N E W S L E T T

NEWSLETTER

Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Fall 2006

From the Editor:

Welcome to the first issue of the Newsletter of the Molina Center, which we hope to use as a means of communication with our colleagues and friends about the activities of the Center and interesting news and stories of our participants and collaborators.

This first issue is devoted to the MCMA-2006 Campaign, one of the components of MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations), which was successfully completed in March 2006. The Campaign brought together an international research team of hundreds of scientists and students to the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, where they have col- Inauguration of the MILAGRO Poster Exhibit (March 2, 2006 laborated with a large group of Mexican investigators and gov- at Universum). From left to right: Julia Tagüeña (UNAM), ernment agencies in both scientific and educational activities. Sasha Madronich (NCAR), Luisa T. Molina (MCE2), Carlos Gay (UNAM), Jeffrey Gaffney (UALR). We are grateful to the many Mexican institutions and agencies for their support in the planning and operation of MILAGRO which In This Issue was instrumental in the success of the Campaign. Overview ...... 2 Single Particles ...... 17 Toxic Pollutants ...... 5 Balloon Measurements ...... 18 We would like to thank the contributors of the articles and photos T0 Measurement ...... 5 PM Speciation ...... 18 in this issue. We plan to have a follow-up issue in spring 2007. If Forecasting ...... 6 Mercury ...... 19 MILAGRO participants did not have a chance to send in your con- Open Path DOAS ...... 7 Industrial Stacks ...... 20 tribution or if contributors have updated results, please send to us SIMAT Measurements ...... 8 Tula Emissions ...... 20 by March 1, 2007. Please also let us know if you have suggestions Paso de Cortes ...... 9 Tenango del Aire ...... 21 for interesting stories, news, photos, and research activities related Microscopy Studies ...... 10 Microplane ...... 21 MILAGRO Documentary ...... 10 Boundary Sites ...... 21 to the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 Campaign. AOD Measurements ...... 11 T1 Measurements ...... 22 Aerosol Sampling ...... 12 Education and Outreach ...... 23 With best wishes, ARI Moble Lab ...... 13 Participating Institutions ...... 25 Health Studies ...... 15 Publications ...... 26 MAX-Mex ...... 16 Upcoming Events ...... 28 Luisa T. Molina

MILAGRO Press Conference on Feb. 23, 2006 officiated by Adrian Fernandez (INE Early morning view of Mexico City from the SEMARNAT Sec. Jose Luis Luege (center), shown here with Sec. President) served as summit of Pico Tres Padres Claudia Sheinbaum (SMA-GDF) and Luisa T. Molina (MCE2). M.C.

Overview of the MCMA-2006/MILAGRO Measurement Campaign

MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and atmosphere, pollutant gases and aerosols nisms for their eventual removal from the Global Research Observations) is the first are mixed into and transported throughout atmosphere are very complex and obvious- international effort to study the impact of a the atmosphere without regard to geopo- ly important, yet only partly understood at megacity on air quality, where a megacity litical frontiers, until they are removed by the present time. is defined as urban areas with more than 10 physical and chemical processes. In many million residents. The Mexico City Metro- cases, the pollutants can undergo chemi- Building on an Earlier Study: the politan Area (MCMA) – the second largest cal and physical transformations that are megacity in the world – was selected as the driven by sunlight leading to the formation MCMA-2003 Campaign initial case study for MILAGRO. of oxidants and secondary aerosol species. The length of time that the pollutants re- The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) was selected as the initial case Air Pollution in Megacities main in the atmosphere and the meteorology determine the range of their impacts. In study for MILAGRO Campaign. Previ- ous research on air pollution associated About half of the world’s population now some cases, the air pollutants are removed rapidly as they are water soluble and can with the MCMA provided a framework for lives in urban area; many of these urban planning of future field studies, particularly centers are expanding rapidly, leading to be washed out by wet deposition processes. Some types of compounds remain for long the MCMA-2003 Campaign, which was a the growth of cities and megacities. Popu- major activity of the Integrated Program lation growth and increasing industrializa- periods of time, even decades, until they reach the upper layers of the atmosphere. on Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollu- tion have inevitably resulted in a higher tion -- a collaborative research and educa- demand for energy, greater use of fossil These exported primary pollutants and tion program initiated by Luisa T. Molina fuels, and more emission of pollutants into and Mario J. Molina at the Massachusetts the atmosphere. As a result, air pollution their reaction products have the potential to affect human health and ecosystems on Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1999 to has become not only one of the central en- address the air pollution problems derived vironmental problems of the century, but large geographic scales, and additionally can affect atmospheric visibility, weather from human activity in large cities and its also presents serious health consequences impact on the health of the population, cli- to people and economic costs to society. systems and precipitation, and global climate. Tropospheric ozone, a product of mate, and ecosystems. The Mexico City VOC-NOx chemistry, is Metropolitan Area has served as the initial also a highly effective case study for the Program’s research and greenhouse gas. Sus- educational activities, the basis for the de- pended particles (some- velopment of an integrated assessment of times seen as regional urban, regional, and global air pollution haze episodes) reflect that takes into account the broader dimen- or absorb sunlight, de- sions of the problem in order to devise teriorating visibility and more effective pollution control strategies. altering the atmospheric Information about the Integrated Program energy budgets that af- can be found at the following webpage: fect climate. Some types http://mce2.org/airpollution.html. of compounds (such as methane, carbon dioxide, The MCMA-2003 measurement campaign and many halogenated is a joint effort of MIT Mexico City Pro- organics) remain in the gram and the Mexican Metropolitan En- atmosphere for many vironmental Commission (CAM). It was Aerial View of Mexico City metropolitan area years, and are therefore planned and executed under the direction of Luisa T. Molina and included scientists The main pollutants emitted into the atmo- spread around the entire globe. Many of these very long-lived compounds play an and researchers from Mexico, US and Eu- sphere in megacities are carbon dioxide rope. The campaign was carried out during (CO ) sulfur oxides (SO ), nitrogen oxides important role in greenhouse warming. 2 X April 2003 and was designed to cover the (NO ), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile or- They eventually also reach the upper lay- X height of the annual photochemical season ganic compounds (VOCs), metal oxides, ers of the atmosphere where, in the case of the chlorine and bromine containing just prior to the onset of the rainy season. and atmospheric particles (aerosols) mostly It involved a highly instrumented supersite consisting of soot or black carbon, sulfates, compounds, they can adversely affect the stratospheric ozone layer. located at the Centro Nacional de Investig- nitrates, and organic matter. Currently, ación y Capacitación Ambiental (CENI- the use of fossil fuels in transportation, CA), a component of the Instituto Nacional the generation of electricity, and industrial The geographic re-distribution of pollutants, the evolution of their chemical, physi- de Ecología (INE), located on the campus processes represent the primary sources of of the Metropolitan Autonomous Universi- pollutant emissions. Once released into the cal, and optical properties, and the mecha-

Copyright © 2006 Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Page Fall 2006 ty (UAM) - Iztapalapa. The fixed supersite capability at CENICA was enhanced with state-of-the-art instrumentation contributed by many US and European teams. A mobile laboratory (from Aerodyne Research Inc.) was deployed for measurements at various locations in Mexico City. In addition, extensive meteorological data and a wide range of chemical data were collected by collaborating Mexican research groups.

A special session on the MCMA-2003 Campaign was convened at the 2004 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting in San Francisco and a Special Issue of the MCMA-2003 Campaign was set up in Atmospheric Chemistry and Phys- ics (ACP). To date, the field campaign has resulted in the publication of about thirty peer-reviewed articles. An Overview pa- per is being prepared for submission to the ACP and a bound volume will be published in spring 2007. A detailed description of the MCMA-2003 Campaign can be found at: http://mce2.org/fc03/fc03.html and a complete list of publication is posted on the MCE2 website: http://mce2.org/publications.html. It is also listed in this News- letter (see pages 26-27).

The MCMA-2003 Campaign and the 2002 Exploratory Mission (February 2002) generated a very extensive data set and provided important scientific information that was fundamental in the planning of the larger MILAGRO Campaign. Specifically, it showed that the atmosphere of the MCMA contains high level of fine particles and is extremely active photochemically; it is ideally suited for understanding the atmospheric chemistry of tropical megacities.

MILAGRO Campaign

More than 150 institutions from Mexico, CAM, INE, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia lution of aerosols and gas-aerosols inter- United States and Europe participated, y Technología (CONACyT) and Petróleos actions in the immediate urban outflow. and over 450 investigators and technicians Mexicanos PEMEX, as well as European from 30 different nationalities participated agencies - to examine emissions and bound- • MIRAGE-Mex (Megacity Impacts on in the MILAGRO campaign, organized un- ary layer concentrations within the Mexico Regional and Global Environments) - led der four components: City Basin, the exposure patterns and ef- by National Center for Atmospheric Re- fects on human health and the evaluation search (NCAR) with funding by NSF - to • MCMA-2006 (Mexico City Metropoli- and design of policies intended to reduce examine the evolution of the Mexico City tan Area – 2006 Experiment) - led by the pollutant levels. plumes on larger regional scales and their Molina Center for Energy and the Envi- effects on regional and global atmospheric ronment (MCE2) with funding from U.S. • MAX-Mex (Megacity Aerosol Experi- composition and climate. National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S. ment in Mexico City) - led by DOE At- Department of Energy (DOE), and sev- mospheric Science Program (ASP) with • INTEX-B (Intercontinental Chemical eral Mexican research agencies, including funding from DOE - to examine the evo- Transport Experiment – Phase B) - led by

Copyright © 2006 Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Page Fall 2006 the National Aeronautics and Space Admin- preparation of the importation and shipping istration (NASA) - to study the long-range documents. Heidi Ordonez (US-Mexico transport of pollution, global atmospheric Foundation for Science) provided adminis- photochemistry, and the effects of aerosols trative support. and clouds on radiation and climate. The figures to the right illustrate the T1 site The initial phase of the Campaign was to preparation prior to the Campaign coordi- conduct measurement of pollutants, which nated by MCE2 in collaboration with the took place during March 2006. The mea- Technical University of Tecamac. Contrac- surements included a wide range of in- tors were hired to clear the bushes (shown struments at ground sites, on aircraft, and in the photo taken during the site visit on January 18, 2006 satellites. Three supersites were set up at January 18th), remove the rocks, level the the Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (“T0”), ground with pebbles and install electrical Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac in outlets at the T1 site. the State of Mexico (“T1”) and Rancho La Bisnaga, north of Tizayuca in the State of MCMA-2006 Campaign Hidalgo (“T2”). The designations “T0”, “T1”, and “T2” refer to transport of the The overall purpose of the MCMA-2006 urban plume to different points in space is to strengthen the scientific base for the and time. Additional platforms in or near design and evaluation of policies intended Mexico City include mobile vans contain- for the improvement of air quality in the ing scientific laboratories and mobile and MCMA by developing scientific informa- February 9, 2006 stationary upward-looking lasers (lidars). tion that helps to better understand the Seven instrumented research aircraft par- generation processes of pollutants in the ticipated in MILAGRO: five were based in MCMA, their dispersal, transport and trans- Veracruz, Mexico, one in Puebla, and one formation in the atmosphere, the exposure in Houston, Texas. These airborne mea- patterns of the population to these pollut- surements provided information about the ants, and the effects on human health. atmosphere over a large region, and at various altitudes. Satellite-based instruments The required data on aerosols, VOCs and peered down into the atmosphere, provid- other gases, meteorology, and solar radia- ing even larger geographical coverage. tion was gathered at the T0 supersite, a flux tower located at the city center, measure- February 9, 2006 MILAGRO Campaign Logistical ments at the Tula refinery site and industrial Support zone in Naucalpan, in combination with a highly capable mobile laboratory, a micro- One of the main contributions provided light research aircraft and several fixed mo- by MCE2 to the participants of MILA- bile units deployed throughout the MCMA GRO Campaign was logistical support be- at representative urban and boundary sites. fore, during and after the Campaign. The In addition, two health studies were carried MCE2 staff (Juan Carlos Arredondo, Ari- out during the Campaign. adna Elizalde, Rodrigo Gonzalez, Ricardo Cepeda and Tania Perez) organized the site Currently, the investigators are busy ana- visits and site preparation in collabora- lyzing the very rich data sets collected February 19, 2006 tion with the hosts; ordered consumables; during the measurement campaign and pre- prepared and translated the documents for paring for the MILAGRO Science Team temporary importation and shipping of Meeting at Boulder, Colorado on October equipment from abroad; coordinated trans- 23-25, 2006. As described in some of the portation from airport to the hotel and daily articles in this newsletter, there are al- transportation to the sites. ready many interesting preliminary results. Since many people participated in both In addition to MCE2 staff, many people the MCMA-2003 and MCMA-2006 Cam- provided logistical support: Gustavo Sosa paigns, MCMA-2006 provides the unique and his colleagues at IMP coordinated the opportunity to expand our MCMA-2003 site preparation at T0; IMP also provided data set with a complementary set of fine February 19, 2006 support for ordering of consumables. Ra- particle and secondary particle precursor fael Ramos (SMA-GDF) supervised the gases taken ~3 years later. The findings rel- Setting up T1 (Technical University of evant to the design of policies to control air Tecamac)

