DOCSLIB.ORG

El Proceso De Internacionalización Del Sector Auxiliar De Automoción En España

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
El Proceso De Internacionalización Del Sector Auxiliar De Automoción En España El proceso de internacionalización del sector auxiliar de automoción en España. Estudio de dos casos MAISA y FICOSA. Tesis Doctoral - 1 - ABSTRACT El análisis de la evolución de dos empresas en su dinámica de adaptación a las transformaciones del sector de automoción en España y muy específicamente de su industria auxiliar es el objetivo de esta tesis. El trabajo se ha planteado en cinco capítulos: en primer lugar una aproximación metodologica en donde se valoran los análisis de Chandler y el paradigma Estructura-Conducta-Resultados como forma de aproximación al tema; posteriormente se analiza el marco de referencia como es la economía española desde 1950 hasta finales del siglo XX y en este contexto la funcionalidad de la industria de automoción y su sector auxiliar. En el capitulo tercero y cuarto se da paso al estudio de la adaptación de MAISA y FICOSA en esta realidad, dos empresas creadas a principios de los años cincuenta y que han tenido un papel importante en la dinámica del sector. Se ha estudiado su adaptación a las diferentes etapas en que se ha analizado la industria, centrándose en su fase de desarrollo en función del impulso del mercado interior y posteriormente en su dinámica de internacionalización; ambas empresas han seguido una línea diferente para convertirse en suministradores principales en el sector de automoción. MAISA-UTA fue absorbida el año 1998 por Lear Corporation y FICOSA continúa con su estructura accionarial inicial. En un capitulo de conclusiones se valora este proceso de adaptación de las mismas a partir de resaltar la importancia de las consideraciones de Chandler en el desarrollo de la empresa. El trabajo se complementa con tres anexos, uno hace referencia al estudio de los convenios colectivos de estas empresas, otro a la utilización de los factores de producción a través de una función Cobb-Douglas y el tercero es un apéndice estadístico de los datos más significativos de la estructura contable y financiera de ambas empresas. This thesis analyses how two companies have adapted to the changes that have taken place in the Spanish automotive sector and in particular how they have adapted to the changes in its auxiliary industry. The thesis is divided into five sections. The first section introduces the topic by evaluating Chandler’s analyses and the Structure- Behaviour-Results paradigm. The second section analyses the reference framework, which is the Spanish economy between 1950 and the end of the 20th century, and examines how the automotive sector and its auxiliary industry operate. The third and fourth section studies how two companies, MAISA-UTA and FICOSA, have adapted to the changing circumstances. These companies, which were created in the early 1950s, have played a key role in the dynamics of the sector. To examine how they have adapted to the various stages during the period studied, we concentrated on their development first in response to impulses from the internal market and second in view of their processes of internationalisation. These companies have taken different paths to becoming the main suppliers to the automotive sector: in 1998 MAISA-UTA was taken over by the Lear Corporation, while FICOSA retains the same shareholder structure as when it was created. The concluding section evaluates the two companies’ processes of adaptation by highlighting the importance of Chandler’s observations to company development. At the end of the thesis are three appendices. The first one concerns the collective agreements negotiated by these companies, the second one concerns the use of factors of production via a Cobb-Douglas function, and the third one concerns the most significant statistical data on the companies’ accounting and financial structures. - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - Tesis Doctoral presentada por: Joaquín Margalef Llebaría. Dirigida por el catedrático de la Universidad de Barcelona, Antón Costas Comesaña El proceso de internacionalización del sector auxiliar de automoción en España. Estudio de dos casos MAISA y FICOSA. Reus 29 de marzo de 2004 - 5 - - 6 - INDICE INTRODUCCIÓN.......................................................................................................... 11 CAPÍTULO 1. APROXIMACIÓN ANALÍTICA Y OBJETIVOS ............................... 19 1.1. El estudio de dos empresas en su entorno ............................................................... 19 1.2. Consideraciones teóricas y metodológicas .............................................................. 25 1.3. Esquema y estructura del análisis ............................................................................ 34 1.3.1. Estructura de la investigación....................................................................... 37 1.3.2. Instrumental analítico ................................................................................... 39 1.3.3. Concreción del estudio: MAISA-FICOSA................................................... 43 CAPÍTULO 2. LA INDUSTRIA DEL AUTOMÓVIL EN ESPAÑA. LA ACTIVIDAD DEL SECTOR AUXILIAR Y EL FABRICANTE DE VEHÍCULOS.......................... 47 2.1. La economía española. Los cambios de un largo recorrido..................................... 49 2.1.1. El agotamiento de un modelo de crecimiento. El Plan de Estabilización.... 49 2.1.2. El crecimiento desde los años sesenta hasta 1975 ........................................ 54 2.1.3. La internacionalización de la economía (1976-1999) .................................. 58 2.2. La fabricación de automóviles en España ............................................................... 63 2.3. La industria auxiliar de la automoción. Su adaptación a este largo recorrido......... 