ENG 26 cities but the shortage of roads, utility vehicles for Europeans and for new markets and greater legislation and affordable power the Japanese. While the American energy efficiency. Consequently The roots of the automobile 1860-1900: sources held back their emergence. 1900-1939: 1945-1973: market featured models such 1974-1995: carmakers tailored their production Although the as the Ford Super Deluxe (1946) to market needs and designed more The emergence from the at first opted for commercial and the forging of a world on and the Cadillac Coupe DeVille efficiency and functional vehicles such as people industry in public transport, by the late 19th (1955), the Citroën 2CV, Mini Austin carriers and compact sports . century private transport had Rover (1959), Trabant 601 (1960) This adjustment and technological AUTOMOBILE / horse to the become the priority. In this period a new project wheels and Renault 4 (1961) were being robotization investment gave rise to automation automobile races began and the driven on Europe’s roads. However, in the industry’s factories, especially While industrial Europe was After the Second World War (1939- The 1973 oil crisis brought the A standard bearer of BCN of an industry combustion first big carmakers were established: the technological nest which 1945) the United States was the the 1973 oil crisis led to a global automobile industry to its knees. in Japan and South Korea. We URBAN HISTORY Benz (1890), Peugeot (1896), Opel, fostered the birth of the , world’s greatest economic power. economic recession which had a The boom in the preceding years were on the threshold of the the second industrial GUIDE The automotive industry has been more efficient Renault (1898), FIAT and . In from the beginning of the 20th Once the West had weathered special impact on the automotive and the emergence of markets in technological revolution of the revolution engine Barcelona the first make of Spanish century the United States led the first post-war period, the industry. Although had been Socialist and Third World countries early 21st century. than other sectors in addressing the economic crises The second industrial The age of the automobile began. car was created, La Cuadra (1899). the automobile industry. The automotive industry, which had part of the car boom, it joined it were slowing down. Production experienced since the start of the second industrial late on in the early 1960s due to revolution was especially There were still no large companies News about automobile pioneers new oil fields and chemical been restructured following the costs rose and financial returns fell. revolution. Companies which have been able to industry were significant, but 1929 crisis, went through a period the Civil War (1936-1939) and the Sales dropped by 30% between vibrant in Barcelona and and engines were designed its hinterland. The legacy retain optimal scaling strategies and empathy for by engineers and scientists in 1769. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot builds the the really determining factors of unprecedented expansion Franco regime’s economic autarchy 1979 and 1983. For manufacturers first steam vehicle. were its large market, an with the American market in full policy. and users alike, cars were now an handed down (experience in new technology have become stronger and once workshops. These were the years the trade, business diligence of technological inventions and 1839. Robert Anderson devises the first exporting strategy and making recovery, a willing Europe, major expensive product to make, buy again drawn in countless economic and social electric vehicle. cars affordable as a result of US investment and an emerging and drive. The industry reacted by and innovative spirit) opened practical solutions, times of fierce the way to technological 1886. Karl F. Benz creates the first new production and work Publicity for the Ford at the Motor Shoe, economic power in Japan. These cutting production costs, offshoring activities. competition between steam-power innovations (the spark-ignition enthusiasts and advocates of the vehicle with an internal combustion organisation systems such as 1924. AGFB were the years of large cars for factories, merging manufacturers engine. the assembly line introduced the American middle-classes and and investing heavily in the search engine, organic chemistry) and internal combustion engine. The the use of new power sources . At the Universal Exposition in by Ford in 1913, or Sloanism, AFGB guidelines were set by carriages and 1889 (oil, gas and electricity). The Paris the car is presented to the public which enabled steam technology. Noisy machines automotive industry is the started driving around towns and for the first time. to offer a range of very diverse models in the mid-1920s. outcome of this process of Starting in 1920 countless industrial diversification and manufacturers sprang up internationalisation of the all over the place, yet three economy and trade. of them set the standard: Ford (1903) in the cars for all strategy, Rolls Royce (1906) Illustration of a factory, 1929 AGFB as a luxury brand and Bugatti (1909) in sports cars. However, the economic crisis in 1929 The automobile arrives slowed the industry down Right from the outset Barcelona was involved in developing and and this led to manufacturers implementing the global automotive industry. Unlike other sectors in the merging or closing, adopting economy, this industry was driven by local entrepreneurs and financiers. cost-cutting strategies and The shortage of oil and committing to large-scale gas led to hydraulic Cartoon by Cesc. Assem- markets. blea Obrera underground power production and magazine. CCOO trade foreign capital had union at SEAT. facilities for investing Benz automobile patent, 1886 Poster for the Universal Exhibition of Paris, Oldsmobile advertisement, 1938. AGFB AMSEAT FOIM, 1968. AGFB in strategic sectors 1889. AGFB such as chemicals. Furthermore, the city’s excellent geographical location was reinforced Yellow by infrastructure works 1895 Manifesto. AGFB in roads, railways and In the United its port. This effort paid States the car magazine off: Barcelona and its The Horseless Age is surroundings became published. The appearance 1964 established as a leading of automobiles marks the Speed and industrial district for end of horse-based technology; the car is the automobiles. civilisation. horse of the hero of the Wikicommons new westerns. Museu d’Història de Barcelona 1928 Registration plate of James Plaça del Rei, s/n. 08002 Barcelona Bond’s car, 1964. Alamy The Yellow Stock Photo Information and bookings: [email protected] 1914 Manifesto, a surrealist 93 256 21 22 Films and cars statement signed by 1957 Salvador Dalí, Lluís Montanyà 1934 barcelona.cat/museuhistoria become the paradigm of Taxis have become The SEAT 600 1904 modernity. Charlie Chaplin and Sebastià Gasch, mentions is the first car for the facebook.com/barcelonacultura 1925 the symbol of cities. In 1955 Writer and suffragette devises the role of his classic the Motor Show in one of its working-classes in twitter.com/bcncultura Political Barcelona they have been Cars become Share of the Hispano Suiza company, 1918 Emilia Pardo Bazán gets character, a tramp wearing points. Spain. leaders and black and yellow since 1934. standards of into a car to demand gender a hat, in the movie Kid Golden Arrow automobile, Prieto Rius family, 1960. MUHBA URBAN HISTORY GUIDES magnates use the car Taxi of the make. Author: technology and equality. Auto Races at Venice. 1929. AGFB Arxiu Francesc Prieto as a symbol of power. Enfo/Wikicommons functionality yet also Paradigm of modernity 1. BARCINO/BCN 14. INDIANES 1736-1847 / BCN Sant Feliu de Codines, c. 1920. Rolls Royce Phantom (1925) beauty. 2. GAUDI/BCN 15. REREGUARDA/BCN MMCX Sant Feliu de Codines In 1901 Pere Romeu i Borràs, owner of Els Quatre Gats, replaced the picture in Barcelona (1929). Citroën DS. AGFB by his friend Ramon Casas on the walls of the premises showing the two 3. DIAGONAL/BCN 16. ROMANESQUE 11th-13th / BCN Author: Bert. AGFB of them on a tandem by another in which they are travelling by car at 4. PARCS/BCN 17. CALL/BCN high speed. It was a sign of the new times. In this café, a favoured haunt of 5. GOTHIC/BCN 18. BALCONADA/BCN Catalan Art Nouveau artists, internal combustion engines were inspiring 6. WATER/BCN 19. INDIANS 1835-1888 / BCN 1982 the future. 7. BARRAQUES/BCN 20. MACOSA/BCN 1917 Thousands of In the Mexican 8. DEFENSA 1936-39 / BCN 21. II GUERRA MUNDIAL 1939-1945/BCN 1948 images of what the (1910) and Russian (1917) 9. ORIENT/BCN 22. LA MAQUINISTA / BCN Cars are seen as cars of the future will revolutions, vehicles carry a private space and a be like are generated. 10. SEAT 1950-65 / BCN 23. PUIG I CADAFALCH / BCN ideas and combat. 