Copyright © 2006 Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Page Fall 2006 pollution will be identified and presented to the representatives of List of Institutions and Instruments Located at T0 the Mexican government. Institution Instrument In order to contribute to the education and training of young in- ARI High Res.TOF-AMS/with soft ionization vestigators and to raise social awareness toward atmospheric pol- BNL Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter; Scan- lution problems, the MCMA-2006 Campaign, in collaboration ning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) with the local government agencies, set up a series of education CCA Hi-Vol sampler and outreach activities that were carried out in parallel to the sci- CENICA Tethered balloon; ozonesondes; metsondes entific activities by Mexican and international researchers work- CENICA Hi-Vol & Mini-Vol Samplers (PM2.5, PST, PM10) ing at the different measurement sites. The article on Page 23 CENICA/CSIC Green Monitor and Cascade Impactor provides more detailed description of the educational activities. Chalmers MAX-DOAS; Stationary Solar FTIR Colorado State U. Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow Band Radiometer (MFRSR) DRI Photoacoustic spectrometer Georgia Tech Hi-Vol samplers

LANL H2/CO/C2H4 Monitor MCE2 Open path-FTIR MCE2/UCSD/ 2 Long path-DOAS; Multi-Axes DOAS; Spectrora- MIT/Heidelberg diometer MIT/Goteborg U. SMPS, Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,

PM2.5 Samplers MIT/MCE2/ Sun photometer; nuclepore filter NASA Goddard MCE2/VT EcoChem monitors PNNL MFRSR, Eppley B&W Radiometer T0 located at IMP. PNNL/EMSL DRUM & TRAC Aerosol Samplers; Cascade Impactor Characterization of Toxic Pollutants in Air PSI Ion Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry SIMAT/RAMA Automatic monitors (criteria pollutants) Violeta Mugica (UAM-A) Texas A&M Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrom, Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer As part of the MCMA-2006 campaign, the Applied Chemistry Texas A&M Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer, Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor, CCN Separator Group at the Autonomous Metropolitan University in Azcapotzalco U. Indiana Laser and supporting equipment for HOX measure- (UAM-A) collected PM10 and PM2.5 samples at the T0 supersite in ments Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during the thirty days of U. Iowa Vertically staring Lidar the campaign. The research team sampled airborne particles with U. Iowa (2) 3-d Sonic anemometers - T, P, RH Sensors PM and PM High-vol samplers as well as gaseous hydrocarbons 2.5 10 U. Iowa H O / CO Sensor; CO Monitor with a Tisch-PUF. 2 2 U. Iowa Up and Down-welling short wave radiation The objective is to carry out an exhaustive study of the daily varia- U. Iowa Dry-ambient Aerosol Size Spectometer; SMPS UAH 915 MHz Wind Profiler; Ceilometer tion of PM10 and PM2.5 atmospheric concentrations, to separate and quantify the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present UAH 12-channel passive microwave radiometer in the MCMA atmosphere and relate them with their sources us- UALR Aethalometer; Multi-angle absorption ing receptor models. Heavy metals and speciated PAH contained photometer in the particulate matter were determined using optical induced UALR Nephelometer; Nephelometer (2 - wet/dry) couple plasma. In addition, PAH is being characterized in vapor UALR Open path Near-IR Tunable Diode Laser phase. The research team is also analyzing trace metals and some UALR Filter samplers- natural radionuclides of these particles will be introduced in in-vitro tests performed in UALR RB Meter & Weather Station CINVESTAV. UAM-A 3 Hi-Vol samplers UCSD Aerosol ToF Mass Spectrometer The leader of this research team is Violeta Mugica, other research- UNAM/INCan High-Vol samplers for PM and PM ers are Elba Ortiz, Miguel Torres from UAM-A and Andrea de Viz- 10 2.5 caya from CINVESTAV. The research team also includes the fol- Univ Colorado High Res. TOF-AMS; Optical Particle Counter lowing graduate students and engineers: Sara Hernández, Ariadna Univ Colorado Thermal denuder; Aerosol concentrator Rozendal, Lorena Juárez, Antonio Lopez, Eitan Alcantara, Zitelly Univ Colorado TSI SMPS, nano-SMPS and DustTrak Tzompa, and Esmeralda Perez; they help with sampling, extraction UW-Madison Tekran 2537A, 1130 Denuder, 1135 RPF Modules and classification procedures. UW-Madison Filter samplers; Semicontinuous EC/OC

Forecasting for MCMA-2006 Air Quality Forecast Benjamin de Foy (MCE2) Agustín García, Arón Jazcilevich, In between a couple of seatainers and an results from all groups both in Veracruz Ernesto Caetano (UNAM-CCA) armada of experimentalists, squeezing by and at other locations, from UNAM in the the carnival goers pouring into Veracruz, a MCMA itself to Norway. To make sure The air quality model Multiscale Climate handful of modelers headed to a beach re- that all these models would not veer far off Chemistry Model (MCCM) was used dur- sort with the idea of spending all day in a from reality, the forecaster from the nation- ing the campaign in order to forecast the dark room coaxing computer models to run al weather service office in Veracruz came air quality and the parcel trajectories during and trying to convert mountains of obser- everyday to interpret the output in terms of MILAGRO field campaign. The meteoro- vations and simulations into a plume fore- his years of hands-on experience. Contact logical forecast was provided by tropical cast for Mexico City. Surely people sharing with meteorological and air-pollution fore- meteorology group at CCA-UNAM. Mel Gibson’s hotel would have nothing casters in Mexico City was also maintained to complain about. The droning of his de- to bring in crucial real-world experience. In order to archive that, 3 domains were parting helicopter however brought a sigh used: the first one, the largest, covers all of relief as preparations for “Apocalypto” After the briefings, the rest of the day was Mexico; the second one was selected to stopped hogging all the bandwidth and sci- spent fielding questions from flight planners evaluate the central part of Mexico; and the ence could progress anew. and others busy converting forecasts into third one covering the Mexico Valley area, flight plans. My piece of this was to was used in the air quality forecast. act as a liaison for the MCMA-2006 experimentalists in the urban area The meteorological forecast outputs were identifying where the plume would temperature, wind speed, wind direction, be in the basin. Aerodyne had man- relative humidity in all three domains. Air aged to install an entire supersite into quality products were the criteria pollutants a mobile van and was keen to take it as ozone, NOX, SO2, CO and back trajecto- to where the aging plume could be ries for some selected sites like T0, T1 and measured. Experimentalists wanted Tenango, as presented in the figure below. to know which measurement days were particularly important and how The forecast products were produced up to make best use of limited canister to 48 hours. Twenty- two days of the field samples. campaign 48 hours forecasts were pro- Forecasting Team meeting at Veracruz duced, 3 days with more than 24 hours and Before the campaign even started, there 5 days between 8 to 20 hours forecasts. The MILAGRO forecast effort consisted was uncertainty concerning a possible La of up to a dozen groups from around the Nina year that could reduce the number of The principal aim of the meteorologi- world with bases in Veracruz, Houston and days where the plume would travel to the cal forecast was to produce daily weather Mexico City. Early to rise everyday in or- north-east past the supersites at T1 and T2. briefings for the MILAGRO field- cam der to divine the future we would compare In the end, weather conditions during the paign teams. These briefings consisted of and contrast model outputs from global month were quite variable, going from an current and forecasted meteorological con- models, regional models, meteorological unusually dry beginning with strong winds ditions. The likely location of the Mexico models, photochemical models, trajectory and clear skies to an unusually humid end City pollutant plume was also forecasted. models,… Add into the mix satellite data, with afternoon showers, taking in three El These products were designed primarily radiosonde observations, surface weather Norte events with wind gusts reach- observations, wind profiler data, pollution ing 80 km/h in Veracruz. Now that it data available in real time and you have is all over, each group is back in the one busy group – one of many busy groups lab figuring out what has happened. in this huge field campaign. How good were the forecasts? Time will tell. Anxiously we awaited the In Veracruz, the forecasting team prepared return of the flight crews in Veracruz. a weather briefing to be presented every day Now the modelers are tweaking their summarizing current weather conditions, models, the experimentalists interpret- predicted plume locations for the Mexico ing their data and the two shall meet City outflow and outlook over the next few in Boulder – unfortunately before the days – as far out as optimism would al- premiere of Apocalypto which would low. A two-step dance where each person have shown us all the beautiful sites analyzes his own results first followed by we missed outside the campaign an integration phase bringing together the headquarters

Copyright © 2006 Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Page Fall 2006 to support the plan aircraft flight tracks for Open Path DOAS and MAX-DOAS Measurement during several days in advance. MCMA-2006 Campaign These products are important to iden- Philip Sheehy (MIT/MCE2) and Rainer Volkamer (MIT/UCSD) tify the sources and where the pollutants come from. Additionally from February A series of Differential Optical Absorp- In addition to the LP-DOAS measure- 27 2006, a web page with Meteorologi- tion Spectrometers (DOAS) were deployed ments, 5 passive multiple axis DOAS cal and AQ forecast outputs are avail- during the MCMA-2006 field campaign as (MAX-DOAS) instruments were deployed able on the site http://catalog.eol.ucar. part of MILAGRO. DOAS is capable of throughout the campaign at various sites, edu/cgi-bin/milagro/model/index. measuring numerous trace gases by means including T0, T1, T2, Pico Tres Padres, of their unique specific narrow-band ab- Tenango del Aire, and Cerro Chiquihuite, This project was partially supported by sorption structures in the ultraviolet and forming a temporary monitoring network. UNAM, CONACYT and SEMARNAT. The visible spectral ranges. Measurements and authors wish to thanks Gustavo Vázquez modeling from MCMA-2003 show that The instrument uses scattered sunlight from Cruz CCA webmaster and UCAR/JOSS & formaldehyde (HCHO) is the predominant varying viewing directions (relative to the NCAR/EOL. source of HOx radicals shortly after sunrise azimuthal angle) to measure slant column

in MCMA. Comparisons of measured and densities of NO2, HCHO, glyoxal, HONO,

modeled values of HOx demonstrated a O3, and SO2. As the LP-DOAS technique significant “missing reactivity” in the early is limited with regard to vertical sounding, Mexico City Atmospheric morning hours, which was linked primar- the network of MAX-DOAS instruments Monitoring System ily to uncertainties in our understanding of was designed to provide information on VOC chemistry. These findings motivated both the horizontal and vertical distribution Rafael Ramos (SIMAT) the use of DOAS in a variety of capacities of trace atmospheric gases. The Atmospheric Monitoring System during MILAGRO/MCMA-2006. (Sistema de Monitoreo Atmosférico, SI- In addition to the emphasis on understand- MAT) of Mexico City is responsible for Two active long-path DOAS (LP-DOAS) ing ROx radical processes, the data collect- continuously monitoring and informing instruments were installed at T0, measuring ed via LP-DOAS and MAX-DOAS during the public about the air quality of the HOx radical precursors (glyoxal, HONO, the campaign present a unique opportunity Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) HCHO, O3), radical sinks (NO2, SO2), and to improve understanding of the horizontal with the ultimate goal of protecting public aromatic VOC (e.g. benzene, toluene, xy- and vertical structure of the MCMA atmo- health. lenes), which play a significant role in radi- sphere, including comparisons with space- cal cycling. The instruments were situated born DOAS platforms (i.e., GOME, SCIA- The SIMAT cornerstone is the Automatic to measure in opposite directions (north- MACHY, OMI instruments). Monitoring Network (Red Automática de and south-facing, roughly) as a means to Monitoreo Atmosférico, RAMA), with 34 assess differences in horizontal gradients The DOAS field measurements are part of fixed remote stations, which is used for of the aforementioned species. Measure- an ongoing collaboration between MCE2, routine measurement of criteria air pollut- ments also include a number of polycyclic UCSD, MIT and University of Heidelberg ants and meteorological parameters. The aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH i.e. naphtha- and include the following participants: R. data collected by the RAMA as hour aver- lene), which was first demonstrated via Volkamer from MIT/UCSD; P. Sheehy and ages are used to generate the Metropoli- DOAS during MCMA-2003. LP-DOAS L.T. Molina from MIT/MCE2; R. Sinreich, tan Air Quality Index (IMECA), which is measurements are part of a broader effort T. Wagner, S. Beirle, A. Merten, U. Platt posted at the website of the Federal Dis- to improve our understanding of secondary from the University of Heidelberg. trict Secretariat of the Environment and organic aerosol (SOA) formation. published by the news media to inform the public about the status of the MCMA air quality.

SIMAT participated throughout March in the MCMA-2006 component of the MILAGRO campaign; its collaboration centered on assuring the continuous measurement of criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters, and sharing the data collected with all the participants. In addition, technical personnel from SI- MAT conducted QA/QC activities for the mobile units located at boundary sites of Armando Retama (SIMAT) checking mobile Deepali Vimal and Sebastien Dusanter from

the MCMA. unit instruments. Indiana U. (HOX measurements at T0).

