Concepts in Emergency Management

The basis of EHA Training Programmes in WPRO Health Sector Emergency Managers

are concerned with publicpublic safetysafety and publicpublic healthhealth

Our clients are threatened or injured and damaged communitiescommunities

2 Concepts in Emergency Management AA CommunityCommunity ……

consists of 5 elements (each of which has specific vulnerabilities from specific hazards): the people their property (infrastructure,possessions and assets; public, private and cultural) their services (government and non- government, commercial and voluntary) their livelihoods (urban and rural, formal and informal) their environment (air, water and soil; urban and rural, built and natural)

3 Concepts in Emergency Management HazardsHazards

There are 4 classes of hazard: Natural hazards Technological hazards Biological hazards Societal hazards

4 Concepts in Emergency Management AA HazardHazard

is:

any potential threat to public health and safety

5 Concepts in Emergency Management AnAn EmergencyEmergency

is:

any actual threat to public health and safety

6 Concepts in Emergency Management RisksRisks

are:

the consequences of exposure to a hazard

7 Concepts in Emergency Management Risks = consequences, outcomes

dead and missing; injury (mental and physical); disease (mental and physical); secondary hazards (fire, disease etc.); contamination; displacement; breakdown in security; damage to infrastructure; breakdown in essential services. loss of property; loss of income …

8 Concepts in Emergency Management VulnerabilitiesVulnerabilities

are:

determinants of risk (outcomes, consequences)

9 Concepts in Emergency Management Determinants of risk (people)

Access to health care Access to safe water Measles vaccination Access to sanitation coverage rate Access to adequate Under 5 nutrition rate housing Under 5 mortality rate Access to regular source of income Female literacy rates

10 Concepts in Emergency Management CapacitiesCapacities

are:

determinants of risk

11 Concepts in Emergency Management PreparednessPreparedness

is:

Measures to build capacities

12 Concepts in Emergency Management TenTen elementselements ofof preparednesspreparedness

Legal Framework NationalNational levellevel LocalLocal levellevel PersonalPersonal levellevel

9 Policies 9 Plans 9 Knowledge

9 Procedures 9 Resources 9 Skills

9 Guidelines 9 Authority 9 Attitudes

13 Concepts in Emergency Management AA DisasterDisaster

is: an emergency

in which local authorities cannot cope

14 Concepts in Emergency Management Local authorities are unable to cope

they don’t have capacity to meet urgent needs:

find and rescue victims evacuate victims to safe place provide first aid and medical transport treat the injured provide shelter, sanitation, food and water care for the dead and manage the missing establish security re-establish the lifelines (water, power, phone) plan and pay for recovery and reconstruction

15 Concepts in Emergency Management The goal of emergencyemergency managementmanagement is toto protectprotect publicpublic healthhealth andand safetysafety

regardless of scale/cause

16 Concepts in Emergency Management All disasters are emergencies but not all emergencies are disasters

17 Concepts in Emergency Management Two types of emergencies

Non-disaster emergencies The local emergency services are not part of the affected population or group, and can function normally Disaster emergencies The local emergency services are themselves victims and cannot function effectively

18 Concepts in Emergency Management hazard + community

threat to public safety

emergency

Disaster Non-Disaster Emergency Emergency • Reconstruction of the community Local floods, storms etc. Epidemics • Emergency services also victims Transport / Industrial accidents Environmental pollution

19 Concepts in Emergency Management

Non Disaster Emergency HAZARD Local capacities can cope ƒ natural ƒ technological ƒ biological • Surge in demand ƒ societal • Local services intact • Resources may or may not threat to public be adequate or sufficient ­ safety

COMMUNITY Disaster Emergency ƒ People ƒ Property International, national and local re- ƒ Services sponse needed ƒ Livelihoods ƒ Environment • Surge in demand • Local services cannot function normally • Resources destroyed, damaged, inadequate and /or insufficient

20 Concepts in Emergency Management Disaster Management is: 80% generic 15% specific 5% unique to all disasters to the hazard to the event 1. Organisation EOC earthquake time coordination large numbers of trapped and injured place communications large numbers of homeless and displaced weather transport large numbers of dead and missing logistics geography information dead, injured and missing staff climate reporting damaged critical infrastruture (hospitals) 2. Response loss of water, electricity, phone networks security search and rescue loss of road, sea, air, rail access evacuation politics mass casualty management long period of SAR, victim extraction economy dead and missing high demand for FA, stretchers, triage, medical transport governance security high demand for beds, surgery, blood products, referral temporary shelter high demand for temporary shelter, food, emergency management capacity emergency water, sanitation and energy water, energy, clothing, tents, blankets logistics capacity emergency food supplies wound infections, amputations, tetanus emergency public and environmental health high demand for orthotics, prosthetics, disability, dental leadership emergency engineering and public works demand for specialised spinal and head injury care solidarity 3. Recovery high demand for psychosocial support of victims and staff morale lifelines curative and public health care few outbreaks of communicable diseases corruption education variable demand for medicines and equipment agriculture (acute injury care - high, infectious disease - low, trade and commerce potentially unstable chronic disease - medium) 4. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction people contamination of water, air and soil property toxic chemical and gas leaks/spills services urban fires, explosions livelihoods contaminated, infested and unsafe foods environment increased vector breeding

loss of livelihoods, markets, distribution networks

21 Concepts in Emergency Management The Risk Analysis process

1. selects a hazard 2. maps the distribution of the hazard 3. identifieseach element the communities exposed to the hazard 4. predicts the consequences of that hazard interacting with that community at a certain time in a certain season 5. analyses each of the 5 elements of community in terms ofexposure that hazard to hazards, to identify reducing the factors vulnerabilities which will and lead building to eachcapacitiesconsequence i.e. determines the vulnerabilities of

6. identifies the capacities within the community to respond to that hazard 7. Undertake interventions to reduce risks by reducing

22 Concepts in Emergency Management Risk analysis

risk analysis is based on the formula:

Public Safety Risk is proportional to:

Probability of hazard X Vulnerabilities ------Capacities

23 Concepts in Emergency Management Risk analysis

The purpose of a risk analysis is to guide communities in planning for protecting health and safety by developing and maintaining 3 sets of plans:

„ Hazard Reduction Plans

„ Vulnerability Reduction Plans

„ Emergency Preparedness Plans

24 Concepts in Emergency Management Outcome of our work

Safer and healthier communities

25 Concepts in Emergency Management Key learning points

The Risk Management Framework uses: 4 classes of hazard 5 elements of community 10 components of preparedness to produce: 3 sets of community plans to protect public health and safety in communities

26 Concepts in Emergency Management Concepts in Emergency Management

Thank you