Chapter 5 Living and Working Around the Athenian Agora: A Preliminary Case Study of Three Houses

Barbara Tsakirgis

Since 1931, archaeologists working under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens have uncovered major portions of the Classical Athenian Agora. In the process of revealing its public build- ings, the excavators have exposed the remains of residential and indus- trial districts on the periphery of the public space. These areas, located largely on the slopes of the Kolonos Agoraios and the Areopagus, and in the valley between the Areopagus and the Pnyx, were clearly densely pop- ulated from the Wfth century onward, and the houses located there offer a view of Wfth-century private life that balances the better-known public monuments (Thompson and Wycherley 1972, 173–185). While many of the houses were simply places of residence, some served a dual purpose as places of living and working. As part of a larger project to describe and analyze the domestic remains around the Athenian Agora, I here ex- amine these habitation areas and enter speciWcally into three houses so that I might consider the evidence for living and working on the margins of the civic space of the Agora. The American excavators have uncovered about a dozen houses be- longing to the Classical period. Exploration around the public center indicates that while there is some housing in the Late Archaic period to the north, west, and south of the area later occupied by the Classical Agora, habitation becomes concentrated in these quarters after the Wrst quarter of the Wfth century, probably after the clean-up of central Athens follow- ing the Persian invasion and the rebuilding of the public space. Evidence of Late Archaic houses includes the incompletely preserved walls below the later Eleusinion (Miles 1998, 12–16), one house under the Classical block on the north slope of the Areopagus (Fig. 5.1), and the partially ex- tant remains of a house under the Roman temple next to the Stoa Poik- ile (Shear 1997, 512–514); the most eloquent feature of this last house is Fig. 5.1. Athens, block of houses south of South Stoa I (courtesy of the Agora Excavations, American School of Classical Studies at Athens). Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com

Living and Working Around the Athenian Agora 69 its well, Wlled after the Persian invasion of the city (Lynch 1999). Liter- ary evidence locates Classical houses to the north, west, and south of the public area, all areas where such structures have in fact been found. The Classical houses thus far excavated accord with Demosthenes’ statement (3.25–26; cited in full by Ault, Chap. 9) that the Athenian house, even that of a wealthy and inXuential man of the Wfth century, was not an ex- tensive or impressive place. First, a word about the typical Athenian Classical house plans. Unlike the houses at Olynthus, or Piraeus, or other sites where residential dis- tricts were planned all at one time, the Athenian houses vary consider- ably in size and plan.1 The Classical Athenians did not take advantage of the post-Persian clean-up to rebuild in regular blocks with uniform house lots, and thus only one block of Classical houses, south of South Stoa I, is known in Athens (Fig. 5.1; Thompson and Wycherley 1972, 177–179); within this block located on the north slope of the Areopagus there is no uniformity in the dimensions of the houses. A roughly centrally placed courtyard is a standard feature of each house; this court is usually en- tered directly from the street, rather than from a vestibule. A few of the courts have traces of posts which probably supported a simple shed roof to form a basic portico. There is no good evidence for a complete peri- style in any Classical house around the Agora.2 While the houses in the Classical block are generally rectangular or square in their footprint, other Athenian houses of the Classical period, including several we will look at closely, are not. The irregularity of these other houses is due to the lack of a street grid in Athens, a feature well known in contemporaneous and slightly later residential areas in Piraeus and Olynthus, as noted above. Variable also is the number of rooms and the range of types encountered. While the half dozen or so houses in the Classical block lack a vestibule, some others in Classical Athens (e.g., Houses C and D in the Industrial district; Fig. 5.4, below) do possess this feature which could serve both as entrance to the house and buffer be- tween the inhabitants in the house and the outside world. All of the houses examined here, and in fact all but two in this area of central Athens, lack a recognizable andron, the setting for the symposium.3 Whether the ab- sence of this distinct architectural setting speaks against the symposium having taken place in these houses, or whether we should see the event of the symposium even in houses where there is no formal andron, is a point I will return to later. Literary evidence tells us that houses could be used for industrial as well as for domestic activity. Demosthenes’ inheritance included a house with slaves who labored in the attached workshop (27.19.26; 28.12). While some workshops must have been large in size, for example, that which accommodated the 120 slaves fashioning shields (Lysias 12.19), most