Measurements at the SIMAT Site Erik Velasco (MCE2) As part of the MCMA-2006 field cam- all the fixed and mobile emitting sources ment with the fluxes measured by ECV and paign, the headquarters of the Atmospheric within a radius of 3 kilometers. DEC. Monitoring System of the Federal District

(SIMAT) hosted several experiments on the Direct measurements of emissions of trace Fluxes of CO2 and H2O were measured trace gases and aerosols fluxes emitted by gases emitted from various different sourc- using an open path Infrared Gas Analyzer urban activity, on the nocturnal chemistry es are a missing requirement to improve (IRGA) and the ECV technique. Prelimi- of the boundary layer and measurements of and evaluate emission inventories. During nary results show that the measured CO2 primary organic aerosols. the MCMA-2003 field campaign a similar fluxes at the SIMAT site were slightly flux tower was erected at a different site higher than the fluxes at the CENICA site

Trace Gases and Aerosols Fluxes of the city (CENICA site in Iztapalapa); in 2003. The CO2 fluxes were expected feasibility was demonstrated of using mi- to be higher due to heavier traffic condi- Emitted by Urban Activities crometeorological techniques coupled with tions near the SIMAT site compared to the fast response sensors to measure fluxes of CENICA site used in 2003. Figure below Washington State University (WSU) col- trace gases from an urban neighborhood, shows the diurnal profiles for several days laborated with the Molina Center for En- where the spatial variability of surface cov- and the average profile of the CO2 fluxes ergy and the Environment (MCE2) and er, roughness and emission sources is high. measured at the SIMAT site. The highest SIMAT to deploy a flux system in a busy The MCMA-2006 flux tower aimed to con- fluxes were measured during daytime and district of the Mexico City metropolitan firm the representativeness of the 2003 flux the lowest fluxes during nighttime, similar measurements in terms of the magnitude, to the pattern observed in 2003. From 9:00

composition, and overall distribution of ur- to 19:00 h the CO2 fluxes were relatively ban emissions. constant with a small peak at midday that needs to be analyzed more thoroughly. In 2006 a Fast Olefin Sensor (FOS) was used to measure fluxes of olefins by the In collaboration with researchers from the eddy covariance (ECV) technique. Fluxes Pacific National Northwest Laboratory of aromatic and oxygenated species, in- (PNNL), University of Colorado (CU), cluding toluene, benzene, C2-benzenes and Aerodyne Research, Inc. (ARI), and the methanol, were analyzed by Proton Trans- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology of Edin- fer Reaction-Mass Spectroscopy (PTR-MS) burgh (CEH), fluxes of aerosols (organics, using the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride) technique. A disjunct eddy accumulation were also measured at the SIMAT site us- (DEA) system was used to collect whole ing an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). air samples which were then analyzed on- This represents the first time an AMS was site using gas chromatography / flame ion- used to measure aerosol fluxes in an urban ization detection (GC-FID). This system area. The AMS was operated automati- extended the number of VOC species for cally and sequentially in an ambient scan- which fluxes were measured. This was the ning mode and a flux mode where a limited first time that the DEA technique was used number of mass ions were scanned. These Flux tower erected at the SIMAT site to measure to measure urban VOC fluxes. Preliminary modes were switched automatically every fluxes of VOCs, CO2, CO and aerosols from a results of this technique are in good agree- 30 minutes. The dataset is being analyzed. busy residential area in Mexico City. area (MCMA). A tall tower of 42 m high was erected at the SIMAT headquarters during 25 days of March. The tower was instrumented with fast response sensors to measure fluxes of volatile organic compounds (VOC), CO, CO2, H2O and aerosols. These flux measurements were direct measurements of the emissions coming from all major and minor emission sources of the urban surface, including those sources im- possible to identify, as factories hidden into the urban canopy or food street sellers. It Average diurnal pattern of CO2 fluxes for the 25-days study, and for weekdays and weekends. is estimated that the measurements covered The gray shadow represents ±1 standard deviation from the total average.

Nocturnal Boundary Layer will be analyzed using the DOAS tech- Participants involved in the measurements and analysis at the SIMAT site: Chemistry in the MCMA nique, i.e., by analyzing the narrow-band trace gas absorptions in the UV and vis- MCE2: Erik Velasco and Luisa T. Molina ible wavelength range. The advantage of WSU: Brian Lamb, Shelly Pressley, Gene Nocturnal chemistry can considerably in- this approach is the unique identification Allwine, Hal Westberg, Tom Jobson, Rasa fluence urban air quality by removing pol- and absolute quantification of the trace gas Grivicke, Willow Foster, Jenny Filipy & lutants, forming daytime radical precur- concentrations. Interpretation of the obser- Teresa Coons sors, and changing size and composition vations will be made using a 1D chemical PNNL: Lisbeth Alexander of particles. The composition of the noc- transport model of the nocturnal boundary Centre for Ecology & Hydrology - Edin- turnal boundary layer (NBL) is determined layer. burgh: Eiko Nemitz by an interplay of chemical processes and University of Colorado: Jose Jimenez weak turbulent mixing. This interplay, to- ARI: Doug Worsnop gether with NO and VOC emissions at the Primary Organic Aerosols SIMAT: Rafael Ramos ground, leads to an altitude dependence of UCLA: Jochen Stutz, Steve Hurlock, Laura most trace gas concentrations. In addition, Lynn Russell’s group from University of Lawrence, Olga Pikelnaya various heterogeneous chemical trans- California at San Diego collected samples UCSD: Lynn Russell, Satoshi Takahama formations can occur on the ground and for analysis by Fourier Transfer Infrared buildings. (FTIR) and X-ray spectromicroscopy. A filter-based sampler was used to collect par- To investigate the complex chemical and ticles on Teflon filters for FTIR scanning; mixing processes in the nocturnal bound- the goal of this study is to characterize the ary layer in the MCMA, Jochen Stutz and functional groups associated with primary Paso de Cortes Site his group at UCLA deployed long-path organic aerosols. Samples at this site will Differential Optical Absorption Spectrom- be analyzed in conjunction with filter col- The MEGA-Mex (Measurements of eter (LP-DOAS) to measure the concen- lected particles at Paso de Cortez and aloft Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from tration profiles of O , NO , HCHO, NO , on the NCAR C-130. As the air mass and 3 2 3 Mexico) project started on November HONO, and SO in the lowest 200m of the particles that originate near the SIMAT site 2 2005 by measuring aerosols, trace gases, atmosphere. The LP-DOAS consists of a will have been aged to varying extents by radiation and micro-meteorology at the 1.5m Newtonian telescope which sends a the time they have reached the other sam- Paso de Cortes monitoring site located collimated beam of white light to an array pling locations, a comparative study among in the Izta-Popo national park. Through- of reflectors at 3 km distance. The reflec- these sites will elucidate differences in pri- out March 2006, the project investigators fold the beam back into the telescope, mary versus aged and secondary organic tors broadened and coordinated their where it is focused and analyzed by a spec- aerosols. In addition to FTIR measure- measurements with colleagues from the MILAGRO Campaign, specifically with investigators flying on board the C-130 aircraft. The goal was to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic emissions from Mexico City in the ecosystem, climate and nubosity at a local and regional scale.

Installation of three retro-reflectors for the LP-DOAS at the PEMEX Tower. trometer-detector combination. Vertical ments, particles were impacted on silicon profiling was achieved by mounting reflec- nitride wafers for single-particle analysis tor arrays at three different altitudes (93, by X-ray spectromicroscopy techniques. 156 and 202 m) and sequentially aiming By combining morphological and chemical the telescope to these arrays. The reflec- characterization techniques, we can obtain tors were installed in the PEMEX building information on its aging process and poten- located in the urban core of Mexico City. tial effects on radiative forcing. Particles LP-DOAS measurements were performed were also collected on the same substrate automatically 24 hours a day from March aboard the NCAR C-130, differences be- Darrel Baumgardner taking measure- 15 – 30, 2006. Typically concentration pro- tween primary and aged or secondary aero- ment at Paso de Cortes site. files of all trace gases were derived every sols will also be examined with this analy- hour. The atmospheric absorption spectra sis method.

Microscopy and Microprobe energy dispersed analysis of X-rays (CC- one another are useful to understanding SEM/EDX), high resolution transmission how they react and become mixed. How- Studies of Individual electron microscopy (TEM), time-of-flight ever, more information is needed on the Atmospheric Particles secondary ionization mass spectrometry chemical form of the elements and related (TOF-SIMS), scanning transmission X-ray meteorology during the collection period to Rodrigo Gonzalez (MCE2) microscopy (STXM) with near edge X- understand these differences. Further anal- ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy ysis and comparison with other comple- Kirsten S. Johnson (MIT) (NEXAFS), and FTIR/Raman microscopy mentary measurements are in progress. to monitor the hygroscopicity properties of During the MCMA-2006 Field Campaign, ensembles of individual particles. Numerous people were involved in the particles were collected nearly continuous- measurements and the analysis: K.S. John- ly from multiple sites to investigate spatial Because more than 2000 samples were son (MIT), R. Gonzalez and L.T. Molina and temporal variability of the particles’ collected with thousands of particles per (MCE2), R.J. Hopkins, A.V. Tivanski, chemical and physical properties as well as sample, a highly focused approach to sin- M.K. Gilles (Lawrence Berkeley National study the generation of pollution inside the gle particle analysis was necessary. Pre- Laboratory), Y. Desyaterik and A. Laskin city and subsequent transport towards the liminary information from the campaign, (EMSL/PNNL). K.S. Johnson, R. Gon- city boundaries. Comprehensive chemi- including complementary aerosol analysis zalez and R.J. Hopkins participated in the cal and morphological analyses of aerosol and meteorological data, was used to tar- 2006 Summer Research Institute at PNNL. samples collected at T0, T1, and T2 were get the following areas: evidence of aero- carried out at the Environmental and Mo- sol processing from T0 to T1 sites through MILAGRO Documentary lecular Sciences Laboratories (EMSL) of composition and morphological analysis; the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory the phenomenon of emissions of heavy In an effort to record this unprecedent- (PNNL). metals and soot from overnight industrial ed large international field campaign in activities at T0; internal structure and mix- MCMA, the Molina Center collaborated For single particle studies, samples were ing characteristics of sulfur-containing with TV-UNAM to film the measurement collected with Time-Resolved Aerosol Col- particles, hygroscopic properties of mixed campaign, which included visits to the lector (TRAC) at a time resolution of 15 urban aerosol and susceptibility to wet-re- various measurement sites in the MCMA minutes within size range 0.2 – 2.0µm par- moval by washout/rainout. and the surrounding regions and Veracruz ticle diameter. Samples were also collected as well as interviews of the participants with 8 (0.18 – 18µm) and 10-stage (0.056 Chemical and morphological analysis about their investigations. MCE2 and TV- – 18µm) Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit of aerosol samples collected during the UNAM are currently working together to Impactors (MOUDI) with collection times MCMA-2006 campaign show that MCMA develop documentaries on the MILAGRO of 2-3 hours. MOUDI samples from T0 particles have a complex composition and Campaign and related topics, which will be were provided by R. Mamani-Paco and T. are heavily mixed. Major types of particles used for educational and outreach activi- Castro of UNAM. include soot, dust and sulfur-containing ties. A trailer of the MILAGRO Campaign particles, as well as metals associated with is available at the MCE2 website at http:// The primary analytical techniques used industry such as Zn and Pb. Comparisons mce2.org/trailer.html. include the following: computer con- of differences in morphology and composi- trolled scanning electron microscopy with tion of particles collected within hours of

SEM images shows the presence of The documentary production teams visited Paso de Cortes. From left to Zn/Pb in the collected particles. right (front): Natalia Martínez, Manuel Martínez, Luisa Molina, Dulce Arcos and Emilio Gorostieta. (Back): Javier Morales, Víctor Cuéllar, Javier Farfán, Javier Mondragon.

