Torbay Road Castle Cary Somerset

Home , Castle Cary, Langport, River Cary (Somerset), South Somerset

Torbay Road Castle Cary

Somerset

Archaeological Evaluation Report

for Persimmon Homes Severn Valley

CA Project: EX0054

CA Report: EX0054.1

December 2019

Torbay Road Castle Cary Somerset

Archaeological Evaluation

CA Project: EX0054 CA Report: EX0054.1

Document Control Grid Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for Approved revision by A 18/11/2019 SJB Sam Wilson Internal General Edit Oliver Draft Good B 04/12/2019 SW Oliver Good Internal General Edit Richard Draft Greatoex C 06/12/2019 SW Oliver Good External Client Edits Ellen Fort Draft

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 3

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 5

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 5

5. RESULTS (FIGURES 2-4) ...... 6

6. THE FINDS ...... 7

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ...... 7

8. DISCUSSION ...... 9

9. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 9

10. REFERENCES ...... 9

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 11 APPENDIX B: ENVIRONMENTAL TABLE ...... 12 APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 13

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Figure 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:500) Figure 3 Trench 1: plan and photographs Figure 4 Trench 2: plan, section and photograph

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

SUMMARY

Project Name: Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset Location: Castle Cary, Somerset NGR: 363348 132565 Type: Evaluation Date: 6-7 November 2019 Planning Reference: 15/02347/OUT Location of Archive: Somerset Heritage Service Accession Number: TTNCM 109/2019 Site Code: EX0054

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in November 2019 at Castle Cary, Somerset. Two trenches were excavated targeting the results of a geophysical survey.

Two ditches were identified, displaying a close correlation with the geophysical results. Ditch 104 contained post-medieval ceramic building material (CBM) and glass and cut the subsoil horizon, whereas ditch 203 contained no dating evidence, but was sealed by the subsoil.

2 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In November 2019 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for Persimmon Homes Severn Valley at Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset centred on National Grid Reference (NGR) 363348 132565 (see Figure 1). Planning permission for the construction of 165 houses has been granted (ref: 15/02347/OUT), conditional on a programme of archaeological works.

1.2 The scope of the works has been defined in consultation with Stephen Membery, South West Heritage Trust (SWHT), the archaeological advisor to South Somerset District Council, and with a subsequent detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA (2019). The fieldwork also followed Standard and guidance: Archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014).

The site

1.3 The proposed development area is approximately 10ha and comprised three agricultural fields with the two to the north-east under pasture and the southern field set-a-side. The site is bounded by further fields of pasture to the north and north- west, residential houses off Torbay road to the south, the B3152 to the east and industrial units to the west. The site broadly slopes towards the north-west, from approximately 75m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) in the east, 62m aOD in the south and 50m aOD in the north and north-west.

1.4 The underlying bedrock geology of the area is mapped as Langport Member, Blue Lias Formation and Charmouth Mudstone Formation (undifferentiated), sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 183 to 210 million years ago in the Jurassic and Triassic period in a local environment dominated by shallow lime-mud seas. Siltstone of the Dyrham Formation and Marlstone Rock Formation formed approximately 174 to 191 million years ago is also recorded in the eastern extent of the site. No superficial deposits are recorded (BGS 2019).

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The following represents a succinct summary of the archaeological background from the previous desk-based assessment undertaken by AC Archaeology (AC Archaeology 2013).

3 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

Prehistoric 2.2 Within the site boundary a single findspot is recorded; a Palaeolithic hand axe recovered from the south-eastern edge of the site and donated to Castle Cary Museum. Castle Cary Museum has not existed within living memory, however, with the artefact subsequently lost. The find spot was named as Hither Wood which is not marked on earlier maps in this part of Castle Cary and is possible the hand axe might have come from elsewhere in the parish.

2.3 Located 250m to the south of the site along Torbay Road Industrial Estate, an archaeological evaluation by Wessex Archaeology recorded a large ditch of Middle Bronze Age date and an undated area of in situ burning (WA 2004).