11. POBLENOU/BCN 24. SEXUALITATS S.XX / BCN beacon of freedom. Jack Blade Runner, 1982. Warner Children’s drawing, Russia Kerouac begins writing his Bros 12. TEATRES/BCN 25. AIGUA KM ZERO / BCN 1917. State Historical novel On the Road. 13. COOPERATIVES 1842-1939/BCN Museum of Russia Wikicommons © of the MUHBA edition, 2019 1st edition: May 2019 AUTHOR Marià Hispano Vilaseca REVISION Tomàs Fernández de Sevilla Mary Anderson llenges of globalisation and connect The vitality of the automotive sector’s auxiliary industry PUBLISHING COORDINATORS Marta Iglesias and Ana Shelly Oldsmobile The automotive sector and creates the windscreen to global markets and international Vehicle manufacturers and auxiliary industry companies at the FOIM in 1956 (Barcelona and metropolitan area) presents a car auxiliary industries PHOTOGRAPHY: Alamy Stock Photo, Arxiu Francesc Prieto, Arxiu General A cornerstone wiper (1915) production networks. Automotive with an odometer de Fira de Barcelona (AGFB), Arxiu Memorial SEAT (AMSEAT), Arxiu The automotive district in Barcelona industry participation figures at the Automotive auxiliary industry Automotive industry companies (1901) was built up during the early 20th cen- Nacional de Catalunya (ANC), Arxiu Marià Hispano Vilaseca (AMHV), of the economy Satnav systems Packard Official International Trade Fair (Fira • Transmissions • Tooling and utilities • Autonacional, S.A. • Nacional • Motorhispania devises the H layout tury and did not establish itself until Oficial i Internacional de Mostres, FOIM) (Biscuter) Motor, S.A. () Arxiu mNACTEC, Bibliothèque Nationale de (BNF), State are added to cars • Decor • Engine accessories • Motores y (1995) of the gear shift the late sixties. After the Spanish Civil of Barcelona in 1956 show the district’s • Wiring • Surface treatment • Construcciones • Motor Ibérica, S.A. Motos, S.A. The automobile; the (1902) Historical Museum of Moscow, Museu Municipal Can Xifreda (MMCX War and in spite of the shortages, the importance as a driving force in the • Steering column • Trims Metálicas Clúa • Construcciones (Mymsa) Ramon Casas and Pere Romeu in an automobile. Ramon Casas, 1901. MNAC sum of components sector and its related industries forged • David Autos Metálicas Alfaro • Permanyer, S.A. Sant Feliu de Codines), Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya (MNAC), Karl F. Benz invents economy: 18 vehicle manufacturers in • Seating • Bumper Dupont a solid network of small businesses Fabricación, S.A. (Montesa) Warner Bros. The car as an industrial product the internal combustion Barcelona and its metropolitan area • Adhesives • Packaging • Industrias Dami invents quick- is much more than just a engine (1886) which over time were organised and 257 companies in the automotive treatment • Industrias • Industrias Narcla • Indústria Ciclista Cover image: illustration of the 6th Barcelona Trade Fair, 1933. AGFB drying spray paint • Logistics services AGFB vehicle with an engine and around the large end producers. The auxiliary industry. Furthermore, the • SEAT • Maquinaria Cine- Solá (Ducson) (1924) • Tank • Dashboards prolific history of its automotive district • Viuda de Antonio 1912 1,000 Vehicles in Barcelona province DESIGN, LAYOUT AND MAP: Carlos Ortega and Jaume Palau four wheels. It is made up of a Osram presents latter were joined by numerous firms AGFB • Stamping • Empresa Nacional matográfica, S.A. large number of components a headlight for full provided Barcelona with magnificent from other sectors working indirectly de Autocamio- () Sitjes and accessories, many of which beam and dipped Robert Bosch tools to build a powerful innovative with the automotive industry such nes, S.A. (ENASA) • Motocicletas 1922 10,000 lights (1924) GmbH patents the cluster capable of providing companies as chemicals, textiles, machinery and EVYCSA are supplied by the sector’s anti-lock braking ISSN: 2014-8879 | Legal deposit: B.24697-2011 established there with the competitive 1930 20,000 auxiliary industries. metal and electrical equipment and system (ABS) advantage needed to address the cha- (1936) plastics. companies at the FOIM. companies at the FOIM. Cars with Components and Automotive industry manufacturers 1936 30,000 four-wheel brakes 257 accessories industries 18 go on sale J.B. Dunlop 1969 100,000 (1910) develops the pneumatic tyre (1888) 1970 388,000 Mercedes-Benz AEG invents patents the airbag an electric cigar Preston Tucker 1980 704,000 as a passive designs a seatbelt lighter for cars