AOD measured with a Microtops II network during MCMA-2006 Andrea D. de Almeida Castanho (MIT) The air quality monitoring in most mega- board NASA satellites Terra and Aqua. stations, especially in remote areas where cities is based on network of ground-based the ground-based network can not reach. stations. They are designed to monitor and The MICROTOPS II sunphotometer is a assess air pollution control policies in order hand-held instrument designed for manual The involvement and training of local stu- to protect human health. Large cities are operation. The Microtops II measurements dents was another component of this work limited in their ability to expand or increase are constituted by wavelengths that vary and was essential to the successful de- their network density. However, satellite from UV to Visible (340, 440, 500, 675, ployment of the Microtops II in this field remote sensing can provide aerosol optical 870, 936 nm). The filters used in all chan- experiment. The information achieved

Six students and research assistants operated the Microtops II The Microtops II Sunphotometer Network over Mexico City. The during the Campaign (Fabiola Ramirez, Iliusi Vega, Pedro Her- AERONET data was provided by Amando Leyva (UNAM) and nandez, German Valencia, Alicia Arraiga and Lorena Reyes) Brent Holben (NASA Goddard). depth (AOD) and aerosol optical proper- nels have a peak wavelength precision of will be essential to better understand the ties in a systematic way over megacities ±1.5 nm and a full width at half maximum distribution of AOD over the MCMA and and covering even remote areas. Satellite (FWHM) band pass of 10 nm. Most of the how AOD satellite products with high spa- remote sensing has already shown to be a instruments started on March 5th and were tial resolution behave over urban areas. powerful tool in global aerosol monitoring completed on March 28th. The measure- and can be more deeply explored as a com- ments were taken every day, from 9:45 am plementary tool to ground-based and local until 2:45 pm, including weekends, with in- measurements. tervals of 5 up to 15 minutes depending on the satellite overpass time. The main objective of this collaborative project (including Luisa Molina from The sun photometer network database was MIT/MCE2 and Jose Vanderlei Martins calibrated and showed good consistency. from NASA Goddard Space Flight Cen- The AOD data from the sun photometer ter) during the MCMA-2006 Campaign network was used to validate the fine spa- is to obtain aerosol optical depth in an tial resolution AOD product retrieved with accurate way from the ground measure- MODIS. Both types of data were collo- ments using Microtops II sunphotmeter at cated in space and time and showed good 5 different locations over the urban area, agreement with correlation coefficient 0.8. as well as the CIMEL from the global The MODIS fine resolution product, once Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), validated, was compared to the ground located in the three supersites (T0, T1 and based PM2.5 concentration from the RAMA T2). This measurement will be used in the stations. We noticed a significant positive validation of the aerosol optical depth re- correlation between both data. These retrieved with 1.5x1.5 km spatial resolution sults motivate us to do a deeper analysis over Mexico City urban and surround- and to consider satellite measurements as Anne Thompson (PSU) and her team ing areas using the MODIS sensor on- a complementary tool to the ground based launching ozonesonde at T1.

Ambient Aerosol Sampling using HR-ToF-AMS at T0 during MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 Jose Luis Jimenez (CU, Boulder) The University of Colorado (CU) and The HR-ToF-AMS allows for the measure- comparison with the AMS data. Two Scan- Aerodyne (ARI) groups, led by Jose-Luis ment of ambient aerosol in real time while ning Particle Mobility Analyzers (SMPSes) Jimenez and Douglas Worsnop respective- minimizing the chance for artifacts due were used, one for the same particle size ly, participated in the MILAGRO/MCMA- to sampling as the aerosol directly enters range as the AMS, and the other measures 2006 campaign at the T0 site. Graduate the vacuum chamber of the instrument. In smaller particles, nanoparticles (3-50 nm), students and postdoctoral researchers from addition to the standard AMS measure- to study new particle formation events. A both groups worked together over the month ments, the HR-ToF-AMSes were also used DustTrak was used to record total mass of March at the T0 site. The two groups in conjunction with other instruments and loadings for PM1. Over the campaign, also collaborated with Dara Salcedo of Uni- in different modes of operation. The ARI numerous people were involved from CU versidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos. instrument used softer ionization tech- (Jose Luis Jimenez, Allison Aiken, Mike niques, while the CU AMS used electron Cubison, Pete DeCarlo, Ken Docherty, impact ionization, EI. EI is a hard ioniza- Alex Huffman, Donna Sueper, and Ingrid tion technique meaning that the original Ulbrich), ARI (Douglas Worsnop, Megan molecules are mostly broken into smaller Northway, Achim Trimborn) and UAEM fragment ions, but it has the advantages of (Dara Salcedo). being very sensitive and reproducible, and quantitative. Softer ionization techniques are being developed in order to learn more about the individual molecules within the aerosol by keeping larger fragments and or the original molecule intact.

Other instrumentation was run in front of the AMS in order to gain even more informa- Achim Trimborn of ARI and Allison Aiken tion about the ambient aerosol. A thermal of CU operate the two HR-ToF-AMSs. denuder was used to measure volatility of the particles and a concentrator was used to Atmospheric aerosols are important for many reasons, such as their effect on radiation balance (climate forcing), severe short and long-term effects on human health, reduced visibility, acid deposition (“acid rain”), and nutrient deposition. Two of the newest prototype Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMSs), the High Reso- lution Time-of-Flight Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), were used in conjunction with other instruments to measure the ambient aerosol as a part of the MCMA campaign. The particles that are measured are below one microm- eter in diameter, meaning that the AMS measurements correspond to PM1 mass loadings. A total mass concentration is measured along with the more detailed information of mass concentrations for specific categories of species, four inorganic and one organic: ammonium, chloride, Dara Salcedo of UAEM and Ingrid Ulbrich nitrate, sulfate, and organics. In addi- of CU work behind the SMPS tion to mass concentrations, the HR-ToF- AMS can also produce size distributions enhance detection methods at various times Jun Zheng (top, with Ed Fortner) explaining of the aerosol being measured, also for throughout the campaign, interspersed with ion drift - chemical ionization MS (bottom) the total and the aforementioned species. the standard ambient data. Other support- to visitors. Both work with Renyi Zhang ing instruments were also used for inter- (Texas A&M).

Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory Deployment During MCMA-2006 Charles Kolb (ARI) The Aerodyne Research, Inc. (ARI) mobile composition and morphology by compar- air quality laboratory was deployed in the ing “fresh” primary and secondary fine PM Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) chemical and physical properties measured for the full month of March 2006 to support in dense urban sites with those at downwind the MCMA-2006/MAX-Mex/MILAGRO receptor sites as well as diurnal variations research project activities. In addition to at both urban core and receptor sites. a crew of ARI researchers, including Scott Herndon, Tim Onasch, Ezra Wood, Doug 2. Deployment on-road and at high traffic Worsnop and Chuck Kolb, and the lab’s density urban sites where vehicle primary normal complement of research grade real- PM emissions can dominate fine PM load- time trace gas and fine particulate matter ings in order to characterize primary soot (PM) instruments, the mobile lab hosted in- PM density and shape, fractal dimension, struments and research collaborators from and organic and elemental carbon content the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/ and determine how these properties evolve Molina Center (MIT/MCE2, Miguel Zava- as the primary PM ages. Conduct com- la), Montana State University (MSU, Berk parisons of fast real-time black carbon PM ARI mobile lab fixed deployment sites (T0 Knighton), Los Alamos National Labora- measurements from a multiangle aerosol is IMP, PTP is Pico Tres Padres, T1 is the tory (LANL, Claudio Mazzoleni), and Vir- photometer (MAAP) instrument (ARI) and Universidad Technológica de Tecámac, ginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni- a photoacoustic spectrometer (PAS) instru- PED is Pedregal, STA is Santa Ana and versity (VT, Dwight Thornhill). Whole air ment (LANL) and correlate these black the PEMX Gas Station and Tula Refinery were associated with the Tula plume mea- sampling canisters were also provided by carbon measurements with aerosol mass surements, T2 was not visited). the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency spectrometer measurements of PM aero- (USEPA, Bob Seila) that are being ana- dynamic diameter and associated hydro- lyzed for primary VOC concentrations. As carbon speciation (ARI), PM surface area While based at T0, the mobile lab spent in prior MCMA measurement campaigns, and surface PAH (VT), and SMPS mobility most of the campaign deployed to “down- the mobile laboratory and its support vehi- diameter (ARI). wind” receptor sites selected on the basis cle were ably piloted by Eduardo Deustúa of meteorological predictions supplied by Salazar and Francisco Guardado López of 3. Investigate the role of synoptic weather Ben de Foy of the Molina Center and the the Instituto Nacional de Ecologia (INE); patterns and local boundary layer ventila- availability of complementary measure- they also provided technical support to the tion in determining the residence times of ment capabilities. Mobile lab deployment measurement team. MCMA PM by positioning the mobile lab sites included Pedregal and Santa Ana to at sites that vary in distance and altitude the south, T1 and Pico Tres Padres to the In collaboration with other MCMA-2006 from the core city and determining how northeast, and sites associated with Tula. research groups the mobile lab pursued time resolved PM loadings vary in mass These sites are illustrated in the following a range of research objectives during concentration, chemical composition, and figure. MCMA-2006. These included: physical characteristics as a function of boundary layer height and wind speed and Deployments to Pedregal and Santa Ana 1. Investigate the effects of photochemi- direction. were timed to sample “ozone south” events cal aging on fine PM organic and inorganic associated with venting of the city plume 4. Determine average 2006 on-road to the south and southeast. Intercompari- vehicle fleet emission indices for- pri sion of mobile lab instruments with the mary fine PM and selected secondary RAMA monitoring site instruments at Pe- PM precursors while the mobile lab is dregal and instruments in the CENICA mo- in transit between fixed-site deploy- bile monitoring lab deployed at Santa Ana ments and compare them to fleet aver- were also performed. Deployments to Pico age emission ratios determined during Tres Padres and T1 were timed to sample MCMA 2003/2002 to determine if ve- city plumes vented to the northeast. Ac- hicle emissions that contribute to PM cess to Pico Tres Padres, a mountain rais- loadings have changed significantly. ing ~900 m above the valley floor and the site of the main television transmitters for 5. Characterize the emission plumes the MCMA, was graciously granted by the from petrochemical and power genera- Televisa organization at the request of Ra- fael Ramos (SIMAT). The mobile lab as it arrived at the summit of tion activities in the Tula area north of Pico Tres Padres during a rare high visibility the MCMA to help determine their im- morning. pact on MCMA air quality.

The figure below shows components of photochemically produced secondary pol- Cytotoxicity Induced by Air- the MCMA pollution plume as measured lutants and persist at high levels into the on Pico Tres Padres. The top panel shows evening. Understanding the evolution of borne Particles from Three the distribution of measured nitrogen ox- primary pollutants into secondary oxidants, Different Mexican Cities ide species before and after the polluted secondary PM precursors, and secondary boundary layer air reaches the peak top. PM is a major focus of the MCMA-2006 Alvaro Osornio (UNAM/INCAN) The bottom panel shows that the primary campaign. pollutant tracer CO (dotted black line) We started a project with Monserrat Marin peaks as the boundary layer height reaches The ARI mobile laboratory team and their Arriaga, Gabriela Padilla Magaña and Sa- the mountain top and then falls off as the collaborators from MIT/Molina Center raid Vega Cervantes, senior high school boundary layer continues to rise diluting (Miguel Zavala, Luisa Molina), MSU (Berk students at Colegio Montaignac in Novem- ber 2005 under the supervision of Geral- dine Flores and Alvaro Osornio.

The objective of the project was to compare

the toxicity patterns induced by PM10 from three different Mexican cities: Monterrey 2005, Mexico City 2003 and Mexicali 1994. Since the three samples represent mixtures from different sources (Monterrey urban with heavy industry; Mexico City urban and industry, and Mexicali urban with an important soil component) the hypothesis

was that PM10 from Monterrey and Mexico City would be the most toxic. Cytotoxicity was tested in vitro using human red blood cells (hemolysis) and Balb C 3T3 cells (cell death using crystal violet), exposed to 20, 40 and 80 μg/mL, respectively.

The results indicate that samples from Mex- icali were the only ones to induce hemolysis in a concentration-dependant manner (42 - 78%). No hemolysis was induced by samples from Monterey and Mexico City. However, cytotoxycity was induced by all three samples in a concentration dependant manner, the samples from Monterrey and Mexicali being slightly more potent.

These results corroborate that PM10 samples are capable of inducing cell disruption and death, although the existence of different patterns among cities suggests that the

composition of the PM10 mixtures could in- Early morning view of MCMA pollution in the boundary layer below. Pico Tres Padres (left), duce cell effects by different mechanisms. pollution engulfing the Pico Tres Padres summit site as the boundary layer rises (right). The students found that their original hy- its concentration. Formaldehyde (HCHO) Knighton), LANL (Claudio Mazzoleni, pothesis was wrong and learned how exper- is both a primary (vehicle emissions) and Manvendra Dubey), VT (Dwight Thorn- imentation could help understand air pollu- a secondary (photochemically produced) hill, Linsey Marr), USEPA (Bob Seila) tion related problems. This group presented pollutant, so it falls off more slowly than and other institutions obtained very com- their results at two student’s forums: The CO with time as photochemical production prehensive and exciting gaseous pollutant XXIV Annual Students Meeting at their makes up for some of the boundary layer and fine PM datasets from a range of sites School (March, 2006) and the National rise dilution. Ozone and the ultrafine and across the MCMA. Collaborative analy- Science Fair at UNAM (April, 2006). They fine PM (10 to 1000 nm diameter) whose ses of these datasets with a wide range of won the third place and first place (Experi- number density is measured by the Con- experimental and modeling groups is now mental Biology), respectively. densation Particle Counter (CPC) are both underway.