75 2.3.1. Una valoración de la industria auxiliar en el periodo autárquico (1939-1959) ................................................................................................................................ 80 2.3.2. Los problemas de suministro y la integración vertical del fabricante de vehículos ......................................................................................................................... 84 2.3.3. El proceso de consolidación del sector auxiliar. Dificultades empresariales88 2.3.4. La organización del sector en SERNAUTO ................................................. 98 2.4. El nuevo contexto del sector auxiliar y del fabricante de automóviles en España 109 2.4.1. Una dinámica imparable. La internacionalización de la industria.............. 111 2.5. Una aproximación a los cambios del sector. ......................................................... 116 2.5.1.La relación entre el fabricante de automóviles y la industria auxiliar......... 116 2.5.2. Las principales empresas españolas y extranjeras. ..................................... 119 2.6. Diferencias en la estructura empresarial entre la industria auxiliar y el fabricante de automóviles................................................................................................................... 128 2.6.1. Indicadores económico-contables............................................................... 130 2.6.2. Indicadores de ventas y empleo.................................................................. 133 2.7. Los cambios en la relación entre el sector auxiliar y el fabricante de vehículos... 136 2.7.1. Las dificultades de adaptación de la industria auxiliar española a la nueva dinámica del sector ............................................................................................... 141 CAPÍTULO 3. MAISA (MECANISMOS AUXILIARES INDUSTRIALES SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA): CINCUENTA AÑOS DE ACTIVIDAD. ......................... 145 3.1. La creación de MAISA.......................................................................................... 145 3.2. La adaptación de la empresa a la realidad social y económica de los años cincuenta y principios de los sesenta ............................................................................................ 153 3.2.1. Problemática industrial y desarrollo empresarial ....................................... 159 3.2.2. Los cambios organizativos ......................................................................... 168 3.2.3. Las ventas, la ocupación y la estructura de coste ....................................... 175 3.2.4. El condicionamiento de la financiación y del suministro........................... 182 3.2.5. El camino entre la diversificación y la especialización.............................. 185 3.3. El crecimiento de la empresa. Décadas de 1960 y 1970........................................ 190 - 7 - 3.3.1. El aumento de las ventas y los ajustes empresariales ................................. 191 3.3.2. La consolidación de una empresa y de una cultura empresarial................. 197 3.3.3. Adaptación de su estructura funcional a los criterios de gestión. Los organigramas......................................................................................................... 202 3.4. El proceso de internacionalización: la compra de MAISA por UTC .................... 222 3.4.1. El crecimiento de la empresa a partir de la década de 1980....................... 227 3.5. La evolución de las ventas desde 1979 hasta 1998................................................ 242 3.5.1. La adecuación de la estructura de costes ................................................... 249 3.5.2. El empleo en una empresa de trabajo intensivo.......................................... 252 3.6. La estructura financiera ......................................................................................... 257 3.7. Los cincuenta
Load more

Recommended publications
  • N E W S L E T T
    NEWSLETTER Molina Center for Energy and the Environment Fall 2006 From the Editor: Welcome to the first issue of the Newsletter of the Molina Center, which we hope to use as a means of communication with our col- leagues and friends about the activities of the Center and interesting news and stories of our participants and collaborators. This first issue is devoted to the MCMA-2006 Campaign, one of the components of MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations), which was successfully com- pleted in March 2006. The Campaign brought together an in- ternational research team of hundreds of scientists and students to the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, where they have col- Inauguration of the MILAGRO Poster Exhibit (March 2, 2006 laborated with a large group of Mexican investigators and gov- at Universum). From left to right: Julia Tagüeña (UNAM), ernment agencies in both scientific and educational activities. Sasha Madronich (NCAR), Luisa T. Molina (MCE2), Carlos Gay (UNAM), Jeffrey Gaffney (UALR). We are grateful to the many Mexican institutions and agencies for their support in the planning and operation of MILAGRO which In This Issue was instrumental in the success of the Campaign. Overview .............................. 2 Single Particles ................... 17 Toxic Pollutants ................... 5 Balloon Measurements ........ 18 We would like to thank the contributors of the articles and photos T0 Measurement ............ 5 PM Speciation ..................... 18 in this issue. We plan to have a follow-up issue in spring 2007. If Forecasting ........................... 6 Mercury ....................................... 19 MILAGRO participants did not have a chance to send in your con- Open Path DOAS ................. 7 Industrial Stacks ........................
