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Leadership During a Pandemic: What Your Municipality Can Do

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PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE RECOVERY coverpage.indd 1 10/22/09 3:45 PM LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO TOOLKIT TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE TOOLKIT MATRIX: TOOLS FOR PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, AND RECOVERY ANNOTATED INDEX OF TOOLS INTRODUCTION Tool 1: Priority Actions to Lead Your Municipality through a Pandemic Tool 2: Presentation on the Threat of a Severe Influenza Pandemic (PowerPoint Slides and Presenter Guide) HEALTH Tool 3: Pandemic Health Impact Projection Tool (User Guide and Excel Workbook) Tool 4: Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs): Actions to Limit the Spread of the Pandemic in Your Municipality Tool 5: Triage: Prioritizing Care to Reduce Deaths Tool 6: Training for Community Health Responders FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS Tool 7: Food Security in a Pandemic Tool 8: Classification of Food Security Risk Locations (User Guide and Excel Workbook) Tool 9: Identification of People Most at Risk of Food Insecurity Tool 10: Household Food Security Preparedness Tool 11: Distribution of Emergency Food During an Influenza Pandemic CRISIS AND EMERGENCY RISK COMMUNICATIONS Tool 12: Fundamentals of Communication During Crises and Emergencies Tool 13: Communications Plan Implementation for a Severe Pandemic Tool 14: News Media Communication DISASTER MANAGEMENT Tool 15: Disaster Management in a Pandemic Tool 16: Maintenance of Essential Services Tool 17: Volunteer Coordination Tool 18: Management of Dead Bodies Tool 19: Recovery and Resilience GLOSSARY RESOURCES LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO TOOLKIT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AUTHORS HEALTH Lisa V. Stone USAID would like to thank the Principal Technical Advisor for Pandemic Preparedness following authors, technical experts, Management Sciences for Health, STOP AI other contributors, and their Dan Baker respective organizations for making Senior Technical Officer, Management Sciences for Health this toolkit possible. LAC Manager, STOP AI Robert Lee Manager, Emergency Operations Center Pan American Health Organization Fred Hartman Global Technical Lead for Communicable Diseases and Epidemic Preparedness Management Sciences for Health, STOP AI Julio Ortega Regional Coordinator Management Sciences for Health, STOP AI Carlos Sáenz National Coordinator Management Sciences for Health, STOP AI María Pia Sanchez Principal Technical Advisor Management Sciences for Health, STOP AI Naz Todini Project Support Officer Management Sciences for Health, STOP AI FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOOD Tim Frankenberger President TANGO International, Inc. Laurie Starr Principal Research Associate for Pandemic Preparedness TANGO International, Inc. James Becht Senior Analyst for Food and Livelihood Security TANGO International, Inc. Marie Cadrin Technical Consultant for Household Security TANGO International, Inc. Kathy McCaston Technical Consultant for Community Recovery TANGO International, Inc. Tom Spangler Research Associate for Household Food Security TANGO International, Inc. CRISIS AND EMERGENCY RISK COMMUNICATIONS Marisabel Sánchez President and Chief Executive Officer Links Media 1 TECHNICAL REVIEWERS Iván Allende Heather Papowitz Director of Surveillance Medical Officer Ministry of Health, Paraguay Health Action in Crises Adelina Barrera World Health Organization Project Coordinator Panu Saaristo FamiSalud/USAID Zone Coordinator Federación Red NicaSalud Health in Emergencies Judy Canahuati International Federation of Red Cross MCHN & HIV Advisor and Red Crescent Societies Food for Peace Americas Heather Danton Enrique Samudio Núñez Senior Director National Officer Integrated Livelihoods Programs Pandemic Influenza Contingency (PIC), Save the Children UNSIC; and Office for the Coordination of Daniel C. Ehlman Humanitarian Affairs Research Scientist Regional Office for Latin America and the Emerging Infections Program Caribbean (OCHA ROLAC) US Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD), Lima, Peru Carlos A. Sanchez Medical Epidemiologist Margie Ferris-Morris Emerging Infections Program Nutrition and Food Security Consultant US Naval Medical Research Center Dawn French Detachment (NMRCD), Lima, Peru Director Cesar A. Sandoval Saint Lucia National Emergency Management Agricultural Scientist Organisation (NEMO) United States Embassy APHIS/USDA/IS Avery Q. J. Hinds Panama City, Panama Medical Epidemiologist Eric S. Starbuck National Surveillance Unit, Ministry of Health Public Health Advisor Trinidad and Tobago Humanitarian Pandemic Preparedness (H2P) David Hull Initiative, CORE Group Food Security Advisor Health Advisor, Save the Children Latin America and Caribbean Bureau’s Timothy Stevenson