2.4 During the construction of the housing estate at Church Fields, some 350m north- east of the site located within the former fields east of St Andrew’s parish church, a number of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age artefacts were recovered, including a Neolithic polished flint axe, worked stone tools, various flint blades and scrapers.

Romano-British 2.5 A considerable quantity of Romano-British pottery was recovered during the investigations at Church Fields including Samian, Black Burnished and New Forest Wares, suggesting that there was a small Romano-British settlement on the south- west facing slope (Keynes 1976, 72).

Early medieval/medieval 2.6 The Domesday Book of AD 1086, states that Castle Cary was owned by Walter of Douai and prior to the conquest by the Saxon thegn Elsi, and it included 100 acres of pasture and three mills (Richardson 2003, 4). The locations of these mills have not been located by archaeological works, however it has been suggested that, due to the rise in the River Cary at Park Pond which then falls 30m in less than a kilometre there after, these mills might be located underneath the 19th century mills along Mill Lane.

2.7 Situated 300m to the north-east of the site, the remains of a medieval or post- medieval holy well known as St Andrews is located. The water from the well was apparently able to cure eye troubles (Horne 1923, 30), however a field visit in 1966 recorded the well had almost completely disappeared and only a small area of

4 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

marsh land denoted its position. Additionally, there is a map reference to “Fulfords Cross” at the junction of Torbay Road and South Cary Lane, but no further details are provided. This is speculated to have a medieval date.

Post-medieval 2.8 Two Turnpike roads are located within the vicinity of the site, along the Frome to Yeovil railway and the site of a possible corn mill pre-dating the Higher Flax Mills shown on early Ordnance Survey Mapping.

Previous works 2.9 In 2014 substrata undertook a geophysical survey of the site which identified number of anomalies. Some coincide with known field boundaries and drainage ditches or leats, whilst others might be natural or derive from human activity (Substrata 2014).

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the evaluation are to provide information about the archaeological resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality, in accordance Standard and guidance: Archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014). This information will enable the archaeological advisor to South Somerset District Council to identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset, consider the impact of the proposed development upon it, and to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the development proposal, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of two trenches 20m long and 1.7 wide, in the locations shown on the attached plan (Figure 2). Both trenches were moved to avoid badger sets with a twenty metre buffer enacted around each set encountered. The final as dug locations were visually surveyed by an ecologist who granted Cotswold Archaeology permission to excavate the trenches whilst monitoring for additional ecological disturbance. The trenches continued to target the geophysical anomalies and were located with the approval of Stephen Membery. Trenches were

5 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual.

4.2 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.

4.3 Deposits were assessed for their palaeo-environmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites and two deposits were sampled and processed. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation.

4.4 The archive from the evaluation is currently held by CA at their offices in Andover. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the site archive will be deposited with the Somerset Heritage Service under accession number TTNCM 109/2019. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix C, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

5. RESULTS (FIGURES 2-4)

5.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts and environmental samples (palaeo-environmental evidence) are to be found in Appendices A and B respectively.

5.2 The natural geology across the site was mudstone recorded at a depth of between 0.44 and 0.6m, in Trench 1 this was over laid by an organic dark grey clayey silt layer at a depth of 0.44 to 0.48m. Both trenches contained light brown clayey silt at a depth up to 0.44 and 0.6m which was covered with dark brown clayey silt topsoil.

6 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

Trench 1 (Figures 2 & 3)

5.3 Located to the south-west of the site and west of Trench 2, Trench 1 measured 20m in length and 1.7m in width with a maximum depth of 0.5m. The trench contained a single ditch on a north-east south-west alignment; the full width of the feature was not ascertained due to the proximity of a badger set.