Involving high school students in formal son, Marcos Guarneros, Rubén Marroquín, by day, size and site under desiccation in research projects is an important way to Martha Hernández, Gonzalo González, the dark at 4°C. Oxidative potential from improve their education and most impor- Tracy Rodríguez, Amilcar Torres, Vicente each sample is measured by Electron Para- tantly, motivate students to develop scien- Hernandez, Jephte Cruz, Ernesto Reyes, magnetic Resonance (EPR) and by evaluat- tific careers. Yazmin Affif, Eliseo Cantellano); MCE2 ing the redox activity through the determi- (Luisa Molina); SSA (Juan J. Hicks, nation of the ability of PM to catalyze the Urban and Semi-rural Popu- Ivone Olivares, Patricia Sierra, Gustavo consumption of dithiothreitol (DTT). Acosta, Ruth Aldana, René Osaki); IPN lations Personal and Micro- (Libia Vega, Guillermo Elizondo); CE- Elemental analysis will be done on each environmental Exposures NICA (Beatriz Cardenas, Salvador Blanco, sample by PIXE and organics by GC/MS. Henry Wohrschimmel, Rosy Bernabe, Fe- Generation of intracellular reactive oxygen Horacio Tovalin (UNAM) lipe Angeles, Francisco Mandujano); UFZ species will be determined by fluorometry (Olf Herbarth, Ulrich Franck); Goteborg in macrophages exposed to PM. Cellular As part of the MCMA-2006, a group of re- University (Bo Strandberg); University of oxidative effects will be assessed on DNA searchers carried out two exposure assess- Southern California (Constantino Sioutas). evaluating its degradation by electropho- ments study involving young adults and resis on agarose gels, in the presence and their parents: absence of H2O2. Ventilatory patterns will Oxidative Potential of PM be calculated using FLEXPART and MM5 (1) Analyze the contribution of the regional meteorological simulations. We are expect- transport of air pollutants from Mexico obtained at T0 and T1: An ing to use complementary PM composition City in the personal exposure of children Evaluation by EPR and DNA data from other groups to further correlate and their parents at three different sites (T0, with PM composition. Principal compo- T1, T2) to the following pollutants: VOCs, Degradation nent multivariate analysis will be used to test for correlations. O3, CO, PM2.5, nano-particles. 121 children (age: 9-12 years) and 67 parents were Alvaro Osornio (UNAM/INCAN) recruited for this study. A questionnaire to This health study is led by Alvaro Osor- obtain volunteers’ personal characteristics, Current working hypothesis on the mecha- nio and include the following participants: medical history and other exposures was nisms that mediate particulate matter (PM) INCAN (Raul Quintana, Inés Vázquez administered, and a time-activity log was toxicity reside on their capacity to induce López, Yazmín Segura García, Yesenia filled out over a 48-hr period. oxidative stress on cells. This could be the Sánchez Pérez, Geraldine Flores Rojas, result of direct PM effects on cells or the Ernesto Alfaro Moreno, Claudia García (2) Analyze air pollution-related oxidative result of particle-cell interactions that trig- Cuellar); UNAM (Virginia Gómez Vida- stress and health problems. 155 children ger secondary intracellular signaling mech- les, Irma Rosas Pérez, Javier Miranda Mar- (age: 10-12 years) and 90 parents partici- anism. Some PM metals and organics have tín del Campo); IPN (Andrea de Vizcaya); pated in this assessment. A questionnaire been identified as components with the UAM-A (Violeta Mujica); MCE2 (Benja- to obtain information on personal charac- oxidative potential to cause those effects. min de Foy, Luisa T. Molina). teristics, medical history, exposure to other However, further understanding of the rela- substances was administered. Personal and tionships between particle composition and microenvironmental monitoring of VOCs, cellular effects is needed.

CO, ozone, PM2.5 and ultrafine particles were performed. As part of the MCMA- 2006/MILAGRO cam-

paign we sampled PM10

and PM2.5 at T0 and T1 in order to compare PM composition, oxidative potential, cellular effects and the plume ventilatory pattern with the intention to identify links among them. PMs were sampled on cellulose nitrate mem- Volunteers wearing personal monitors branes using High Vol samplers, for 24 to 72 The two studies are led by H. Tovalin and hours, to be removed include the following participants from physically from the Alvaro Osornio and his team. several institutions: UNAM (Robin Hud- membranes and stored Copyright © 2006 Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Page 15 Fall 2006

DOE /ASP: Megacity Aerosol Experiment in Mexico City (MAX-Mex) Jeffrey S. Gaffney (UALR) Atmospheric aerosols are now recognized vided a framework for planning of future frastructure operations were also carried to give rise to a substantial radiative forc- field studies, particularly the MCMA-2003 out to obtain meteorological measurements ing of climate by scattering and absorbing field measurement campaign, which was a at a number of the sites using wind-profil- radiation (direct effects) and by modifying collaboration between the DOE ASP pro- ers. Detailed analyses are being compiled the microphysical, optical, and radiative gram and a number of U.S. and Mexican of the meteorological conditions during the properties of clouds, affecting their reflec- researchers led by Drs. Luisa and Mario field campaign to distinguish features of tivity and persistence (indirect effects). Molina of MIT and led to a number of very the observed changes attributable to factors However the magnitudes of these forcings interesting results regarding the high levels such as transport, diffusion and dilution, are quite uncertain. In recognition of this of carbonaceous aerosols in Mexico City and relative humidity from intrinsic modi- the Department of Energy Atmospheric – particularly black carbonaceous soots. fications in the chemical and microphysical Science Program (ASP) has as its goal the properties of the aerosols resulting from development of an enhanced understand- MAX-Mex efforts at ground based sites chemical processes. The conceptual plan ing and model-based representation of the included measurements at the Instituto for the DOE effort was to examine changes processes governing aerosol radiative forc- Mexicano de Petroleo (T0) in Mexico City, from the T0 to T1 to T2 aerosol chemical, ing of climate. Indeed, the international the Universidad Tecnologica de Tecamac physical, and optical properties as an air and U.S. Climate Change Science Program in the State of Mexico (T1), and at Ran- mass was transported and underwent trans- has identified the need for examining the cho La Biznaga (T2) in the State of Hi- formations including aging of the black chemical, physical, and optical properties of aerosols as well as their regional and continental scale variability to determine the impacts of aerosols on climate. This includes direct radiative forcing by the aerosols in scattering and absorbing radiation and indirect effects that include effects on cloud formation and precipitation.

An important and potentially large source of the primary aerosols and precursors of secondary aerosols now and in the future is emissions from megacities. These megacities, with varied combustion products from vehicular, industrial and household energy use, are significant sources of aerosols im- pacting regional and global scales. While Overlay of flights taken by the G-1 during the MAX-Mex/MILAGRO campaign in many sources can be similar (e.g. diesel March 2006. (S. Springston, Brookhaven National Laboratory 2006). truck emissions) in megacities, many of the cities are marked by area sources, spread across an extensive urban landscape, as op- dalgo The measurements at the T0, T1, carbon during outflow into the region. The posed to localized point sources and traf- and T2 sites were coordinated with the MAX-Mex effort is currently putting data fic-related automobile emissions that char- MCMA-2006 and MIRAGE field studies sets together for analysis by the MAX-Mex acterize the emissions from large cities in that formed the MILAGRO research effort. and MILAGRO science teams. developing countries. DOE MAX-Mex also supported efforts in a mobile laboratory operated by Aerodyne. Some preliminary results were presented Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), at the July 2006 Biological and Environ- with 18 million people, the second largest Aircraft operations for the MAX-Mex study mental Research Advisory Committee that megacity, after Tokyo (Molina and Molina, were based in Veracruz during the study included a number of very interesting find- 2002), was selected for the ASP MAX-Mex and included the DOE/Pacific Northwest ings. One of special interest was the consis- campaign to characterize the chemical, National Laboratory operated Gulfstream- tently low single aerosol scattering albedo physical, and optical properties of aerosols 1 (G-1) and NASA operated King-Air air- found downwind of the Mexico City indi- from a megacity source and the production craft that was equipped with an airborne cating that the black carbon emissions were of secondary organic aerosols and inorganic LIDAR system. The DOE G-1 took mea- leading to a “warming” aerosol rather than aerosols that are known to contribute to the surements of radiation, aerosol chemical a “cooling” aerosol seen more often in the aerosol loading. Previous research on air size and composition, and also determined eastern U.S. pollution associated with Mexico City pro- optical properties of aerosol species. In-

Some anticipated results include: Detecting Aerosols in Mexico City: One Particle at a Time • Examination of size-dependent aerosol Ryan Moffet (UCSD) composition as function of age subsequent to emission and chemical processing. A UC San Diego group measured the to be mixed with sulfate. The supermi- • Attribution of changes in size-dependent real-time size and chemical composition cron particles were primarily composed of composition to specific processes. of aerosols during the MCMA-2006 cam- dust particle types. Dust storms with strong • Quantification of secondary organic aero- paign in northern Mexico City to obtain winds from the east suggest that the major sol production. detailed information about aerosols such source of these particles is from a dry lake • Comparison of properties of biomass burn as their source regions and variation with bed. At other times dust did not have any and urban soot aerosols. time. The group from UCSD was led by other dependence with wind direction; this • Examination of dust events and dust inter- Kim Prather and her student Ryan Moffet suggests that fugitive sources of these in- actions with urban aerosol. in a collaborative effort with Luisa Molina organic aerosols are also important. Indus- • Examination of hygroscopic growth, of the Molina Center for Energy and the trial emissions showed two unique metal Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) proper- Environment (MCE2) and Mario Molina particle types: lead mixed with zinc and ties, and precipitation scavenging in rela- of UCSD. lead without zinc; both types were internal- tion to aerosol properties. ly mixed with chloride. The lead-zinc type • Quantification of aerosol transport. Kim Prather developed a unique instru- was primarily submicron and mixed with • Examination of evolution of composition ment called an Aerosol Time-of-Flight carbon. Both metal types were correlated and optical properties of black carbon and Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) that Ryan with winds from the northeast. A unique secondary organic aerosol. Moffet used to make measurements with in nitrogen containing organic (NOC) particle • Evaluation of performance of current Mexico City. The ATOFMS has the ability type was seen, and is hypothesized to be an models. to classify particles based on their chemi- industrial emission based on correlations • Development of new and/or improved cal composition. This chemical fingerprint with wind direction and temporal profile. treatments of aerosol processes. can point researchers to particle sources that need In all MAX-Mex has a very rich data set. to be addressed with re- The G-1 was able to conduct 15 flights with gards to the particles det- over 48 hours of flight time and over-flights rimental effect on human were obtained at the T0 (12), T1 (37), and health, visibility, and T2 (23) sites for inter-comparison aloft climate change. Particles with the ground based instruments. These the mass spectrometer data along with the detailed LIDAR data can identify are from a taken from the NASA King Air and the variety of sources: Ele- ground based stations will allow for many mental carbon (EC) pres- of the areas of research above to be ac- ent in the black smoke complished. For more information on the emitted from diesel MAX-Mex project and updates on results trucks, biomass particles please visit http://www.asp.bnl.gov. emitted from the cook- ing of food, dust particles stirred up by fast moving Reference: L.T. Molina and M.J. Molina, A size distribution of the different particle types provided eds., “Air Quality in the Mexico Megac- cars and metal particles by the ATOFMS instrument ity: An Integrated Assessment, 390 pp.” emitted from industrial Kluwer Academic Publishers (2002). sources. The UC San Diego group works All industrial emissions peaked in the early with research meteorologist Benja- morning hours. min de Foy, and together, they use the ATOFMS time profiles togeth- Overall, the ATOFMS measurements have er with meteorological models to proved to be a success, showing the con- give information about the location tributions from different sources of aerosol where certain particles come from. in Mexico City. The source of the lead particles in Mexico City is a topic of ongoing Numerous interesting results have research and is very important given the come from the ATOFMS instru- negative effects lead has on human health. ment in Mexico City. Biomass and In order to gain more insight into the physi- organic carbon (OC) particle types cal processes that control the levels of these were found to dominate the accu- particles, a comparison with the data from mulation mode. Elemental carbon other scientists is essential and is a continu- EC, comprising a lesser portion of ous work in progress. A spectrum of a particle containing Pb, Zn and Cl. the accumulation mode, was found

Vertical Profile from 18:00. Wind field data up to 8000 meters becomes synoptically influenced, with Balloon Measurements were obtained with a vertical resolution of flow being dominantly from South and about 40 m. West. A first guess of the diurnal - evolu Henry Wöhrnschimmel tion of the layer heights could be deduced (CENICA-INE) from the data. Data from Ciudad Univer- sitaria and Tula are still being processed. Vertical profiles were determined at different sites in the Mexico City Metropolitan The project participants are: CENICA Area by means of balloon experiments, (H. Wöhrnschimmel, C. Márquez, E. Bue- with the principal objective to contribute no, R. Bernabé, F. Angeles, J. Aguilar, A. to the knowledge on air pollutant forma- Alonso, B. Cárdenas); UAM-I (J. Varela) tion and transport at different layers of the atmosphere. Speciation of Particulate Matter in the MCMA At the T0 site, vertical profiles of ozone and 13 volatile organic compounds (eth- Salvador Blanco (CENICA-INE) ane, propane, propylene, butane, ethyne, pentene, hexane, heptane, benzene, octane, Observation of a pilot balloon with a Levels and composition of particulate mat- theodolite toluene, nonane and 1,2-dimethyl ben- ter (PM2.5, PM10 and TSP) have been mea- zene), as well as meteorological parameters sured simultaneously at two sites in the Ozone vertical profiles at T0, frequently Mexico City Metropolitan Area (T0 and presented high concentrations above 400 CENICA) and at one reference site 50 km m in the early morning. During the day- to the north of Mexico City (T1). Spatial time, more homogeneous profiles indicate and time (day and night) variations have increased vertical mixing. VOC profiles been analyzed. show similar concentrations for all heights at dawn. In the morning, highest concentra- Particulate matter was collected in quartz tions were determined at a height of about filters with high volume samplers on alter- 100 meter, whereas at noon and in the after- nate days; sampling was performed from noon concentrations decreased with height. 8:00 to 20:00 local time and at night from Comparing VOC concentrations during the course of a day, highest values are measured in the morning. The principal VOCs were propane, butane, and toluene. Launching a pilot balloon at Ciudad Universitaria The wind fields at Tenango indicate- lay ers with different properties regarding were measured with a tethered balloon on transport. Flows in the surface influenced 10 days during the MCMA-2006, between layer are limited by the local topography 4 AM and 4 PM. Ozone and meteorological to North-South and South-North direc- parameter measurements were made up to tion, respectively. Above the surface flow, 1000 meter above ground and VOCs were varying wind directions indicate a transi- collected up to 200 m above ground. VOCs tion layer. Above this layer, the wind field were collected in canisters T0 PM Sampling Site and analyzed by GC-FID.