    [Show full text]
  • Spain and the United States: So Close, Yet So Far
    Spain and the United States: So Close, Yet So Far William Chislett Working Paper (WP) 23/2006 25/9/2006 Area: US & Transatlantic Dialogue – WP 23/2006 September 2006 Spain and the United States: So Close, Yet So Far1 William Chislett * For Antonio Muñoz Molina and Elvira Lindo, citizens of Madrid and New York Summary: This Paper updates the author’s book Spain and United States: The Quest for Mutual Rediscovery (www.realinstitutoelcano.org/publicaciones/libros/ChislettEsp-EEUU- ingles.pdf), published by Elcano in November 2005, in a much abbreviated form. It incorporates the latest figures and material regarding trade, investment, political and cultural relations and other areas. Contents Historical Overview Political Relations US Investment in Spain Spanish Investment in the United States Foreign Trade The Hispanic Community in the United States Cultural Relations Anti-Americanism in Spain Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Historical Overview Spain’s involvement in the United States stretches back to 1513 when Juan Ponce de León landed on the east coast of what is today the state of Florida and claimed it for the Spanish crown.2 Within three decades of his landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachians, the Mississippi, the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains. Spanish ships sailed along the East Coast, reaching present-day Bangor, Maine, and up the Pacific Coast as far as Oregon. In all, Spaniards probed half of today’s lower * Former correspondent for The Times in Spain (1975-78) and the Financial Times in Mexico (1978-84). 1 This Paper updates the author’s book Spain and United States: The Quest for Mutual Rediscovery (www.realinstitutoelcano.org/publicaciones/libros/ChislettEsp-EEUU-ingles.pdf), published in November 2005 by the Elcano Royal Institute, in a much abbreviated form.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life-Cycle of the Barcelona Automobile-Industry Cluster, 1889-20151
    The Life-Cycle of the Barcelona Automobile-Industry Cluster, 1889-20151 • JORDI CATALAN Universitat de Barcelona The life cycle of a cluster: some hypotheses Authors such as G. M. P. Swann and E. Bergman have defended the hy- pothesis that clusters have a life cycle.2 During their early history, clusters ben- efit from positive feedback such as strong local suppliers and customers, a pool of specialized labor, shared infrastructures and information externali- ties. However, as clusters mature, they face growing competition in input mar- kets such as real estate and labor, congestion in the use of infrastructures, and some sclerosis in innovation. These advantages and disadvantages combine to create the long-term cycle. In the automobile industry, this interpretation can explain the rise and decline of clusters such as Detroit in the United States or the West Midlands in Britain.3 The objective of this paper is to analyze the life cycle of the Barcelona au- tomobile- industry cluster from its origins at the end of the nineteenth centu- ry to today. The Barcelona district remained at the top of the Iberian auto- mobile clusters for a century. In 2000, when Spain had reached sixth position 1. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the International Conference of Au- tomotive History (Philadelphia 2012), the 16th World Economic History Congress (Stellen- bosch 2012), and the 3rd Economic History Congress of Latin America (Bariloche 2012). I would like to thank the participants in the former meetings for their comments and sugges- tions. This research benefitted from the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Econo- my (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the projects HAR2012-33298 (Cycles and industrial development in the economic history of Spain) and HAR2015-64769-P (Industrial crisis and productive recovery in the Spanish history).