safety system for cars (1948) 1992 1,000,000 (1906) (1971) AGFB AGFB AGFB AGFB AGFB Illustration: Andrés Hispano, 2019 as Paco Godia. Likewise the In its beginnings the lities from Passeig industrial area to be establis- 1931. Barcelona City Council automobile industry was a automobile industry de Sant Joan to the hed during the first half of the Timeline: from organises traffic and draws up The automotive industry in The main figures pioneer in gender equality. The factory: in Barcelona was set Sagrera district. The- 20th century was Barcelona’s traffic regulations. Women fought to be able to up in small mechani- se are factory areas Zona Franca. In 1953 SEAT 1932. General Motors sets up in in the story drive and also as workers in from Eixample cal workshops which designed as large opened a modern factory next the Universal Barcelona. an industry where the la- would gradually ex- workshops which to the port and in the automo- The Montjuïc Circuit opens. 12 Barcelona: a strategic sector Every story has its main figures. bour movement was power- pand by taking ad- were still far from tive sector industrial district. Exposition 1934. Black and yellow are cho- Barcelona’s automobile industry ful in its large factories and to the Zona vantage of adjacent assembly line pro- Other companies also set up th and culture have been built by sen as the colours of Barcelona’s Since the late 19 century Barcelona had been involved in the emergence of the often took a leading social facilities or buil- duction. Meanwhile there including Motor Ibérica taxis. men and women over the years. and political role. dings. These works- the American firms and OSSA which made it into to the 21st SEAT clocking-in clock, automobile industry as it embraced modernity. Business, technological and cultural Anchored in a solid alliance, Franca 1936. On the outbreak of the These men and women are hops and factories c. 1958, Arxiu Francesc Ford and General an automobile industry hub. resources were all brought into play. However, the (1936-1939) visionaries, sportspeople, sci- th Spanish Civil War the automo- the start and the source of were sited at first in Prieto Motors streamlined Since the late 20 century and cut short these dreams and efforts. Yet in spite of the post-war period, political entists and entrepreneurs made their operations to aside from the industry use of century bile factories are taken over and an economic activity and the Eixample in Bar- turned over to war production. it possible for the industry to celona and then moved on to achieve greater productivity. the region, new communication repression and an autarchic economic policy, Barcelona retained a network of small emerge. They were entrepre- a culture which after 150 1888. The Universal Exhibition years is still very much alive the industrial districts in Sants Starting in the 1920s, a series technology stands out as the es- is the origin of modern 1937. Automobile industry facto- and medium-sized metalworking enterprises which enabled the automobile industry neurs including Emilio de la ries are hit in air raids by Fran- and preserves for Barcelona and Sant Martí. set of auxiliary industries forged an sential tool for production and a Barcelona. 1 to bounce back when the economy was liberalised in 1959. Even though it was the Cuadra, Francesc Batlló and the up its large factory on Passeig industrial district which would market that are global. co’s air force. Armangué brothers, engineers one of automobile industry’s establishment of SEAT (1950) that gave the automotive industrial district a sufficient de Sant Joan while in 1906 encompass the Barcelona me- 1939. At the end of the Civil War like Vilfred Ricart and Marc capitals in southern Europe. size to consolidate it, problems then re-emerged in the mid-1970s as a result of Demonstration by SEAT workers, 1977. Hispano Suiza moved its faci- tropolitan area. The other great companies are returned to their Birkigt, and racing drivers such PSUC, ANC Ground plan of the SEAT factory, 1968. Arxiu Francesc Prieto original owners. the oil crisis and the industry’s internationalisation. Harsh industrial restructuring, 1940. Key role for the Catalan union input and the purchase of loss-making domestic carmakers by multinationals industry in the post- meant the automobile industry was once more in a position to compete in a global 8 war period. OSSA, Montesa, and technological economy. In the early 21st century, the automotive sector is once , Derbi and Mototrans are founded. again one of the economic cornerstones of Barcelona and its metropolitan area: it Plan of the Universal Exhibition Barcelona 1888. AGFB 1941. The Spanish National Ins- attracts foreign investment, boasts technological capacity and invests in scientific titute of Industry (INI) is founded 35 development while at the same time it is part of the global automotive industries 1889. Francesc Bonet i Dalmau and restructures the automobile 5 builds the first Spanish vehicle industry. network. with a spark-ignition engine. 