9. The reddish brown, iron-stained patches brown, iron-stained patches orienled in cleavage shown in jigure 8 were rejlectively iridescent when planes. These may be the result o/ lhe oxidation of viewed in incident light, and all proved to be ori- tiny niclile-iron particles derived /rom the parent enled in the same plane. Photomicrograph by John meteorite. Photomicrograph by John I. IZoivllla; I. Koivula; magnified 30 x. magnified 30 x.

orites, these appear to be related to the special char- acter of the Eagle Station olivines (B. Mason, pers. CONCLUSION comm., 1992). The olivine-rich meteorites lznown as pallasites some- Numerous museum collections around the world tllnes contain areas of olivine that are large and trans- contain speciinens of pallasites with olivines suit- parent enough to yield small faceted gems of the able for faceting into gems, although most finished peridot variety. To date, however, few such stones stones would weigh less than one carat. Experience have been cut and they must, therefore, be counted with the cutting of the Esquel stones suggests that no as among the rarest of all gems. special probleins should be anticipated in preforming, The earliest faceted specimen inay well be the faceting, and polishing pallasitic peridots, aside from Eagle Station, Kentucky, stone in the collection of their tendency toward brittleness. the American Museum of Nat~ualHistory in New Yorlz. We laow that an olivine displayed by Tiffany & Co. in 1900 was described as "cut" in an American Figure 10. The 1.39-ct peridot contained a 0.6-mm- Museum accession card that must have been written diameter rounded particle wilh a dark metallic before 1918. A more certain date is ascribed to the gein lzrster. Such particles may be composed of elemen- cut from the Molong, New South Wales material; tal niclcel-iron. Photomicrograph by John I. IZoivula. this fall was discovered in 1912 and, by the time Mingaye furnished his description and color plate in 1916, the gem had already been cut. Another attempt at gem use of pallasitic peridot-this time from the Brenham, Kansas, pallasite-was made by H. H. Nininger some time in the late 1920s. The fortunate appearance of the olivine-rich Esquel meteorite and the extraction and cutting of faceted stones there- from by Andreas Becler greatly enlarges our resources of this extreme rarity among gems. The pallasitic peridots examined for this study proved to be remarlzably similar to terrestrial peri- dots. The most notable difference is the presence of acicular inclusions in the Esquel and Eagle Station material that have never been recorded in terrestrial peridots. While substantial differences in properties were noted between the material from the two mete-

Notes and New Techniques GEMS & GEMOLOGY Spring 1992 REFERENCES Arem J.E. (1987) Color Encyclopeclia of Gernstones, 2nd ed. Van Kunz G.F. (1886)Further notes on the meteoric iron from Glorieta Nostrand lieinhold, New Yorlt. Mountain, New Mexico. American journal of Science, 3rd Bancroft P. (1984)Gem and Crystal Treasures. Privately pl~blished, series, Vol. 32, pp. 31 1-313. Fallbrook, CA. Kunz G.F. (1890) Gems and Precious Stones of North America. Bristow H.W. (1861)A Glossary of Mineralogy. Longman, London. Scientific Ikblishing Co., New York. Brown H., Kullerud G., Nichiporult W. (1953)A Bibliography on Liddicoat R.T. (1989)Handbook of Gem Identification, 12th ed., Meteorites. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL. 2nd rev. printing. Gemological lnstitute of America, Santa Cldadni E.F.F. (1794)Uebw den Urspr~mgder von PaUas gefimdenen Monica, CA. und anderer ihr ahnlicher Eisenmassen. Riga, (41, facsi~nile ~McCallG.J.H. (1973)Meteorites and Their Origins. John Wiley, reprint by Organizing Committee, 37th Meeting, Meteoritical New Yorlt, p. 21. Society, Los Angeles, 1974, with introduction by J.T. Wasson. Mingaye J.C.H. (1916)Notes on the Molong meteorite. Records, Deer W.A., Howie R.A., Zussman T. (1966) Ari Introduction to the Geological S~wey,Nerv South Wales, Vol. 9, Part 3, pp. 161-165. Rock-forming Minerals. John Wiley, New Yorlt. Moon F.W. (1923)Preliminary Geological Report on Saint john's Dodd R.T. (1986) Thunderstones and Shooting Strus: The Meaning Island (Red Sea). Geological Survey Egypt, Cairo. of Meteorites. Haward University Press, Cambridge, MA. Nininger H.H. (1972) Find a Fahg Star. P.S. Eriltsson, New York. Doelter C. (1914)H~lndbuch der Mineralcliemie, Vol. 2. Theodor IJallas P.S. (1776) Rcisen durch verschiedene Provinzen des rus- Steinkopff, Dresden and Leipzig. sischen Reichs, 1771-1 773. St. Detersburg, Russia. Farrington O.C. (1915a)Catalog of the meteorites of North America, von Sclxeibers C. (1820) Beytriige zur Geschichte und Kenntniss to January 1, 1909. Memoirs of the National Academy of meteorischer Stein- ur7d Metd-Massen, ~mdder Erscheinungen, Sciences, Vol. 13, Washington, DC. welche deren NicderfaUen zu begleiten pjkgen. J.G. Heubner, Farrington O.C. (1915b)Meteorites: Their Stmcture, Composition, Vienna, Austria. and Terrestrial Relations. Privately published, Chicago, IL. Sinltankas J. (1959) Gemstones of North America. Van Nostrand, Farrington O.C. (1916) Catalogue of the collection of meteorites. New York. Field Museurn of Natural History Publication 188, Geology Stockton C.M., Manson D.V. (1983) Peridot from T<211zulia.Gems Series, Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 231312. cL) Gelnology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 103-107. Frazier S., Frazier A. (1992) Heavenly peridot. Lapidary journal, Tcherwinslu P. (1920) The pallasite of Molong, New South Wales Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 3640. (Australia).Trans]. by Dr. C. Anderson, Australian Museum, Giibelin E. (1981)Zabargatl: The 'ancient periclot island in the Red Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, Vol. 9, Sea. Gems d Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 2-8. Part 4 (for 19191, pg. 192-196. Hintze C. (1897)Handbuch der Mincralogie, Vol. 2. Veit & Comp., Wasson J.T. (1985)Meteorites: Their Remrd of Early Solru-System Leipzig. " ' History. Freeman, New York. Koivula J.I. (1981)San Carlos peridot. Gems d Gemology, Vol. 17, Wilson W.E. (1976) Saint John's Island, Egypt. Mineralogical NO. 4, pp. 205-214. Record Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 3 10-3 14. Krinov E.L. (1960)Phciplm of Meteoritics. Pergarnon Press, New York.

Where to Find Everything You Need to Know? 7'he Gems & Gemology Ten-Yearlndex, 1981-1990 Thousands of entries lead you to critical information on every- thing from De Beers gem-quality synthetic diamonds to Kashmir sapphires, from inclusion photography to infrared spectroscopy, from the Muzo mine to Minas Gerais to Mingxi. An indispensable resource, the Index is your guide to the exciting developments published in Gems & Gemology during this decade. You can get your personal copy for only $9.95 (plus shipping and handling, and tax where appropriate) or FREE with your new subscription to Gems & Gemology. Supplies are limited. Order NOW. For more information, Call toll-free (800) 421-7250 x201, or outside the U.S. (310) 829-2991x201. FAX (310) 453-4478. Or Write Gems & Gemology Subscriptions Dept., 1660 Stewart St., Santa Monica, CA 90404

Notes and New Techniques GEMS & GEMOLOGY Spring 1992 51