    [Show full text]
  • El Sorgiment D'una Indústria
    CAT 26 d’energia assequibles n’alenteix cotxes per a les classes mitjanes marques i fer grans inversions en la implantació. Si bé, en un primer americanes i dels utilitaris per als la cerca de nous mercats i d’una Les arrels de la indústria 1860-1900: moment, l’automoció aposta pel 1900-1939: 1945-1973: europeus i els japonesos. Mentre el 1974-1995: eficiència energètica més alta. transport comercial i pel transport mercat americà presenta models Les marques automobilístiques El sorgiment Del cavall col·lectiu, a la darreria del segle xix, La forja d’un Un món com el Ford Super Deluxe (1946) Eficiència i ajusten la producció a les de l’automòbil a Barcelona l’interès pel transport privat ja o el Cadillac Coupe DeVille (1955), necessitats del mercat i dissenyen esdevé prioritari. Aquest és el a Europa circulen els Citroën 2CV, automòbils més funcionals, AUTOMÒBIL / al motor de període del naixement de les curses nou producte sobre rodes els Mini Austin Rover (1959), els robotització com ara els monovolums o els d’automòbils i de la fundació de les Trabant 601 (1960) o el Renault esportius compactes. D’aquest Si l’Europa industrial va ser el Acabada la Segona Guerra La crisi energètica del 1973 col·lapsa Un estendard BCN d’una indústria combustió primeres grans marques d’aquests niu tecnològic que va afavorir Mundial (1939-1945), els Estats 4 (1961). La crisi energètica del la indústria de l’automòbil. El període d’ajustament i d’inversions GUIA D’HISTÒRIA vehicles: Benz (1890), Peugeot el naixement de l’automòbil, Units esdevenen la gran potència 1973, però, ocasiona una recessió boom dels anys precedents i tecnològiques neix el procés de la segona revolució Són els inicis de l’era de l’automòbil.
    [Show full text]
  • Motor Vehicle Make Abbreviation List Updated As of June 21, 2012 MAKE Manufacturer AC a C AMF a M F ABAR Abarth COBR AC Cobra SKMD Academy Mobile Homes (Mfd
    Motor Vehicle Make Abbreviation List Updated as of June 21, 2012 MAKE Manufacturer AC A C AMF A M F ABAR Abarth COBR AC Cobra SKMD Academy Mobile Homes (Mfd. by Skyline Motorized Div.) ACAD Acadian ACUR Acura ADET Adette AMIN ADVANCE MIXER ADVS ADVANCED VEHICLE SYSTEMS ADVE ADVENTURE WHEELS MOTOR HOME AERA Aerocar AETA Aeta DAFD AF ARIE Airel AIRO AIR-O MOTOR HOME AIRS AIRSTREAM, INC AJS AJS AJW AJW ALAS ALASKAN CAMPER ALEX Alexander-Reynolds Corp. ALFL ALFA LEISURE, INC ALFA Alfa Romero ALSE ALL SEASONS MOTOR HOME ALLS All State ALLA Allard ALLE ALLEGRO MOTOR HOME ALCI Allen Coachworks, Inc. ALNZ ALLIANZ SWEEPERS ALED Allied ALLL Allied Leisure, Inc. ALTK ALLIED TANK ALLF Allison's Fiberglass mfg., Inc. ALMA Alma ALOH ALOHA-TRAILER CO ALOU Alouette ALPH Alpha ALPI Alpine ALSP Alsport/ Steen ALTA Alta ALVI Alvis AMGN AM GENERAL CORP AMGN AM General Corp. AMBA Ambassador AMEN Amen AMCC AMERICAN CLIPPER CORP AMCR AMERICAN CRUISER MOTOR HOME Motor Vehicle Make Abbreviation List Updated as of June 21, 2012 AEAG American Eagle AMEL AMERICAN ECONOMOBILE HILIF AMEV AMERICAN ELECTRIC VEHICLE LAFR AMERICAN LA FRANCE AMI American Microcar, Inc. AMER American Motors AMER AMERICAN MOTORS GENERAL BUS AMER AMERICAN MOTORS JEEP AMPT AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION AMRR AMERITRANS BY TMC GROUP, INC AMME Ammex AMPH Amphicar AMPT Amphicat AMTC AMTRAN CORP FANF ANC MOTOR HOME TRUCK ANGL Angel API API APOL APOLLO HOMES APRI APRILIA NEWM AR CORP. ARCA Arctic Cat ARGO Argonaut State Limousine ARGS ARGOSY TRAVEL TRAILER AGYL Argyle ARIT Arista ARIS ARISTOCRAT MOTOR HOME ARMR ARMOR MOBILE SYSTEMS, INC ARMS Armstrong Siddeley ARNO Arnolt-Bristol ARRO ARROW ARTI Artie ASA ASA ARSC Ascort ASHL Ashley ASPS Aspes ASVE Assembled Vehicle ASTO Aston Martin ASUN Asuna CAT CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO ATK ATK America, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 11 CORINTHIAN COLLEGES, INC., Et Al. Case