1946. The Barcelona Trade Fair 1898. Emilio de la Cuadra sets once again displays foreign ve- up the first Spanish factory hicles. policies brought about improvements in in- making cars in Barcelona. 1880-1900 1950. SEAT is established. dustrial productivity and people’s standard of SEAT (1950- ) Visionaries 1993: Martorell AGFB 1899. The first motorcycle, car living. SEAT, a FIAT subsidiary, was the best ENASA- (1946-1990) 1953. The Biscuter is produced, AGFB 1946-1979: Parc and bicycle race on the Peninsu- In spite of raw materials shortages, Barcelona example of the country’s economic devel- (1912-1930) la is held in Barcelona. the model for the microcars C. Aragó, 239-245 de la Pegaso 2 took part in forging international automotive opment and its Seat 600 was the car of the AGFB which are manufactured in Bar- technology and industry right from the outset. 1899. The magazine El Automo- celona. working-classes. SEAT, FASA-Renault (1951) Hispano Suiza vilismo Ilustrado comes out in (1904-1946) and Citroën (1958) gave Spain Barcelona. 1954. Ford Motor Ibérica beco- wheels. 1908-1946: mes a Spanish company under David (1914-1957) Parc de la Pegaso 1906. The Barcelona Automobile the name Motor Ibérica, S.A. 1931: C. Aribau / Club is founded. In 1910 it was Trav. de Gràcia renamed the Royal Automobile 1955. Barcelona has 23 cars per Club of Catalonia (RACC). 1,000 inhabitants compared to Ricart i Pérez (1922-1927) AMSEAT 133 in Paris. C. Comte Borrell, 236-244 22 España (Fábrica Nacional 1907. The first vehicle registered de Automóviles F. Batlló, in Barcelona (B-1) belongs to 1957. Manufacture of the Seat Arxiu mNACTEC Sociedad en Comandita) Ruperto Garriga-Nogués and is a 600 begins. (1917-1928) Elizalde (1909-1951) Berliet. 1959. Economic Stabilisation Sant Andreu del Palomar Pg. de Sant Joan, 149 General Motors Peninsular It is agreed to celebrate St Plan in Spain. The country emer- (1932-1939) Christopher as the patron saint ges from economic autarchy. 23 18 32 of motorists. Francesc Bonet, Barcelona 1890 C. Mallorca, 433 3 1961. The city still has 1,341 Diaz y Grilló (1913-1922) The City Council sets up a local animal-drawn carts registered. Renault 4CV, 1957. AMHV C. Sicília, 141 i 143 / police unit to direct traffic. 1963. Municipal road tax begins 1901-1935 The golden age Ptge. Pagès 13-15 1912. Martí Vidal Pedrola is the in Barcelona, the first in Spain. It was the golden age of the automobile 21 first self-employed taxi driver in Paco Godia sets the speed record industry. Manufacturers such as Hispano Barcelona. 1974-1986 4 between and Barcelona at Suiza, Elizalde and David built high quality 24 1914. The 1st Tibidabo Cup is less than five hours. vehicles, although only the American car- Towards an international market 11 held on 24 May. 5 makers in Barcelona (Ford and General The removal of protectionist barriers as part La Cuadra (1898-1901) 27 28 1964. Carrer Portaferrissa and Motors) had as- of liberal policies enabled other foreign manu- C. Diputació / América Autos (1913-1922) 1916. Lluís and Frederic Arman- Avinguda Portal de l’Àngel are AGFB gué make the Barcelona-Ma- pedestrianised. sembly line facili- facturers to enter the market. Factories such Arxiu Francesc Prieto 19 Pg. Sant Joan C. Consell de Cent, 605 13 drid-Barcelona journey in just ties. The industry’s as the ones opened by Ford in 1976 and Opel 1965. The land in Barcelona’s over 28 hours. weakness was in 1982 were exemplary facilities in an in- 25 Zona Franca is turned into an 4 16 33 The Barcelona Motor Association industrial area. down to a range of dustry that was internationalising its markets. ENASA-Pegaso 18 26 14 Matas y SRC (1917-1925) (1945-1953) Chamber is founded. factors including When Spain joined the European Economic (1946-1990) 1968. Barcelona’s first under- C. Sardenya, 287 C. Nàpols, 124 The Rhin Club, one of the most lack of technology, Community, the whole of its industry inclu- 1980-1990: 30 ground car park is opened in Motor Ibérica Zona Franca BNF prominent motorsport clubs, is the low internal ding Barcelona’s automotive industry was 17 Plaça Catalunya. 