5.4 Ditch 104 was located at the eastern end of the trench and measured greater than 2.2m in width and 0.86m in depth where excavated. The ditch had steep uneven sides, and was only partially excavated; a single secondary fill 105 of mid grey brown clayey silt was recorded which contained CBM, Glass and iron objects. The ditch cut subsoil 102 as well as the natural substrate 103.

Trench 2 (Figures 2 & 4)

5.5 Trench 2 was located in the south-west of the site directly east of Trench 1, measuring 20m in length, 1.7m in width and 0.85m in depth. The trench contained a single ditch located towards the south-eastern end.

5.6 Ditch 203 measured 1.25m in width and 0.5m in depth and was aligned north-east south-west. The ditch had uneven steep sides with evidence of truncation towards the south-east and a narrow concave base. Two fills were present, a lower primary fill of light brown silty clay 207 and an upper secondary fill of light brown clayey silt 204. No datable evidence was recovered from the ditch.

6. THE FINDS

6.1 The artefacts recovered from fill 105 (ditch 104) were dated to the post- medieval/modern periods and were later discarded.

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

7.1 Two environmental samples (18 litres of soil) were processed from the upper and lower fills of ditch 203 from within Trench 2 of an evaluation excavation. This was done with the intention of recovering environmental evidence of industrial or

7 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

domestic activity on the site and to also aid in the dating of ditch 203. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures (CA Technical Manual No.2).

7.2 Very small numbers of indeterminate cereal grains were noted from within both samples (1 and 2) but due to the fact that they are poorly preserved and very abraded further species identification could not take place.

7.3 Preliminary identification of mollusc shells are noted in Table 1, following nomenclature according to Anderson (2005) and habitat preferences according to Kerney (1999) and Davies (2008).

Trench 2 Ditch 203 7.4 Lower fill 207 (sample 2) contained very large quantities of the open country snail shell species Vallonia sp. alongside very large quantities of the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus. Low to moderately low quantities of other terrestrial snail shell species were also identified from within sample 2 as belonging to the open country species Pupilla muscorum and Helicella itala, the intermediate species Cochlicopa sp., and the shade-loving species Discus rotundatus, Aegopinella sp., and Oxychilus cellarius. A single shell of the marsh species Succinea/Oxyloma sp. was recorded

7.5 The upper fill (204) of ditch 203 (sample 1) contained very large quantities of the open country snail shell species Vallonia sp. alongside very large quantities of the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus. Low to moderately low quantities of other terrestrial snail shell species were also identified from within sample 2 as belonging to the open country species Pupilla muscorum and Helicella itala, the intermediate species Cochlicopa sp., and the shade-loving species Carychium tridentatum, Discus rotundatus, Aegopinella sp., and Oxychilus cellarius.

Summary 7.6 The mollusc assemblages from within both samples (samples 1 and 2) are indicative of an environment of well-established open landscape with some areas of scrub/long damper grass occurring in the vicinity of/within the ditch.

7.7 Due to the lack of charred environmental remains it is not possible to determine the function of ditch 203 and whether the charred assemblage is likely to relate to

8 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

industrial or domestic activity. Due to this lack to environmental evidence it is also not possible to determine an age range for ditch 203.

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 The evaluation demonstrated a high survivability of archaeological features within the trenches, with a good correlation with known anomalies from the geophysical survey (Substrata 2014).

8.2 The ditches present represent two phases of activity within the site. The earlier phase of activity (ditch 203) was not dated, however is sealed by the subsoil so demonstrably stratigraphically earlier than ditch 104. It closely correlates with a long, linear geophysical anomaly. The environmental evidence from ditch 203 suggests it is located within a well-established open landscape and it is likely that the ditch may be some form of field boundary.

8.3 The post medieval phase (ditch 104) is dated by artefacts recovered from fill 105 and the stratigraphic sequence whereby the ditch cuts the subsoil. The ditch corresponds with a minor geophysical anomaly and may also be a former field boundary.

9. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Steven Bush, assisted by Lara Tonozzo Feligioni. The report was written by Steven Bush. The biological evidence report was written by Emma Aitken. The illustrations were prepared by Ryan Wilson. The archive has been compiled by Zoe Emery, and prepared for deposition by Hazel O’Neill. The project was managed for CA by Oliver Good.

10. REFERENCES

AC Archaeology 2013 Proposed Development on Land off Station Road, Castle Cary, Somerset. Historic Environment Assessment, report no. ACW539/1/0

Anderson, R. 2005 ‘An annotated list of the non-marine Mollusca of Britain and Ireland’, Journal of Conchology 38, 607-637

9 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2015 Geology of Britain Viewer http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 9 November 2019

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2012 The taking and processing of environmental and other samples from archaeological sites: Technical Manual No. 2

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2019 Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation

Davies, P. 2008 Snails Archaeology and Landscape Change, Oxford, Oxbow Books

DCLG (Department of Communities and Local Government) 2012 National Planning Policy Framework

Horne, E. 1923. Somerset Holy Wells. Somerset Folk Press.

Kerney, M.P. 1999 Atlas of the Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland, Colchester, Harley

Keynes, R.M. 1976. Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 120: 72.

Richardson, M. 2003. An Archaeological Assessment of Castle Cary. English Heritage/ Somerset County Council

Substrata 2014 Land off Station Road, Castle Cary, Somerset. An archaeological gradiometer survey. Report no. 140320

(WA) Wessex Archaeology 2004. Land to the north-west of Castle Cary, Somerset. Archaeological stage II evaluation report, report ref. 55146.02

10 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench Context Type Fill Context Context Length Width Depth/thickness Spot- No of Interpretation Description (m) (m) (m) date

1 100 Layer Topsoil Dark brown grey 20 1.7 0-0.28 (0.28) clayey silt. 1 101 Layer Subsoil Light brown 20 1.7 0.28-0.46 (0.16) clayey silt, rare degraded silt stone. 1 102 Layer Subsoil Dark grey brown 20 1.7 0.44-0.48 (0.04) compacted clayey silt. Very organic. 1 103 Layer Natural Light grey 20 1.7 >0.44-0.5 (>0.06) degraded mudstone, with occasional compacted mudstone. 1 104 Cut Ditch Ditch on a north- >2.5 2.65 0.28-1.15 (0.87) Post- east south-west medieval alignment, uneven side, not fully exposed in trench. 1 105 Fill 104 Ditch fill Mid grey brown >2.5 2.65 0.28-1.15 (0.87) Post- clayey silt. medieval 2 200 Layer Topsoil Dark brown grey 20 1.7 0-0.3 (0.3) clayey silt. 2 201 Layer Subsoil Light brown 20 1.7 0.3-0.6 (0.3) clayey silt, rare degraded silt stone. 2 202 Layer Natural Light grey 20 1.7 >0.6-0.85 degraded (>0.25M) mudstone, with occasional compacted mudstone. 2 203 Cut Ditch Cut of ditch on a >2.1 0.6-1.1 (0.5) Undated north-east- south-west alignment, steep uneven sides, roughly v shaped profile. 2 204 Fill 203 Ditch fill Upper fill: Light >2.1 0.6-0.81 (0.21) Undated brown clayey silt. 2 205 Cut Natural feature Cut of Palaeo- >2.1 >0.85 Chanel: Not excavated. 2 206 Fill 205 Natural Light grey with >0.85 feature patches of dark grey clayey silt. 2 207 Fill 203 Natural fill Lower fill: Light >1 0.81-1.1 (0.29) Undated brown silty clay.