    Case 15-10952-KJC Doc 712 Filed 08/05/15 Page 1 of 2014 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE In re: Chapter 11 CORINTHIAN COLLEGES, INC., et al.1 Case No. 15-10952-CSS Debtor. AFFIDAVIT OF SERVICE STATE OF CALIFORNIA } } ss.: COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES } SCOTT M. EWING, being duly sworn, deposes and says: 1. I am employed by Rust Consulting/Omni Bankruptcy, located at 5955 DeSoto Avenue, Suite 100, Woodland Hills, CA 91367. I am over the age of eighteen years and am not a party to the above-captioned action. 2. On July 30, 2015, I caused to be served the: a) Notice of (I) Deadline for Casting Votes to Accept or Reject the Debtors’ Plan of Liquidation, (II) The Hearing to Consider Confirmation of the Combined Plan and Disclosure Statement and (III) Certain Related Matters, (the “Confirmation Hearing Notice”), b) Debtors’ Second Amended and Modified Combined Disclosure Statement and Chapter 11 Plan of Liquidation, (the “Combined Disclosure Statement/Plan”), c) Class 1 Ballot for Accepting or Rejecting Debtors’ Chapter 11 Plan of Liquidation, (the “Class 1 Ballot”), d) Class 4 Ballot for Accepting or Rejecting Debtors’ Chapter 11 Plan of Liquidation, (the “Class 4 Ballot”), e) Class 5 Ballot for Accepting or Rejecting Debtors’ Chapter 11 Plan of Liquidation, (the “Class 5 Ballot”), f) Class 4 Letter from Brown Rudnick LLP, (the “Class 4 Letter”), ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 The Debtors in these cases, along with the last four digits of each Debtor’s federal tax identification number, are: Corinthian Colleges, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Women's Poetry of the 1980S and 1990S
    PERIPHERAL VISIONS: SPANISH WOMEN’S POETRY OF THE 1980S AND 1990S DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Tracy Manning Muñoz, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Professor Stephen J. Summerhill, Adviser Approved by Professor Rebecca Haidt _____________________________ Adviser Professor Elizabeth Davis Graduate Program in Spanish and Portuguese Copyright by Tracy Manning Muñoz 2006 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the use of vision (the sense of sight) and visuality (social seeing) in four women poets of the 1980s and 1990s in Spain: Ana Rossetti, Maria- Mercè Marçal, Aurora Luque, and Montserrat Abelló. All four combine the use of vision and visuality with questions of gender performance and identity as a challenge to normative and culturally constructed gender(ed) behavior. The very fact that the majority of the lyric voices in their poems does not have a defined gender, as many of the people that they view do not, permits them to move from subjectivation to subjectification. Through the manifestation of gender “difference,” the various lyric voices leave behind their status as marginalized members of Western gendered culture. Although not all of the lyric voices are ungendered or ambiguously gendered, sufficient questions of, and challenges to normative gendered behavior exist to warrant including these four poets in the same study, despite their ostensible differences. The theoretical framework for this study focuses on Freudian ideas of voyeurism and exhibitionism as well as pleasurable and unpleasurable looking (scopophilia and scopophobia), Foucauldian ideas of power, and Lacanian ideas of the mirror stage and subjectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • RUSSELL E. DARNELL, Ph.D., Ed.D. MBA, BSE, C.A.I
