Pemberontakan Petani Di Karesidenan Batavia Tahun 1869

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Pemberontakan Petani Di Karesidenan Batavia Tahun 1869 PEMBERONTAKAN PETANI DI KARESIDENAN BATAVIA TAHUN 1869 Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S.Hum) Oleh Hardiyanti NIM 11140220000057 PROGRAM STUDI SEJARAH DAN PERADABAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1441 H/ 2019 M ABSTRAK Hardiyanti, Pemberontakan Petani di Karesidenan Batavia Tahun 1869. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tiga permasalahan pokok yaitu 1. latar belakang terjadinya pemberontakan petani di Karesidenan Batavia. 2. Jalannya peristiwa pemberontakan petani di Karesidenan Batavia. 3. Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pemberontakan petani di Karesidenan Batavia. Penelitian ini dipilih bedasarkan metode penelitian historis yang dipilih dengan tahapan pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber, verifikasi, interpretasi dan historiografi. Pendekatan yang dilakukan adalah Pendekatan Sosial dengan menggunakan teori gerakan sosial. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa 1. Munculnya pemberontakan petani di Residen Batavia terkait dengan kebijakan pemerintah kolonial Belanda yaitu Tanah-tanah Partikelir yang memunculkan penguasa-penguasa baru atas tanah 2. Jalannya pemberontakan dimulai ketika Ba Rama bertemu dengan Arpan yang mengatakan ia mempunyai hak atas tanah di wilayah Cipamingkis yang kemudian memotivasi Ba Rama untuk menguasai lahan-lahan di sepanjang Sungai Citarum dan Cisadane 3. Meskipun pemberontakan ini mengalami kegagalan namun membuat pemerintah kolonial khawatir jika pengikutnya akan meneruskan perjuangan untuk itu mereka menghukum para pemberontak dengan hukuman gantung dan membangun garnisium di wilayah Cimanggis sebagai tambahan pengamanan. KATA PENGANTAR ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ Segala puji bagi Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala, Tuhan semesta alam, yang telah memberikan limpahan rahmat dan karunianya kepada umat manusia di muka bumi ini, khususnya kepada penulis. Shalawat beriringan salam disampaikan kepada Nabi Muhammad Shallallah ‘Alayhi wa Sallam, keluarga serta para sahabatnya yang merupakan suri tauladan bagi seluruh umat manusia. Untaian kata terima kasih penulis haturkan kepada seluruh jajaran staf Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, khususnya Saiful Umam, Ph,D. selaku Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora beserta Wakil Dekan I, II, dan III. Ketua Jurusan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Ibu Dr. Awalia Rahma, M.A. dan Sekretaris Jurusan Ibu Hikmah Irfaniah, M.Hum , yang telah mengurus urusan birokrasi kampus, hingga skripsi dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Tidak ketinggalan penulis haturkan banyak terima kasih kepada pembimbing skripsi, Prof. Dr. Jajat Burhanudin, MA. yang telah menyediakan waktunya untuk membimbing penulis secara intensif tentang bagaimana menulis skripsi yang akademik. Dalam hal ini, beliau telah memberikan ide-idenya untuk penyempurnaan skripsi ini, serta memeriksa dan memberikan saran terhadap penulisan skripsi ini. Beliau juga pernah mengajar i ii penulis pada mata kuliah Historiografi Barat. Untaian rasa terima kasih tidak lupa juga penuli haturkan kepada semua dosen yang telah memberikan ilmunya selama penulis kuliah di Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam. Terima kasih juga, kepada jajaran staf Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia khususnya pegawai bagian koleksi buku langka dan koleksi berkala mutakhir yang telah mengizinkan penulis untuk mengakses koleksi di sana meskipun belum dibuka untuk umum karena masih dalam tahap pendataan dan penataan. jajaran staf Perpustakaan Terpadu Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia yang telah menyediakan sumber data untuk penulisan skripsi ini. Tidak lupa juga, ucapan terima kasih penulis tujukan kepada teman-teman Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam, khususnya teman-teman SPI B dan teristimewa kepada Atun, Aul, Dana, Hajar, Hesti, Nida, Sarah, Vida, Putri, dan Yuli yang selalu mengingatkan penulis di kala lengah dan menyemangati di kala lelah. Semoga kita semuanya menjadi perempuan yang sukses. Amin. Penulis juga berterimakasih kepada Mas Akhir Matua Harahap, Endra dan Ibu Prita Wulandari yang telah memberitahu penulis mengenai sumber primer arsip dari tema skripsi ini. Terakhir, untuk keluargaku tercinta . Terima kasih kepada Ayahanda Anhar dan Ibunda Chodijah yang telah menghadap iii Allah SWT. Yang selama beberapa semester sebelum mereka menghadap Allah yang selalu mensupport penulis. Allahummaghfirlii waliwaalidayya warham huma kamaa rabbayani shaghiiraa. Serta segenap kerabat dan kolega penulis yang membantu baik langsung, maupun tidak langsung, semoga Tuhan melancarkan segala urusan kalian. Amin. Ciputat, 16 September 2019 Penulis iv DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PEMBIMBING ABSTRAK Kata Pengantar....................................................................... i Daftar Isi ................................................................................. v BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................... 