15 demand and the (1954-1987) founded. 6 impacted by the implementation of a tough 1967: Zona Franca 6 15 1971. Vehicle exports outdo im- 1919. The 1st Barcelona Motor lack of popular restructuring plan. ports in Spain for the first time. automobile models Show is held in the Palace of Castro (1902-1903) David (1914-1957) Motor Ibérica 13 Fine Arts in Ciutadella Park. 7 1973. The rise in the oil price were some of the 32 C. Floridablanca, 1914: Pallars, 71 14 (1986- ) 20 leads to a global energy crisis. causes of the sec- 54-64 13 Autonacional 34 35 36 Zona Franca 23 (Biscuter) (1953-1963) tor’s weakness. In AGFB 1974-1996. Internationalisation of 9 10 Sant Adrià de Besós 1927 Barcelona the automobile industry and the held 68% of au- SEAT (1950- ) 12 Talleres Hereter (1905-1922) upsurge of Asian carmakers. tomobile industry Zona Franca 1 29 C. Independència / C. Almogàvers 1975. dies; the capital in Spain. 3 AFGB 2 democratic transition begins in Spain. Hispano Suiza 7 31 34 (1904-1946) Ford Motor Ibérica 1976-2010. Deindustrialisation in 1936-1959 1904-1907: (1923-1954) Catalonia and Spain. and microcars C. Diputació/ Av. Icària, 149 Pg. Sant Joan 1984. SEAT manufactures the The Spanish Civil War interrupted the au- Motor Ibérica Ibiza model, the first Spanish tomobile industry’s upward swing. In the (1954-1987) mass production car. 1954-1966: Nacional Pescara AGFB autarchic post-war economy and lacking re- Av. Icària, 149 Ford stand, International Motor Show of Barcelona, 1976. AGFB (1929-1932) 1986. The INI awards majority sources, the sector opted to build trucks and End C. Padilla control of SEAT to . vans along with motorcycles and microcars. Poster for the 1st Barcelona Motor Show. Spain joins the EEC. The establishment of SEAT in 1950 opened 1987-2000 AGFB Nissan Motor Ibérica is establis- up fresh prospects. A technological future AMSEAT AGFB AGFB Timeline Car factories 1921. The 1st Spanish hed. After the 1973 oil crisis and the globalisation Motorsport Championship is held 1990. buys ENASA. at the Vilafranca del Penedès of the automobile market, the industry opted circuit. 1991. The Circuit de Catalunya is for export strategies, R&D investment and im- Since the commercial revolu- opened at Montmeló. proved productivity through company automa- tion in the late 19th century, 1922. The Rabassada Ascent Race is held for the first time. tion. The closing down of some manufacturers 1919-2019 rising consumption of goods 1919 1921 1935 1947 FOIM Sector 1955 FOIM Sector 8 and others joining multinational groups made has been accompanied by The Barcelona Motor Show moves to Montjuïc. restructuring easier; SEAT was taken over by one hundred new communication platforms 9 the (1986), Motor Ibérica such as fairs, advertising and 1923. American company Ford joined Nissan (1987) and Pegaso became trade journalism. Ever since sets up in Barcelona. part of Iveco (1990). years of the the Barcelona Motor Show The Terramar International began in 1919 it has been the Autodrome opens in Sant Pere main showcase in the city for de Ribes. Barcelona understanding the industrial, 1927. The Barcelona automotive technological and design as- industrial district is established. Circuit of Catalonia of Montmeló, 1991. Motor Show. pects of cars in a venue for Wikicommons engagement between industry, 1929. Barcelona International 1967 1970 1981 1999 2001 Exposition: futuristic design 1993. SEAT opens new industrial Biscuter, 1967. MMCX Sant Feliu de Codines trade and the general public’s facilities at Martorell. Industry, fondness for motoring. cars and sports cars amaze visitors. 10 1998. The Mobility Pact is signed 1960-1973 The Cars and Roads Board, which in Barcelona with the involve- trade and the oversees the quality of roads, is ment of a number of social and The streets fill with cars founded. economic sectors. When the Franco government approved the general public The first traffic light is installed 2002. Barcelona consolidates Economic Stabilisation Plan in 1959, liberal in Barcelona ​​at the junction of its position as an automotive Installations of SEAT in Martorell, 1995. AMSEAT Balmes and Provença streets. 11 technology and design centre. AGFB AGFB