www.Ebook777.com 70 Barbara Tsakirgis factories of the Classical period were fairly small (Finley 1974, 137). Thus the large cobbler’s workshop mentioned by Aeschines in Against Timar- chus (97) might well have Wt into one of the houses to be examined here; the workshop had probably nine or ten slaves. The three houses considered below are all to the southwest of the Classical Agora. Two streets exit the public space at its southwest corner and run toward the Pnyx; the House of Simon (Fig. 5.2) is bordered on its east and northwest by these two streets. The house is located at the very edge of the open area of the Agora; one of the horos stones of the civic center abuts the acute northeast angle of the building. The House of Mikion and Menon (Fig. 5.3) is just down the street from Simon’s place, on the easterly of the two streets. The third house to be surveyed was built originally as two houses in the so-called Industrial District (Fig. 5.4), further to the southwest from Mikion’s and Menon’s house, in the valley between the Areopagus and the Pnyx. This general area to the southwest of the Classical Agora seems, from the evidence of these houses and other buildings, to have been given over to the residence and work- space of craftsmen. The incompletely excavated remains of the House of Simon belong to a lot irregular in shape (Fig. 5.2); the house was not completely exca- vated due to the overlying Hellenistic Middle Stoa and the Roman per- iod civic ofWces (D. Thompson 1960; Jones 1975). What was revealed of the house, constructed after the post-Persian clean-up of Athens, is an open central court, Xanked on the east by two rooms and on the west by one. The court’s northwest wall is the street wall, and there is no exca- vated trace of the street entrance into the house. One earlier well under- lies the court and a second is contemporaneous with the use of the house into the fourth century. When Dorothy Thompson excavated the house in the 1950’s, she found the beaten earth Xoors of both the court and surrounding rooms carpeted with short iron nails. Averaging 0.015 m in length, of the hundreds recovered, many have corroded and fused together into large masses in the Agora Excavations’ storage tins. In and among these nails, Thompson also recovered numerous bone eyelets (with an average diameter of 0.0155–0.025 m), which she interpreted along with the nails as working material for the cobbler’s trade. Thomp- son combined these humble remains with a cup base inscribed “belong- ing to Simon” and proposed that the cobbler resident in this centrally located house was none other than Simon, the natural philosopher and friend of Socrates, who, according to Diogenes Laertius (2.13.122), was accustomed to visit Simon in his shop and discuss philosophy. This is not the place to argue for or against Thompson’s proposal of the cobbler’s identity, although I should note that, while the nails and eyelets were recovered inside the house, the cup base was found outside Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com

Living and Working Around the Athenian Agora 71 in the street; Thompson suggested that its Wndspot outside the house may have indicated its use as a doorknocker and street sign. What is rel- evant for the present discussion is that the working materials were recov- ered all over the excavated parts of the house. Whether once stored in now decomposed cloth or leather sacks, or sitting on wooden shelves, the nails and eyelets suggest by their distribution that the cobbler (Simon or

Fig. 5.2. Athens, House of Simon (courtesy of the Agora Excavations, American School of Classical Studies at Athens).