11 © Cotswold Archaeology Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX B: ENVIRONMENTAL TABLE

Assessment of environmental remains Succinea Charred Charcoal Vallonia Pupilla Helicella Trochulus Cochlicopa Carychium Discus Aegopinella Oxychilus /Oxyloma Feature Context Sample Material >4mm/>2mm sp. muscorum itala hispidus sp. tridentatum rotundatus sp. cellarius sp. indet grain* (v. Ditch 207 2 abraded) -/* ***** * ** ***** ** - ** ** ** * 203 indet grain* (v. 204 1 abraded) -/* ***** * * ***** ** * ** * ** -

Key: * = 1–4 items; ** = 4–20 items; *** = 21–49 items; **** = 50–99 items; ***** = >100 items

APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset Short description An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in November 2019 at Castel Cary, Somerset. Two trenches were excavated targeting the results of a previous geophysical survey.

Two ditches were identified, displaying a close correlation with the geophysical results. Ditch 104 contained post medieval ceramic building material (CBM) and glass and cut the subsoil horizon, whereas ditch 203 contained no dating evidence, but was sealed by the subsoil.

Project dates 6-7 November 2019 Project type Evaluation

Previous work Desk Based Assessment (AC 2013) Geophysical Survey (Substrata 2014)

Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset Study area (M2/ha) 10ha Site co-ordinates 363348 132565 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator South Somerset District Council Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Oliver Good Project Supervisor Steven Bush MONUMENT TYPE Ditch SIGNIFICANT FINDS None PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. pottery, (museum/Accession no.) animal bone etc)

Physical N/A N/A Paper Somerset Heritage Service TTNCM Site Archive 109/2019 Digital Somerset Heritage Service TTNCM Digital Archive 109/2019 BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2019 Torbay Road, Castle Cary, Somerset: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report EX0054.1

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SOUTH GLOUCESTERSHIRE Andover 01264 347630 CARDIFF N Cirencester 01285 771022 CITY OF THE VALE BRISTOL Exeter 01392 573970 OF GLAMORGAN NORTH B Cotswold SOMERSET Milton Keynes 01908 564660 BATH AND Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 NE SOMERSET w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk WILTSHIRE e [email protected] PROJECT TITLE Torbay Road, Castle Carey, Somerset SOMERSET H

FIGURE TITLE Site location plan POOLE DEVON DORSET 0 1km

DRAWN BY RW PROJECT NO. EX0054 FIGURE NO. © Crown copyright and database rights 2019 CHECKED BY DJB DATE 26/11/2019 BOURNEMOUTH Ordnance Survey 0100031673 APPROVED BY SB SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 3363300 3363300 6 6

3 3 N 3 3 0 0 0 0

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b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b

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113260032600 TT11 ((FigureFigure 33)) dditchitch 104104 Site boundary Evaluation trench Archaeological feature (excavated / unexcavated) Modern feature Natural feature

Geophysical survey results (Substrata 2019) Survey area

TT22 Potential archaeology: ((FigureFigure 44)) Likely positive dditchitch 203203 Likely negative Possibly positive

01:500 25m

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Torbay Road, Castle Carey, Somerset

FIGURE TITLE Trench location plan showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results

DRAWN BY RW PROJECT NO. EX0054 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/11/2019 APPROVED BY SB SCALE@A3 1:500 2 N Trench 1

dditchitch 110404

Evaluation trench Archaeological feature (excavated / unexcavated) 01:200 10m

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Ditch 104, looking south (1m scale) Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Torbay Road, Castle Carey, Somerset

FIGURE TITLE Trench 1: plan and photographs Trench 1, looking west (1m scales)

DRAWN BY RW PROJECT NO. EX0054 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/11/2019 APPROVED BY SB SCALE@A3 1:200 3 N Trench 2

Section AA

NW SE

Evaluation trench 55.2m A dditchitch AOD 220404 220303 Archaeological feature (excavated / unexcavated) 220707 A Modern feature dditchitch 220303 Natural feature A A Section line 01:200 10m 01m1:20

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Ditch 203, looking north-east (1m scale) Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Torbay Road, Castle Carey, Somerset

FIGURE TITLE Trench 2: plan and photographs Trench 2, looking north-west (1m scales)

DRAWN BY RW PROJECT NO. EX0054 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/11/2019 APPROVED BY SB SCALE@A3 1:200 4