At Tenango del Aire, Ciu- 20:00 to 8:00 local time. PM10 was sampled dad Universitaria, and Tula, at three sites, PM2.5 was sampled at T0 and wind speed and wind direc- T1 and TSP at T1. Additionally at CENICA tion were determined with continuous measurements of TSP, PM10, helium filled pilot balloons PM2.5 and PM1 were made using a laser and theodolites. At the first spectrometer. Filters were conditioned and two sites, balloons were weighed before and after sampling to ob- launched every day at 9:00, tain the atmospheric concentration of each 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00 hours. PM fraction. Chemical composition was On four occasions, night time analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS, Gold measurements at 21:00 and Amalgam Hg Atomic Absorption and Ionic 24:00 were added. At Tula, Chromatography to determine the concen- - - 2- balloons were launched dur- tration of Cl , NO3 and SO4 ; and with a + ing three days from 10:00 to specific electrode for NH4 levels. The find- Ozone profiles. March 3rd at T0 Copyright © 2006 Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Page 18 Fall 2006 ings of the PM monitoring were that mean Total Gaseous and Particulate Mercury at T0 and T1 PM values measured for March 2006 were as follows: 158, 52, 24 and 19 µg/m3 TSP, Claudia Márquez (CENICA-INE)

PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively at CE- 3 The principal goals of this project are to The average concentrations of TGM at T0 NICA; 58 and 49 µg/m for PM and PM 3 3 10 2.5 determine total gaseous mercury (TGM) and T1 were 6.62 ng/m and 4.96 ng/m , at T0, and 91 and 43 µg/m3 PM and PM 10 2.5 and total particulate mercury (TPM) dur- respectively. TGM concentrations were at T1. PM at T0 and CENICA were simi- 10 ing the MILAGRO Campaign at two sites. generally higher at T0 than at T1. Also, at lar, but the PM levels measured at CE- 2.5 We assume an influence of several existing NICA were markedly lower. anthropogenic sources in Mexico City to Correlation analysis between the levels of explain the levels of TGM and TPM ob- the components analyzed has been per- served. formed for each monitoring station and 2- + sampling fraction. SO4 and NH4 were found to be usually associated to V and Ni, and thus may be markers of regional transport. A group of correlated elements Pb, Cu, Zn and Sb, were also correlated in some cases with Sn, P and Ba. These metals could be related to road traffic. Moreover, there are some specific groups of elements representatives at each monitoring site: High Volume Samplers

Day to night variation was observed, levels both sites the TGM concentrations show of crustal components were higher during a diurnal tendency. A good correlation of daytime periods, probably due to resuspen- TGM at T0 TGM concentrations was obtained during sion from the soil at T1 and from road and - an intercomparison of both equipments at urban dust at CENICA and T0. NO3 levels Continuous measurements of TGM were T0, using data with a 5 minute time reso- were higher during daytime while SO 2- and 4 carried out at two sites in the MCMA, the lution from two consecutive days (R2 = NH + levels were higher during night hours. 4 urban T0 site and the suburban T1 site, 0.88). Other analyses were done at each Some typical anthropogenic elements had using a continuous Ultra-Trace Mercury site between TGM, criteria air pollutants higher levels during night hours (Zn, Cu, Vapor Analyzer (Tekran Model 2537A) at and meteorological parameters to facilitate Pb, Cd) probably due to the reduction of the mixing layer. Hg also showed higher each site. T0 and T1 data resolution were the future identification of possible sources levels at night hours but it could be related 2 hours and 5 minutes, respectively. Both of mercury. to the lower thermal stability of this ele- analyzers were run with a 5 min time reso- ment. Some other anthropogenic elements lution at T0 during two consecutive days At T0 the highest Hg concentration during 3 showed similar or higher levels during for intercomparison. the diurnal period was 0.26 ng/m in PM10, 3 daytime (As). Other elements (V, Ni, Cr), and 0.16 ng/m in PM2.5, meanwhile at T1 mainly linked to anthropogenic activities, To determine TPM, simultaneous manual the respective concentrations were 0.17 but also present in the soil, recorded higher samplings were performed at both sites. ng/m3 and 0.10 ng/m3. During the night pe- levels during daytime at T1, in contrast to Sampling frequency was two periods of 12 riod, the maximum concentration at T0 was 3 3 T0 and CENICA where maximum levels hours every other day, starting at 8:00 am 1.20 ng/m in PM10 and 0.4 ng/m in PM2.5, were obtained at night. and 20:00. At T0, PM samples were ob- whereas at T1 it was 3.6 ng/m3 and 2.67 tained using high volume samplers. Chemi- ng/m3, respectively. Statistical analysis was The project participants are: CENICA cal speciation including Hg was performed performed, and good correlations were ob- (S. Blanco, R.M. Bernabé, B. Cárdenas); by ICP-MS, ICP- AES, Ion Chromatogra- served between Hg, V, Zn, Ta and Ga at T0 CSIC (X. Querol, M.C. Minguillón, J. Pey, phy and Thermal Optical Reflectance. for night periods (R2 > 0.70). N. Pérez, A. Alastuey, T. Moreno) The project participants are: CENICA: C. Márquez, R. Bernabé, L. Al- verdin, E. Reyes, L. Miranda, J. Miranda, S. Blanco, B. Cárdenas MCE2: R. González, L. T. Molina University of Wisconsin at Madison: A. P. Rutter , J. Schauer CSIC: M.C. Minguillón, N. Pérez, J. Pey, T. Moreno, A. Alastuey, X. Querol

Hourly levels of PM10 (blue), PM2.5 (green) and PM1 (red) at CENICA

Chemical and Physical Emissions from Tula Industrial Area

Characterization of PM2.5 Gustavo Sosa Iglesias (IMP) and VOCs Speciation from During the MCMA-2006/MILAGRO cam- Subestación Jasso and Pemex_Tepeji, Industrial Stacks paign, the IMP team set up three monitoring measuring VOCs, carbonyls, criteria pol- sites in the surroundings of the Tula indus- lutants, eteorology and optical properties trial area, which is located 60 km northeast of the particles using aethalometer, neph- Gerardo Mejía-Velázquez, Dzoara from the downtown Mexico City Metro- elometer, SMPS and a MOUDI sampler. Tejeda-Honstein (ITESM) politan Area (MCMA). The objective of this study is to characterize and monitor In addition, measurements were done with The objectives of this study are (1) to char- the environmental impacts produced by a mobile unit, in an effort to broaden the acterize the chemical VOCs and physical the local emissions sources, including the geographic coverage and characterization composition of PM2.5 in the MCMA and Miguel Hidalgo refinery, the thermoelectric of the air quality. A Mini-DOAS measured its diurnal variations and (2) to speciate plant, and other industries. The measure- the total SO2 flux emissions from the major hydrocarbon from samples taken from industrial stacks located in the municipality of Naucalpan in the MCMA.

The monitoring site selected was the Di- rection of Ecology of the Municipality of Naucalpan in the State of Mexico. The equipment installed measured PM2.5 concentration and size distribution, and the VOC adsorbed on the particles. Particle size distributions were measured in the ranges 0.3-0.5-1.0-2.5-5.0-10.0 and PM larger than 10 microns. Stack gases samples were taken from about 30 industries The Three IMP monitoring sites. Gustavo Sosa. that used CNG, LPG, and diesel. The data are being analyzed to obtain particle size ments took place between March 18th and sources in the region. characteristics, VOCs adsorbed in particles, April 22nd and included aerosols charac- and VOCs speciation in stack gases. terization, trace gases and meteorological The IMP team includes G. Sosa, E. Vega, parameters. E. González, V. Mora, A. Zambrano, J.L. The ITESM research group includes Ge- Jaimes, J.L. Arriaga, J. Gasca, M. Magda- rardo Mejia, Dzoara Tejeda, Pilar Brem- The three fixed monitoring sites were leno, S. Escalona, H. Ruiz, E. Castillo, G. autz, Porfirio Caballero, Marco Martinez, the IMP facilities in Tula, measuring me- Tapia, M. A. Peña, A. Cervantes, M. Agui- Maximo Sierra, Alfredo Valdéz, Carlos teorological vertical profiles by launch- lar and D. Romero. González, and Pedro Montufar. The re- ing pilot balloons; and two sites at the searchers had an excellent collaboration from the participating industries and support from Carlos González, former Direc- tor of Ecology of Naucalpan.

Carlos González, Director of Ecology of Nau- calpan, discussing with the ITESM team: Alfredo Valdez-Aguilera, Pedro Montufar, Marco Martínez, and Máximo Sierra. Map showing locations of Tula industrial area

Measurements at Tenango R. Bernabé, S. Blanco); UAM-Ixtapalpa Automatic Monitoring of (J. R. Varela); ICT-Jaume Almera (X. del Aire Site Querol, M.C. Minguillón. J. Pey, N. Pérez, Criteria Pollutants and Me- A. Alastuey, T. Moreno); IMK-IFU (W. teorological Parameters in Gerardo Ruiz (UNAM) Junkermman, R. Steinbrecher), Fundación the Boundary Sites CEAM (A. Muñóz); MCE2 (L. Molina). Regional air quality modeling for the Mex- ico City basin suggested that the plume Ana Patricia Martinez (CENICA) from the MCMA may sometimes drain Airborne Measurements through Chalco Valley south to Cuautla As part of the MCMA-2006 campaign, of Aerosols and Radiation measurements on air quality and meteoro- and Cuernavaca. The MCMA-2006 field campaign offered an opportunity to study logical parameters at boundary sites of the the characteristics and importance of that Wolfgang Junkermann (IMK-IFU) Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) type of basin ventilation, in addition to the were taken with the following goals: An instrumented microlight aircraft was ventilation towards the north east. -To cover additional ventilation scenarios deployed during the MCMA-2006/MILA- for the city. GRO campaign to characterize the aerosol -To provide information on sites with no vertical distribution and its radiation im- previously collected data. pact in the southeast of Mexico City. The aircraft, which made 13 flights during the The boundary sites were selected based campaign, was operated out of Puebla air- on results from previous studies (MCMA- port and flights covered the southeast of the 2003 Campaign) and on information sys- Mexico City basin south of Chalco down tematically generated by the MCMA’s Air Quality Monitoring Network (RAMA),

Gerardo Ruiz and his team.