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah................................. 1 B. Identifikasi Masalah ....................................... 6 C. Batasan Masalah ............................................. 6 D. Rumusan Masalah .......................................... 7 E. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penulisan ....................... 7 F. Kajian Terdahulu............................................. 8 G. Metode Penelitian......................................... 11 H. Sistematika Penulisan.................................... 15 BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ......................................... 17 A. Landasan Teori .............................................. 17 B. Kerangka Berfikir.......................................... 20 BAB III LATAR BELAKANG SOSIO-EKONOMIS . 23 A. Daerah Peristiwa dan Faktor-Faktor yang Relevan ............................................................................ 23 B. Struktur Sosial Masyarakat di Tanah Partikelir32 C. Hukum Agraria Masa Kolonial ..................... 35 v vi BAB IV MUNCULNYA PEMBERONTAKAN........... 43 A. Tokoh-Tokoh Pemberontakan....................... 43 1. Ba Rama ................................................... 43 2. Ba Kollot .................................................. 44 3. Djoengkat Ba Nata ................................... 45 4. Ba Selan.................................................... 47 5. Dries ......................................................... 47 6. Aleng ........................................................ 48 7. Raden Moestapha ..................................... 48 8. Manan Basiroen........................................ 48 9. Ba Toenda ................................................ 48 10. Arsain ..................................................... 48 11. Bongsoe Ba Rabean dan Boedin Ba Simin ...................................................................... 49 B. Perencanaan Awal Pemberontakan ............... 49 C. Terjadinya Pemberontakan ............................ 59 D. Kegagalan di Depok ...................................... 65 BAB V USAHA-USAHA PENUMPASAN PEMBERONTAKAN ...................................... 67 A. Penyelidikan Polisi........................................ 67 B. Pembangunan Garnisium............................... 74 C. Hum Gantung Para Pemberontak .................. 75 BAB VI PENUTUP ......................................................... 79 A. Kesimpulan.................................................... 79 vii GLOSARIUM........................................................................ 81 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................ 83 LAMPIRAN BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Sejarah panjang bangsa Indonesia dari masa kerajaan hingga saat ini memiliki andil terhadap corak kebijakan pertanahan. Tanah memiliki sifat yang sangat berharga, “tanah menyangkut soal hidup dan penghidupan manusia, tanah adalah sumber dan asal makanan bagi manusia. Siapa yang menguasai tanah,dia menguasai makanan”1. Dengan nilainya yang sangat berharga, konflik ketegangan mengenai tanah selalu hadir di tengah-tengah dinamika sosial masyarakat. Setidaknya ada dua hal yang melatarbelakangi konflik antar manusia dari dulu hingga sekarang ini, yaitu mempertahankan keturunan dan memperebutkan tanah. Tanah terbagi-bagi akibat dari adanya stratifikasi sosial, penguasaan produksi, kekuasaan politik dan sebagainya. Kebijakan mengenai pertanahan sudah dimulai sejak zaman kerajaan. Pada masa kerajaan, tanah bukanlah sebuah barang yang diperjual belikan. Masyarakat menjalankan kehidupan bedasarkan perintah raja. Pola pembagian wilayah di kerajaan di Jawa adalah berupa pembagian tanah bedasarkan 1 Mochammad Tauchid, “Masalah Agraria Di Indonesia,” in Masalah Agraria: Sebagai Masalah Penghidupan Dan Kemakmuran Rakyat Indonesia (Yogyakarta: STPN Press, 2009), 3. 1 2 penguasaan dan pengawasan, yang diberikan kepada pejabat yang ditunjuk oleh raja2. Masa kejayaan kerajaan-kerajaan mulai terganggu ketika bangsa penjajah datang ke Indonesia. Dimulai ketika kongsi dagang VOC datang dan berhasil menaklukan raja-raja yang kemudian mereka memberlakukan sistem perdagangan Verpelichte Leverantie dan Contingenten yaitu dengan menyerahkan hasil bumi dengan harga yang sudah ditentukan dan hasil bumi yang diserahkan dipandang sebagai pajak tanah3. Selain itu VOC juga membentuk sebuah Lembaga Tanah Partikelir pada tahun 1621, yang mana mereka menjual tanah- tanah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan VOC kepada orang Arab dan Cina, namun tidak ada bukti surah jual beli karena pada masa itu belum adanya notaris. Tanah-tanah partikelir
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