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Lyric of Rhyme in Nizami's Khosrow and Shirin

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Arshive of SID Abstract/ 23 ____________________________________________________________________ Lyric of Rhyme in Nizami’s Khosrow and Shirin Mohammad Hossein Sardaghi Nahid Nasr Azadani Abstract In pre-Islamic Persian syllabic poem, rhyme has not played an important role and, firstly, the science of rhyme has been collected for Arabic poem and then it has been developed in Persian language. Due to its special position in poem, rhyme is effective in rhythm of poem and selecting it can be phonetically and semantically effective in giving worth to poem. Always, poets and scholars of Persian language have recognized rhyme as an external force that help the poem and subject of rhyme, its range and relationship with the nature of poem have been highly considered as far as different forms of poem are differentiated from each other through the position that rhyme is used in them. Showing Nizami's art of using rhyme in composing Khosrow and Shirin poem and hidden values in it have been led to reveal the prominence of this work among the works of Nizami and even the works that have been composed in imitating it. To study poem rhyme, whether at the level of rhyme letters or rhyme words, can greatly explain the ability and the creative power of poet in the art of poem. However, this ability can be more obvious by studying other parts of rhythm i.e. external and internal rhythm. In poem of Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami, the speaker artistically uses this ability in poem and shows his uniqueness through rhyme lyric. Using long and verb rhymes and usefully well-known rhymes such as (an, ar, a, nad) and also using clear and fluent letters such as "R", "M", "N", "Sh" or vowels like "A" and "Ey" are rhythm lyrical factors of Nizami poetry in this poem. In Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami, rhyme is strong and it is rarely appeared in pun form and it is more in rhyming prose (Saj) (it must be noted that pun is more rhythmic than rhyming prose). Various rhymes are used in this poem and the main cause of this variety relates to its poetic form i.e. Masnavi and this increases the lyric of poem. Skillfully using verbal and spiritual novel figures of speech such as symmetry, oxymoron, repetition, rhyming prose, and pun is one of the reasons that rhymes are important in Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami because rhyme will be included figurative, lyrical, and spiritual values or etc in this case. Some types of pun presented in this study consist of homophonic, compound, line, and additive puns. Sometimes, Nizami has created homeoptoton or parallelism by using rhyming prose. Nizami poem is strong and rich in terms of variety of repetition. Repetition in his Assistant professor of Persian Language and Literature, Imam Khomeini University of Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran Ph.D. Student of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Received: 27.06.2014 Accepted: 24.09.2014 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License www.SID.ir Arshive of SID 24 /Abstract ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ poem language has increased the lyric of his poem whether in the phoneme level or word level. Repeating rhyme at the end of verse and using the word "Zooghafiatain" in the couplets and repeating the same words before rhymes at each word include the arts of Nizami to giving lyric to rhyme. After repetition, figures of speech such as symmetry and oxymoron are among the most important ones to increase the value of text words, especially, verse in Nizami poem. A large symmetry that is available in most couplets of Khosrow and Shirin and even the word rhyme that is a part of these symmetries show the pinnacle of Nizami's poetical art in arranging couplets. In addition, he delicately uses the words in a verse that include figures of speech like symmetry and oxymoron. In studying Radif in the couplets of Khosrow and Shirin, it is cleared whenever he wants to strengthen the emotional and poetic aspects, he uses couplets having Radif. In this poem, most of the couplets having Radif have verb Radif and they are stronger in terms of lyric and they have more good order, syntactically; this matter help to giving lyric to rhyme and the words will be more interesting for reader. References 1. Aghahosseini, H. & Algouneh Jouneghani, M. (1388). The valuable halo of words. Literary topics. No. 165: 161-180. 2. Ahmadi, A. (1388). The rhythmic analysis of Roudaki poem. Researches of Persian language and literature, Faculty of literature and human sciences, The University of Isfahan. No.2: 19-34. 3. Dadjou, D. (1383). Rhyme in terms of rhythmic view according to rhyme in Hafez poem. The letter of academy. No. 33: 63-73. 4. Imami, N. (1385). Principles and methods of criticism. Tehran: print. 5. Kamran, M. (1388). Hafez and Rules of Radif and Rhyme. Hafez. No.8: 41-45. 6. Keymanesh, K. (1330). What is poem? Who is poet?, Armaghan. Vol. 29, No. 4-5: 165-170. 7. Khosrow Dehlavi (1362). Shirin and Khosrow. Amir Ahmad Ashrafi (emend.), Tehran: Shaqyeq. Nasr od-Din Tousi, M. (1389). Meyar al-asha'ar, Mohammad Fesharaki (emend.), Tehran: Miras Maktoub. 8. Nizami, E. (1376). The five predicables of Nizami Ganjavi, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Vahid dastgerdi (emend.), Tehran: Negah, Elm. 9. Nourian, M. (1385). Rhyme in the perspective of Molana, Gnostic studies. No.3: 63- 72. 10. Parsapour, Z. (1383). Comparison of epical and lyrical language with depending on Khosrow and Shirin and Eskandar name Nizami. Tehran: University of Tehran. 11. Pournamdarian, T. (1381). Travel in fog (A reflection on the poetry of Ahmad Shamloo). Tehran: Negah. 12. Shafiee Kadkani, M. (1370). Rhythm of poem. Tehran: Agah. 13. Shams Gheisrazi. (1337). Al-moajam fi ma'aeir asha'ar al-ajam. Mohammad Ghazvini (emend.), Tehran: University of Tehran. 14. Toghyani, Ishaq & Algouneh Jouneghani, M. (1388). The poetical structure and form of Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami. Journal of literary researches. Year 6. No. 24: 107-128. 15. Vatvaat, R. (1362). Hadayegh as-Sehr fi daghayegh ash-She’r. Abbas Eghbal Ashtiani (emend.), Tehran: Tahouri and Sanaee libraries. 16. Zipouli, R. (1383). A study in rhyme technique of Persian poem. The letter of academy. No. 24: 109-114. www.SID.ir.
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