Office of Regional Sustainable Deputy Director Development (LAC/RSD) Veterinary Corps USAID Department of Defense Veterinary Aynur Kadihasanoglu Service Activity Coordinator Ann Swindale Food and Livelihoods Security Working Group Project Director Human Pandemic Preparedness (H2P) Food Security and Nutrition Project (FANTA) Initiative Academy for Educational Development International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Americas Marci Van-Dyke Technical Advisor Brian U. Kim Pandemic Planning/Humanitarian Response Command Veterinarian Avian and Pandemic Influenza Response Unit HQ NORAD-USNORTHCOM/SG USAID Global Health Bureau United States Army Andrés “Willy” Lescano Director, Public Health Training U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD), Lima, Peru Nancy Mock Interim Executive Director, Newcomb College Center for Research on Women Associate Professor of International Health and International Development Tulane University 2 LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO TOOLKIT INTRODUCTION TO THE TOOLKIT IMAGINE… You are the mayor of a municipality that started seeing influenza pandemic cases a few weeks ago. Each day it has gotten worse, and now the local health facility is completely overrun with patients. People who are sneezing and coughing are waiting for hours to be seen, while patients with other diseases are not only worried that they are being exposed to the illness, but also that they are not getting the care they need. The Ministry of Commerce reports that due to the impact of the pandemic in other parts of the world, imports have declined by 20%. Crowds of people are out in the streets, buying up food and water and other essentials. A supermarket owner has posted security outside the store and locked the door with a chain. People are now very worried about how to survive the pandemic—and if they survive, running out of food and money. Attendance in church has increased dramatically. Some fights have broken out, and there is a palpable sense of fear in the air. People are packing up to flee the area, and those with the transportation and other resources to leave have boarded up their homes and businesses and escaped to the countryside in hopes of isolating themselves from the pandemic. The health director is recommending measures to limit the spread of the disease. She wants to close schools, some local businesses, and churches, and limit public gatherings and public transport in order to prevent deaths. This decision will affect the livelihoods of many in the municipality. Your police chief reports many officers are out sick, despite requests to provide extra security for health facilities, pharmacies, grocery stores, and gasoline stations. He is asking for help from the uniformed services. As if you didn’t have enough to worry about, the local media is outside your door and is demanding answers. What would you do? It should be clear from this example that the impact of a severe pandemic goes far beyond an impact on health. It will take the effort of all sectors, working together in a coordinated way, to prepare, respond, and recover from this disaster. This toolkit has been designed to assist mayors, their municipal leadership teams, and other local leaders to do just that. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOOLKIT 1 WHAT IS AN INFLUENZA PANDEMIC? An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of influenza that occurs globally. Pandemics A pandemic influenza virus is strictly occur when a new influenza virus emerges and spreads as easily as seasonal flu a human disease. People will not does, through coughing and sneezing. A pandemic influenza virus causes more serious catch a pandemic virus from birds, disease than the normal flu because it is a new virus against which humans have no swine, or other animals. immunity. Severe influenza pandemics are rare but recurring events. In the previous century, three severe pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918, Asian influenza in 1957, and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. In 1918, the pandemic killed an estimated 40 to 50 million people in the world; the other pandemics were milder, with an estimated two million deaths in 1957, and one million in 1968. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised the level of pandemic alert from Phase 5 to Phase 6—describing the H1N1 influenza virus as a full-blown pandemic. While the impact of this virus has been relatively mild to date, with low mortality rates and limited economic impact, there is concern that the virus may return with greater virulence in the near future. A note about severity The term influenza pandemic does not, in and of itself, speak to how severe the effect Once a pandemic starts, it cannot will be. It primarily refers to the geographic reach, and not severity, of an illness. be kept out of a community because Pandemics can range
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