A mobile monitoring lab was stationed at Tenango del Aire, a unique site located at the southeast of the MCMA and is appro- priate to characterize air masses traveling from and to the MCMA via the Chalco Valley. The measurements taken during Jose Zaragosa checking the CENICA mobile March 2 to April 6 included the following: unit located at Corena. to Huexca, the main venting area for the criteria pollutants, NOy, RO , H O , HNO , 2 2 2 3 basin. The aircraft carried a set of instru- HCHO, HONO, VOCs, NO , PAH, and regarding pollutants behavior and the cli- 2 ments for particle size distribution, scat- PM as well as meteorological parameters matic and meteorological factors influenc- tering and absorption as well as radiation by pilot balloon, global diffuse radiation ing their dispersion and transport. The sites instrumentation for actinic flux and global and UV by a shadow band spectroradiom- were finally selected after discussions held radiation budget. Additionally a zenith sky eter, and mixing layer height by using a between researchers and meteorologists DOAS and a VOC sampler was installed. ceilometer. participating in MILAGRO. Nine sites Vertical profiles were flown close to Puebla were set up as fixed monitoring stations airport, above Chalco and the Tenango del Preliminary results suggest that the with either portable equipment or mobile Aire site, where a Ceilometer was operated back and forth movements of air masses units for the measurement of O3, CO, SO2, continuously for characterization of the through the Chalco Valley (Tenango del NOx, PM10, relative humidity, temperature, boundary layer structure. Aire –Amecameca area) is an impor- precipitation, barometric pressure, solar ra- tant process in regional transport of air diation, and wind direction pollution between the Cuautla/Cuer- and velocity. navaca area and the Mexico City basin. A number of institutions This study includes the participation of collaborated on the mea- many scientists from several institutions: surements: Secretariat of UNAM (G. Ruiz, R. Torres, A. Gracía, Environment, Govern- B Mar, A. Torres, J. M. Hernández, M. ment of the Federal District Grutter); CENICA (H. Wöhrnschimmel, (SMA-GDF); Secretariat F. Angeles, A. L. Alonso, B.Cárdenas, SMA-GDF and UNAM trailer arriving at T1. of Environment, Govern-

Copyright © 2006 Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Page 21 Fall 2006 ment of the State of Mexico (SMA Edo. Mex.); Institute of Ecology, Govern- T1 Measurements: Gases, Particle and Meteorology ment of the State of Guanajuato (IEG); Telma Castro (UNAM-CCA) Environmental and Natural Resources Protection Agency, Government of the During the MCMA-2006/MILAGRO cam- barometric pressure. RH, diffuse and direct State of Nuevo Leon (SIMA NL); State paign, scientists, technicians, and students, radiation were measured throughout the Environment Council, Government of coming from different research centers campaign. the State of Hidalgo (COEDE); Secre- throughout the country, made measure- tariat of Sustainable Development, State ments of particles, gases, meteorology, and RAMA-GDF Team (Armando Retama, Ra- Government of Queretaro (SEDESU); solar radiation at the supersite in Tecamac, fael Ramos) – Measured criteria pollutants National Autonomous University of State of Mexico, T1. At the southern site (CO, SO2, NOX, O3, PM10) and meteorolog- Mexico (UNAM); and the Directorate of Tenango del Aire, a mobile research unit ical parameters (Temp, RH, wind direction of Research on Atmospheric Monitor- from UNAM was also deployed. Both ef- and speed). ing and Analytical Characterization of forts were sponsored by SEMARNAT and Pollutants, CENICA (DGCENICA). CAM. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM Team (Omar Amador, Rodolfo A total of seven mobile units and ad- Most of the teams sampled all through the Gómez, José García, Rubén Mamani, Ma. ditional equipment were obtained and month of March. Specifically, the follow- Isabel Saavedra and Telma Castro): Parti- installed at the following nine sites: ing are the participants and the measure- cle number and concentration (CPC: PM< Colegio Alemán, Aeropuerto Atiza- ments performed during the campaign: 3μm; LASAIR II), absorption and scatter- pan, Huixquilucan (DIF), Universidad CENICA Team (Rocio Galván, Manuel ing coefficient (500 nm) (nephelometer and Tecnológica de Tecámac (T1), Rancho Ramos, Abraham Martínez, Rosa Ma. Ber- PSAP), PM2.5 mass (PQ200), morphology La Bisnaga (T2), Escuela Santa Ana, nabé, Beatriz Cardenas) - PM2.5, PM10 and of particles, organic and inorganic species Tenango del Aire, Avila Camacho, and Corena.

Transport, installation, and operation of the mobile units were coordinated by the DGCENICA, in collaboration with personnel from the participating institutions. In an effort to guarantee the quality of the measurements of criteria pollutants concentrations, the Direccion de Monitoreo Atmosferico calibrated each instrument right after installation and before the beginning of the campaign and conducted two zero/span/precision verifications during the campaign. Fol- lowing the campaign, common criteria have been established for data validation through consensus reached by participating researchers and the SMA-GDF. PST (High Vol and Mini Vol), electron mi- (MOUDI), PAH´s particle phase (High croscopy, mass, OC, BC, ions, elemental Vol). All of these instruments (except analysis (PIXE). MOUDIs and PQ200) were located inside the UNAM trailer at T1. Instituto de Geofísica Team (Agustín Muhlia, Francisco Rodríguez and Is- The UNAM trailer contained two extra in- mael Velásquez) - Global radiation, dif- struments: a mercury monitor (CENICA) fuse radiation, IR radiation, UV radia- and a Hantzsch formaldehyde monitor (W. tion, optical depth. Junkerman, IMK-IFU). An HONO monitor (Euphore, Spain) was deployed here Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas also for one week; it was later transferred Team (Alejandro Salcido, Ana Celada to Tenango del Aire because T1 was very and Raymundo Olivares) - The me- dusty. teorological tower included two sonic anemometers at 5 and 10 meters. Wind The various teams are currently actively State of Hidalgo Mobile Unit at T2 site direction and velocity, temperature, analyzing the data sets and discussing complementary results.

Education and Outreach Program during the MCMA-2006/MILAGRO Campaign One of the most important activities of the Molina Center is the Education and Out- reach Program. As part of the MCMA- 2006 Campaign during March 2006, the Center organized a series of educational and outreach activities in collaboration with National Institute of Ecology and other Mexican institutions. The following were the main objectives:

• To promote and further communication between scientists of the MILAGRO Cam- Alvaro Osornio lecturing on health effects of air pollution AT Universum paign and students, investigators and the general public. Area regarding the problems of air quality MILAGRO Poster Exhibit • To contribute to the education and train- and its possible effects and solutions. ing of students in the technical and scientif- The goal of the exhibit was to introduce the ic aspects related to atmospheric pollution In the following sections, we describe the general public to the MILAGRO Campaign in megacities and their impact on a regional activities implemented during the cam- and acquaint it with the subject; to promote and global scale. paign by the Center aimed at different tar- communication between scientists from • To promote greater interest for science get audience: the campaign and the public, and to create awareness about the problems pertaining to atmospheric pollution, its possible effects Public lecture series and solutions.

The public lectures were presented A scientific exhibit was prepared on the as an opportunity for the general MILAGRO Campaign. The exhibit con- public to have access and interact sisted of a set of 18 posters related to the with MILAGRO scientists. During growing megacities of the world, their the month of March, a total of 22 challenges and impacts, the strategies to public lectures were held at 8 dif- control the environmental problems and ferent locations. Additional lectures the different components of the MILAGRO were scheduled at the monitoring Campaign. The exhibit was inaugurated on sites in the states of Mexico, Hidalgo March 3 at Universum where it was dis- Oscar Peralta talking to high school students and Veracruz, as well as at some local played throughout the whole month. The during a tour/workshop at T1 site. schools. Some of these lectures were trans- 18 posters are posted at the MCE2 website: mitted as teleconferences to other venues http://www.mce2.org. and scientific careers among high school students. both within and outside Mexico City. A total of 19 Mexican and international lectur- In addition to Universum, several sets of • To publish and disseminate the activities posters were displayed at other locations of the MILAGRO Campaign throughout ers participated in this activity. Over 2000 people participated in the conferences. in the MCMA, States of Mexico and Hi- society and to raise awareness among the dalgo. people of the Mexico City Metropolitan

William Brune giving a public lecture at Universum Participants viewing the MILAGRO posters

Guided Tours were invited to participate in the contests, Scientific Research which represent different educational alter- Guided visits to the three supersites and natives available in this city. Prizes were The scientific research activities were to Veracruz airport were provided to high awarded to the first, second and third plac- planned as an opportunity for direct col- school and college students, as well as to es of each contest ($5,000, 3,000 and 2,000 laboration among MILAGRO investigators technicians, officials, scientists, and gradu- pesos respectively). Honorary mentions and local graduate and undergraduate stu- were given to other high quality proposals dents. The students participated in different selected by the jury. The posters are posted activities such as handling measurement on the website: http://mce2.org/education/ equipment and conducting experiments. contests_en.html. Some students are still collaborating with the research team they worked with during Poster Contest Winners: the Campaign and will continue to do so in 1. Brenda Benítez, Pamela Suarez (Escuela de Lancaster); 2. Manuel Vélez (Escuela Tomás the future in order to get their degrees or to Alva Edison); 3. Alejandro Abogado, Andrea initiate their postgraduate studies. Sañudo, Karla Basañes (Escuela de Lancaster). Communication via Webpages Essay Contest Winners: Simon Paesh describing wind profiler to 1. Ricardo Almeida, María Rebolleda, (Colegio During the MCMA-2006 Campaign a Madrid); 2. Valentina Rivera, Diana de Lourdes visitors. website was developed and maintained Baptista (Colegio Williams); 3. Mireya Dom- at MCE2. The MCMA-2006 web page is inga Nieto (Escuela de Lancaster). ate students. The goal was to promote com- posted at the Molina Center for Energy and munication among the participating scien- the Environment (http://mce2.org). This tists, the students and the public, as well as PEMBU Workshops web page includes a section devoted to the help raise awareness about the air pollution educational and outreach program wherein problems and their impacts. each of the sub-programs of the campaign is described. The MCMA-2006 scientists Poster and Essay Pilot Contest: also participated in the MILAGRO portal ¡Hagamos un MILAGRO por el aire! “Windows to the Universe” at UCAR.

The MCMA-2006 study organized a pi- The Education and Outreach activities were lot contest aimed at high school students coordinated by Luisa T. Molina (MCE2) as an activity to raise awareness about air and Dara Salcedo (UAEM) and involved pollution and its impacts and as a chance the participation of many MILAGRO inves- for yound adults to express possible solu- tigators. The following helped in organiz- tions. At the same time, the contest seek ing the various activities: Posters – Edgar to promote greater interest toward science Guzman (UAM), Beatriz Cárdenas (CENI- Ten PEMBU (Automatic Meteorological and scientific careers among high school CA), Erik Velasco (MCE2), Marina E. Leal Station) workshops were held at Univer- students. (MCE2) and Claudia Carvajal (MCE2); sum Museum during the month of March. Guided tour – Óscar Peralta (UNAM), The workshops were designed for elemen- The “¡Hagamos un MILAGRO por el aire!” Coni Reyes (MCE2); Lecture series – Coni tary and high school students. Close to contest had two different categories: poster Reyes (MCE2); Contest – Marina Leal 280 students attended the workshops. On (for junior high students) and essay (for se- (MCE2); PEMBU Workshop -- Ernesto each session the students heard lectures on nior high students). A total of 46 schools Caetano (UNAM); Webpage – Jared Mo- PEMBU and carried out experiments and rante (MCE2), Ricardo Cepeda (MCE2). weather measurements.

Top 20 posters selected by Jury The winners of the poster and essay contests with Luisa Molina

Participating Mexican Institutions Participating Non-Mexican Institutions* -Agencia de Protección al Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales –Gobierno del Aerodyne Research, Inc. Estado de Nuevo León (APMARN) Arizona State University -Centro Mario Molina (CMM) Bergstrom Aircraft -Centro Nacional de Investigación y Capacitación Ambiental (CENICA) California Inst. of Technology -Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV) Chalmers University (Sweden) -Centro de Educación y Capacitación para el Desarrollo Sostenible Colorado State University (CECADESU-SEMARNAT) Columbia University -Colegio Alemán Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC, Spain) -Comisión Ambiental Metropolitana (CAM) Department of Energy (DOE) -Comisión de Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Rural-Gobierno del Distrito Fed- DOE/Argonne National Lab. (ANL) eral (CORENA) DOE/Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL) -Consejo Estatal de Ecología (Estado de Hidalgo) DOE/Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL) -Consejo Estatal de Protección al Ambiente (Estado de Veracruz) DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL) -Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) DOE/Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL) -Dirección de Ecología-Presidencia Municipal de Salamanca- Gobierno del Droplet Meas. Tech., Inc. Estado de Guanajuato Florida State University -Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC –SCT) Georgia Inst. Technology -Fuerza Aérea Mexicana (FAM –SEDENA) Goteborg University (Sweden) -Fundación México-Estados Unidos para la Ciencia (FUMEC) Harvard University -Gobierno del Edo de México, Secretaria de Medio Ambiente (SEGEM) Heidelberg University (Germany) -Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas (IIE) Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT) -Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA) Molina Center for Energy and Environment (MCE2) -Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (IMP) NARSTO -Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCAN) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) -Instituto Nacional de Ecología (INE) NASA/Ames Research Center -Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI) NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center -Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) NASA/Jet Propulsion Lab. -Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP) NASA/Langley Research Center -Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores (Campus Monterrey y Estado de National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) México) NCAR/Atmospheric Chemistry Division -Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) NCAR/Earth Observing Lab. -Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transporte (SCT) NCAR/ Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology Division -Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) National Science Foundation (NSF) -Secretaría de Gobernación (SEGOB) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) -Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público (SHCP) – Administración General de Paul Sherrer Inst. (Switzerland) Aduanas (AGA) Pennsylvania State University -Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional (SEDENA) SkyResearch, Inc. -Secretaria de Desarrollo Sustentable-Gobierno del Estado de Querétaro Smith College -Secretaría de Marina (SEMAR) SpecTIR, Inc -Secretaria de Medio Ambiente del Gob. del Distrito Federal (SMA-GDF) State University of New York at Old Westbury -Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) Texas A&M University -Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE) University of Alabama -Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) University of Arkansas, Little Rock (UALR) -Servicios a la Navegación en el Espacio Aéreo Mexicano (SENEAM) University of California/Berkeley (UCB) -Sindicato Nacional de Telefonistas de la República Mexicana University of California/Irvine (UCI) -Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP) University of California/Los Angeles (UCLA) -Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM) University of California/San Diego (UCSD) -Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) University of Colorado (CU) -Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) University de Lille (France) -Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac (Estado de México) University of Hawaii -Universidad Veracruzana (Estado de Veracruz) University of Houston University of Indiana University of Iowa University of Leipzig (Germany) University of Manchester (United Kingdom) MILAGRO Sponsors University of Maryland University of Miami University of Minnesota Comisión Ambiental Metropolitana University of Montana Instituto Nacional de Ecología-SEMARNAT University of New Hamsphire CONACyT University of Nevada PEMEX University of North Dakota National Science Foundation (USA) University of Rhode Island Department of Energy (USA) University of Virginia NASA (USA) University of Washington MCE2 University of Wisconsin European agencies and others U.S. Forest Service Virginia Technology (* From United States of America, unless Washington State University indicated otherwise) Copyright © 2006 Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Page 25 Fall 2006

List of Publications from MCMA-2003 Campaign MCMA-2003 Field Campaign –Special Issue (Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics)

1. De Foy, B., E. Caetano, V. Magaña, A. Zitácuaro, B. Cárdenas, A. Retama, R. Ramos, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, Mexico City Basin Wind Circula- tion during the MCMA-2003 Field Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2267-2288, 2005.