    Curriculum Vitae of RUSSELL E. DARNELL, Ph.D., Ed.D. MBA, BSE, C.A.I. PRESIDENT- GLOBAL SOLUTIONS ENGINEERING CONSULTANT PROJECT ENGINEER EXPERT WITNESS TEACHER AUTHOR GLOBAL SOLUTIONS P.O. BOX 5586 EL DORADO HILLS, CA 95762 U.S.A. 916-825-5592 e-mail address: [email protected] 1 RUSSELL E. DARNELL, Ph.D., Ed.D. MBA, BSE, C.A.I. INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANT ENGINEER COURT-QUALIFIED EXPERT WITNESS AREAS OF EXPERTISE: MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS ATV ACCIDENTS AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS TRUCK ACCIDENTS TOWING ACCIDENTS RV ACCIDENTS TIRE-RELATED ACCIDENTS MARINE ACCIDENTS REPAIR FRAUD MACHINERY FIRES- SOURCE AND CAUSE PATENT CASES DIESEL ENGINES SERVICES PROVIDED: REVIEW AND ADVISE ON CASE MERITS DEFENSE AND PLAINTIFF CASES ACCEPTED ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION TRIAL PREPARATION VIDEO AND PHOTO ANALYSIS EXHIBIT PREPARATION TRIAL TESTIMONY DEPOSITION TESTIMONY MEDIATION TESTIMONY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRAINING ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 2 CONSULTING RATE SHEET RESEARCH: $250.00 per hour TRAVEL: $250.00 per hour TESTIMONY: $250.00 per hour EDUCATION: • Bachelor of Science Engineering, California Coast University, Santa Ana, CA. • Ph.D. Engineering Management, California Coast University. • Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), California Coast University. • MBA, California Coast University. LICENSES and SOCIETIES: Member of S.A.E., A.S.M.E., S.N.A.M.E., Member Forensic Expert Witness Association (FEWA). Member American Boat & Yacht Council (ABYC). Chief Instructor for The Specialty Vehicle Institute of America (S.V.I.A.). Licensed Master Research Technician, European Auto Union. Class A Engineering Contractor. Certified Accident Investigator (C.A.I.). Licensed N.I.A.S.E. Master Technician. A.M.A. Professional Motorcycle Racing License. F.I.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Dental Implant Macrogeometry and Biomaterials • José Luis Calvo Guirado Dental Implant Macrogeometry and Biomaterials
    Dental Implant Macrogeometry and Biomaterials • José Calvo Luis Guirado Dental Implant Macrogeometry and Biomaterials Edited by José Luis Calvo Guirado Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Symmetry www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry Dental Implant Macrogeometry and Biomaterials Dental Implant Macrogeometry and Biomaterials Special Issue Editor Jos´eLuis Calvo Guirado MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editor Jose´ Luis Calvo Guirado Universidad Catolica´ San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry/special issues/Dental Implant Macrogeometry Biomaterials). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-453-4 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-454-1 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Dental Implant Macrogeometry and Biomaterials” ..................
    [Show full text]
  • Hierarchical Clusters: Emergence and Success of the Automotive Districts of Barcelona and São Paulo
    Hierarchical Clusters: Emergence and Success of the Automotive Districts of Barcelona and São Paulo JORDI CATALAN TOMÀS FERNÁNDEZ-DE-SEVILLA This article analyzes the causes for the long-term success of the Barcelona (Spain) and São Paulo (Brazil) automobile industry clus- ters. Comparative evidence suggests that both clusters emerged in the early twentieth century through the formation of Marshallian external economies. Nevertheless, neither Barcelona nor São Paulo reached mass automobile production before 1950. The consolida- tion of the clusters required the adoption of strategic industrial policy during the golden age of capitalism. This policy succeeded in encouraging a few hub firms to undertake mass production by using domestic parts. The strategic policy also favored these leading corporations transferring their technical, organizational, and distri- bution capabilities, which in turn amplified the advantages of the clusters. Local institutions did not make a significant contribution. © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/eso.2019.27 Published online February 4, 2020 JORDI CATALAN is full professor of Economic History at the University of Barcelona. Contact information: Department of Economic History, Faculty of Economics, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 690, 08034 Barcelona (Catalonia), Spain. E-mail: [email protected]. TOMÀS FERNÁNDEZ-DE-SEVILLA is the Kurgan-van Hentenryk Postdoctoral Fellow in Business History at the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management.
    [Show full text]
  • VISUAL IDENTITY HANDBOOK [Ossa Motor]
    VISUAL IDENTITY HANDBOOK [ossa motor] ENGLISH 1 HANDBOOK OBJECTIVES 2 ORIGINS, EVOLUTION AND NEW CHALLENGES 3 IDENTITY ELEMENTS 3.1 NOSTALGIC LOGOTYPE CONSTRUCTION AND PROPORTIONS 3.1.1 COLOUR PALETTE 3.1.2 CHROMATIC ADJUSTMENTS 3.1.3 3.2 LOGOTYPE OSSA MOTOR CONSTRUCTION AND PROPORTIONS 3.2.1 COLOUR PALETTE AND TYPOGRAPHY 3.2.2 CHROMATIC ADJUSTMENTS 3.2.3 4 APPLICATION EXAMPLES 4.1 LOGOTYPE OSSA MOTOR CONTENTS 1 This handbook, intended for all those media related to communication (graphic designers, advertising agencies etc.), sets the main rules of use of the different graphic elements that 1 form the Ossa brand. The use of the handbook ensures that Ossa’s HANDBOOK corporate visual identity is applied correctly in all communications and/or applications. OBJECTIVES 2 2 Since the beginning the Ossa brand has always ORIGINS, been synonymous with quality. In all of its projects, Ossa has managed to reach the first EVOLUTION post, both in design and engineering applied to motorcycles, as well as in the successes achieved in the different competitions in which AND NEW it has participated, thereby making the brand an icon of technology and exclusivity. CHALLENGES Foto: Solo Moto CHANGE TO THE WORLD OF TWO WHEELS While other brothers in the Giró family were dedicated to the textile industry, the son Manuel Giró was a merchant seaman who left this profession to be able to lead a more stable family life. Manuel Giró was a great fan of boating, cars and motorcycles competitions. During the civil war he was a messenger on a motorcycle, he was shot at various times.
    [Show full text]
  • Montesa History
    History ORIGINS The history of Montesa goes back to 1944, when a young Barcelona industrialist, Pere Permanyer Puigjaner, 33, began to produce his own gas generators for automobiles, thus opening a new branch of activities in the motorcycle industry. The gas generator industry was characteristic of Spanish life during the post-Civil War period. During the Second World War, 1939-1945 and during the time of Spanish reconstruction after its devastating civil war from 1936-39, the shortage of fuel had paralysed Spanish transport in such a way that the application of the gas generator system (an artful procedure for obtaining fuel by burning almond shells) was at that time a virtually magical resource for running cars, trucks and electrical generators. Pedro Permanyer had learned of the performance of vegetable combustion through the business founded by his grandfather, who had devoted his time to the importing and distribution of coal. Carbones Permanyer obtained the raw material from Corsica and Sicily and shipped it to Barcelona aboard its own schooners. Pedro Permanyer Puigjaner was born in Barcelona on 21 July 1911. At the age of 11 he and his family moved to the new family home in the Sant Martí district of Barcelona, where the family firm was located. His involvement in the neighbourhood and his work with local youth and the development of the district earned him the "San Martín de Oro" prize in 1975, awarded by the Municipal District Office for his "international presence". Although for a certain period of time he worked in the family firm under the direction of his father, he soon showed a natural inclination for industry and a passion for mechanics.
    [Show full text]