2. Johnson, K. S., B. Zuberi, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, M. J. Idema, J. P. Cowin, D. J. Gaspar, C. Wang, A. Laskin, Processing of Soot in an Urban Environment: Case Study from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3033-3043, 2005.

3. Jiang, M., L. C. Marr, E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, J. T. Jayne, C. E. Kolb, W. B. Knighton, T. M. Rogers, M. Zavala, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Mo- lina, Vehicle Fleet Emissions of Black Carbon, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Other Pollutants Measured by a Mobile Laboratory in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., Vol. 5, pp 3377-3387, 2005.

4. Salcedo, D., K. Dzepina, T. B. Onasch, M. R. Canagaratna, J. T. Jayne, D. R. Worsnop, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, K. S. Johnson, B. Zuberi, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, V. Shutthanandan, Y. Xie, J. L. Jimenez, Characterization of Ambient Aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 Campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry – Part II: Overview of the Results at the CENICA Supersite and Comparison to Previous Studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 925-946, 2006.

5. De Foy, B., A. Clappier, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, Distinct Wind Convergence Patterns in the Mexico City Basin due to the Interaction of the Gap Winds with the Synoptic Flow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1249-1265, 2006.

6. De Foy, B., L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, Satellite-Derived Land Surface Parameters for Mesoscale Modelling of the Mexico City Basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1315-1330, 2006.

7. Marr, L. C., K. Dzepina, J. L. Jimenez, F. Reisen, H. L. Bethel, J. Arey, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, Sources and Transformations of Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1733-1745, 2006.

8. De Foy, B., J. R. Varela, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, Rapid Ventilation of the Mexico City Basin and Regional Fate of the Urban Plume, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2321-2335, 2006.

9. Shirley, T. R. , W. H. Brune, X. Ren, J. Mao, R. Lesher, B. Cardenas, R. Volkamer, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, B. Lamb, E. Velasco, T. Jobson, and M. Alexander, Atmospheric Oxidation in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during April 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2753-2765, 2006.

10. Dunlea E. J., S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, M. Grutter, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, Technical note: Evaluation of Standard Ultraviolet Absorption Ozone Monitors in a Polluted Urban Environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3163-3180, 2006

11. García, A. R., R. Volkamer, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, J. Samuelson, J. Mellqvist, B. Galle, S. C. Herndon, and C. E. Kolb, Separation of Emitted and Photochemical Formaldehyde in Mexico City Using a Statistical Analysis and a New Pair of Gas-Phase Tracers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4545- 4557, 2006

12. Johnson K. S., B. de Foy, B. Zuberi, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, Y. Xie, A. Laskin, V. Shutthanandan, Aerosol Composition and Source Apportion- ment in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area with PIXE/PESA/STIM and Multivariate Analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4591-4600, 2006.

13. San Martini F. M., E. J. Dunlea, M. Grutter, T. B. Onasch, J. T. Jayne, M. R. Canagaratna, D. R. Worsnop, C. E. Kolb, J. H. Shorter, S. C. Herndon, M. S. Zahniser, J. M. Ortega, G. J. McRae, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, Implementation of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method to Inorganic Aerosol Modeling of Observations from the MCMA-2003 Campaign. Part I: Model Description and Application to the La Merced Site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4867-4888, 2006.

14. San Martini F. M., E. J. Dunlea, R. Volkamer, T. B. Onasch, J. T. Jayne, M. R. Canagaratna, D. R. Worsnop, C. E. Kolb, J. H. Shorter, S. C. Hern- don, M. S. Zahniser, D. Salcedo, K. Dzepina, J. L. Jimenez, J. M. Ortega, K. S. Johnson, G. J. McRae, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, Implementation of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method to Inorganic Aerosol Modeling of Observations from the MCMA-2003 Campaign. Part II: Model Application to the CENICA, Pedregal and Santa Ana Sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4889-4904, 2006.

15. Zavala M., S. C. Herndon, R. S. Slott, E. J. Dunlea, L. C. Marr, J. H. Shorter, M. Zahniser, W. B. Knighton, T. M. Rogers, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, Characterization of on-road vehicle emissions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area Using a Mobile Laboratory in Chase and Fleet Average Measurement Modes during the MCMA-2003 Field Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5129-5142, 2006

16. Reyes F., M. Grutter, A. Jazcilevich, R. González-Oropeza, Analysis of Non-Regulated Vehicular Emissions by Extractive FTIR Spectrometry: Tests on a Hybrid Car in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 5773-5796, 2006.

List of Publications from MCMA-2003 Campaign MCMA-2003 Field Campaign - Submitted (Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion) 1. Barnard, J. C., E. I. Kassianov, T. P. Ackerman, S. Frey, K. Johnson, B. Zuberi, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley Measure- ments of Black Carbon Specific Absorption in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the MCMA 2003 Field Campaign, Atmos. Phys. Chem. Discuss., 5, 4083-4113, 2005.

2. Salcedo, D., K. Dzepina, T. B. Onasch, M. R. Canagaratna, Q. Zhang, J. A. Huffman, P. F. DeCarlo, J. T. Jayne, P. Mortimer, D. R. Worsnop, C. E. Kolb, K. S. Johnson, B. Zuberi, L. C. Marr, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, R. M. Bernabé, B. Cardenas, C. Márquez, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, A. Laskin, V. Shutthanandan, J. L. Jimenez, Characterization of Ambient Aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 Campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. Part I: Quantification, Shape-Related Collection Efficiency, and Comparison with Collocated Instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 4143-4182, 2005.

3. De Foy B., W. Lei, M. Zavala, R. Volkamer, J. Samuelsson, J. Mellqvist, B. Galle, A.-P. Martínez, M. Grutter, L. T. Molina, Modelling Constraints on the Emission Inventory and on Vertical Diffusion for CO and SO2 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using Solar FTIR and Zenith Sky UV Spectroscopy, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 6125-6181, 2006.

4. Velasco E., B. Lamb, H. Westberg, E. Allwine, G. Sosa, J. L. Arriaga-Colina, B. T. Jobson, M. Alexander, P. Prazeller, W. B. Knighton, T. M. Rogers, M. Grutter, S. C. Herndon, C. E. Kolb, M. Zavala, B. de Foy, R. Volkamer, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, Distribution, Magnitudes, Reactivities, Ratios and Diurnal Patterns of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Valley of Mexico during the MCMA 2002 and 2003 Field Campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 7563-7621, 2006.

5. Lei W., B. de Foy, M. Zavala, R. Volkamer, L. T. Molina, Characterizing Ozone Production in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area: a Case Study using a Chemical Transport Model, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 7959-8009, 2006.

MCMA-2003 Field Campaign – Other Journals

1. Marr, L. C., L. A. Grogan, H. Wöhrnschimmel, L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina; T. J. Smith; E. Garshick, Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Poly- cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2584-2592, 2004.

2. Dunn, M. J., J. L. Jiménez, D. Baumgardner, T. Castro, P. H. McMurry, and J. N. Smith, Measurements of Mexico City Nanoparticle Size Distribu- tions: Observations of New Particle Formation and Growth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10102, 2004.

3. Marley, N. A., J. S. Gaffney, R. V. White, L. Rodriguez-Cuadra, S. E. Herndon, E. Dunlea, R. M. Volkamer, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, Fast Gas Chromatography with Luminol Chemiluminescence Detection for the Simultaneous Determination of Nitrogen Dioxide and Peroxyacetyl Nitrate in the Atmosphere. Rev. Scientific Instruments, 75, 4595-4605, 2004.

4. Frey, S., L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, and L. Wöste, Design and Implementation of a Compact Raman-Lidar for Ozone and Aerosol Measurements, European Space Agency (Special Publication) ESA SP, v 1, n 561, 2004, p. 151-154.

5. Simeonov V., P. Ristori, M. Taslakov, H. van den Bergh, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, Ozone and Aerosol Distribution Measured Above Mexico City with a Differential Absorption Lidar during the MCMA 2003 Field Campaign, in the proceedings of the XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Kos Greece, 1-8 June 2004, V.1 pp. 435-437.

6. Ristori P., V. Simeonov, M. Taslakov, L. Molina, M. Molina, and H. van den Bergh, Ozone and Aerosol Distribution Measured above Mexico City with a Differential Absorption Lidar during the MCMA 2003 Field Campaign, in the proceedings of the 22nd International laser Radar Conference (ILRC), Matera Italy 8-12 July 2004, pp. 755-758.

7. Kolb, C. E., S. C. Herndon, J. B. McManus, J. S. Shorter, M. S. Zahniser, D. D. Nelson, J. T. Jayne, M. R. Canagaratna, D. R. Worsnop, Mobile Laboratory with Rapid Response Instruments for Real-time Measurements of Urban and Regional Trace Gas and Particulate Distributions and Emis- sion Source Characteristics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5694-5703, 2004.

8. Volkamer, R., L. T. Molina, M. J. Molina, T. Shirley, W. H. Brune, DOAS Measurement of Glyoxyl as an Indicator for Fast VOC Chemistry in Urban Air, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L08806, DOI: 10. 1029/2005GL022616, 2005.

9. Herndon, S. C., J. T. Jayne, M. S. Zahniser, D. R. Worsnop, B. Knighton, E. Alwine, B. K. Lamb, M. Zavala, D. D. Nelson, J. B. McManus, J. H. Shorter, M. R. Canagaratna, T. B. Onasch, C. E. Kolb, Characterization of Urban Pollutant Emissions Fluxes and Ambient Concentration Distributions Using a Mobile Laboratory with Rapid Response Instrumentation, Faraday Discuss. 130, DOI: 10.1039/b500411, 2005.

10. Velasco, E., S. Pressley, E. Allwine, H. Westberg, and B. Lamb, Measurements of CO2 Fluxes from the Mexico City Urban Landscape, Atmospher- ic Environment, Vol. 39 (38), pp 7433-7446, 2005.

11. Velasco, E., B. Lamb, S. Pressley, E. Allwine, H. Westberg, B. T. Jobson, M. Alexander, P. Prazeller, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, Flux Measure- ments of Volatile Organic Compounds from an Urban Landscape Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, l20802, DOI:10.1029/2005gl023356, 2005.

12. Volkamer, R., J. L. Jimenez, F. San Martini, K. Dzepina, Q. Zhang, D. Salcedo, L. T. Molina, D. R. Worsnop, M. J. Molina, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Anthropogenic Air Pollution: Rapid and Higher than Expected, Geophys. Res. Lett. DOI: 10. 1029/2006GL026899, 2006.

Upcoming Events

January 14-18, 2007 Ninth Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry, sponsored by the AMS in San Antonio, Texas.

April 15-20, 2007 European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2007, Vienna, Austria. - Special Session on Megacity Impacts on Regional and Global Scales. - Abstract deadline: January 15, 2007.

May 15-19 2007 MILAGRO Conference, Mexico City.

MCMA-2006 Delegation met with Mayor Alejandro Encinas prior to the Campaign. From May 22-25 2007 left to right: B. Cardenas (CENICA), J.C. Arredondo (MCE2), Secretary C. Sheinbaum AGU Joint Assembly, Acapulco, Mexico. (SMA/GDF), L.T. Molina (MCE2), Mayor Encinas, R. Ramos (SMA/GDF), A.P. Martinez - Session on Megacities Air Pollution: (CENICA), G. Sosa (IMP). Urban, Regional and Global Impacts.

September 2007 Final Quality Assured MCMA-2006 Data Set in MCE2 Archive.

December 2007 Fall AGU Meeting in San Francisco. Special session on MILAGRO Campaign (tentative).

March 2008 MILAGRO Data Set made available to entire scientific community.

December 31, 2008 Deadline for submission to the special issue of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

US program managers (Ricky Petty, DOE; Bruce Doddridge, NASA; Anne-Marie Schmoltner, NSF) visited ARI Mobile Lab at T0 (IMP).

NEWSLETTER Fall 2006 Issue Editor: Luisa T. Molina Layout: Jared Morante Photos from MCE2 archive

Molina Center for Energy and the Environment 3262 Holiday Ct. Suite 201 Opening Ceremony of MILAGRO Campaign (March 2, 2006 at Universum). From left La Jolla, CA 92037 to right: Ricky Petty (DOE), Bruce Doddridge (NASA), José Lema (UAM), Carlos Gay (UNAM), Luisa T. Molina (MCE2), Anne-Marie Schmoltner (NSF). http://mce2.org