www.Ebook777.com Fig. 5.3. Athens, House of Mikion and Menon (courtesy of the Agora Excavations, American School of Classical Studies at Athens). Fig. 5.4. Athens, Houses C and D, Wfth and fourth centuries (courtesy of the Agora Excavations, American School of Classical Studies at Athens). 74 Barbara Tsakirgis otherwise) used both the courtyard and the roofed rooms as working space. This arrangement is logical enough, especially if we factor in time of day and season into the interpretation of the house. The courtyard and its available well water could have been the setting for work on a warm, sunny day, and the sheltered rooms opening off this central un- roofed space could have served the same purpose in inclement weather. Also found in the house, and not part of Thompson’s original discus- sion, were two fragments of obsidian blades or bladelets (0.019 and 0.021 m in length respectively), possibly used for cutting leather, and a bone needle, possibly for stitching the leather. The obsidian blades could have been used in a knife like that held by a cobbler at work on a black Wgured pelike by the Eucharides Painter in the Ashmolean Museum (Beazley 1956, 396.21; illustrated in Boardman 1974, 143, Wg. 229).4 In 1932, Dorothy Burr excavated the southern limits of what was later to be called the House of Mikion and Menon (Fig. 5.3), but the area was so disturbed that the exploration was abandoned after one season. Thompson eventually published the contents of the so-called Demeter Cistern that was later recognized as one of two in the house’s courtyard (D. Thompson 1954). In the late 1960’s excavators returned to the area and revealed a many-roomed house which clearly served as both resi- dence and workshop from just after the post-Persian clean-up down into the third century (Shear 1969, 383–394; Miller 1974; Rotroff 1997, 24– 25). Like the so-called House of Simon, the House of Mikion and Menon is arranged around an irregular but roughly central court which has one wall bordering on the street. As can be seen from the plan, the excava- tors restored a possible entrance from the street into the court, for want of a better or certain entrance. This court is occupied by two cisterns, one of which was dug through by a well in the latest phase of the house. The cisterns contain a mix of both household and industrial debris, in- cluding marble chips, fragments of a marble basin reused for sculpting practice, unWnished sculpture, sculptor’s tools, various pots and pans (especially kantharoi), terracotta Wgurines, and foodstuff (olive pits, grape seeds, and perhaps apricot pits.) In this house, the Xoors were littered with marble chips, dust, and un- Wnished sculpture, largely found in the rooms which border the street on the east and south. No iron chisels, punches, or points were found,5 but among the sculptor’s debris were the inscribed bone stylus from which is derived the name of the earliest resident of the house (MIKION EPOI- [ESEN]) as well as numerous lead strips, a stone pounder and a faceted piece of pumice. These last two items were found with one of the lead strips in 1932 and were recently uncovered in the storage containers from that season’s excavations. The lead strip and six others like it, which are approximately square in section and average 0.10–0.15 m. long, have Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com

Living and Working Around the Athenian Agora 75 several parallels from the Agora, two of which were also found in asso- ciation with marble and poros chips.6 Similar strips have been found at Aegina (Furtwangler 1906, 424), Nemea (Zimmer 1990, 56), Isthmia (Rostoker and Gebhard 1980, 350; 360), and from the Workshop of Pheidias at Olympia (Schiering 1991, 164–167). Hansgeorg Bankel iden- tiWed the Aeginetan examples as pencils used for making preliminary drawings on marble (Bankel 1984), and the Wndspot of the Athenian lead strips, in and amongst the debris of stoneworking, suggest that they were for the same purpose. Bankel demonstrated the line the lead strips would leave when drawn across a piece of stone. A photograph taken under a microscope of one of the examples from the Agora also provides evidence for their use. The pointed end of the pencil is compressed, a con- dition produced when drawing on stone takes place. The stone pounder, smoothed for comfortable holding on one end, is fractured on the other, where the stone repeatedly struck something else, perhaps the end of a chisel. The faceted piece of pumice represents the Wnal phase of the mar- ble working process; it is a polisher, rubbed into planes by the repeated smoothing of the sculpted marble. These tools were found with the marble chips in the rooms on the southern side of the house; little marble and no tools were recovered in the incompletely excavated northern section of the house. From the very disturbed areas of the western rooms come a few pieces of wall plas- ter, painted red and black; since virtually no walls were found in this area of the house, it is impossible to say if their Wndspots prove them to have been originally on walls in this part of the house. The incompletely exca- vated rooms to the north of the courtyard and its two cisterns seem to be laid out around a second courtyard, perhaps the focus for domestic life in the building. Parallels for stoneworking and sculpting establishments are surpris- ingly difWcult to uncover in a world accustomed to seeing sculpted and inscribed stone. A sculptor’s workshop in southern Italy at Baiae is best known for its plaster casts (Zimmer 1990). While the Workshop of Phei- dias at Olympia produced parallels for the lead pencils, the other mate- rials (such as fragments of glass and the large scale terracotta moulds used for forming it) found there and the location of the workshop itself are very unlike the Wnds and location of the House of Mikion and Menon (Schiering 1991). A slightly better, although much later parallel is the fourth-century sculptor’s workshop at Aphrodisias, where numerous un- Wnished large-scale sculptures were found (Rockwell 1991). The two rooms of the studio at Aphrodisias are thought to have been both workrooms and studio for the display of the statues to customers, an arrangement similar to that which I propose for the courtyard of the House of Mikion and Menon.

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Rodney Young excavated further south the so-called Industrial Dis- trict in the 1930s and 1940s (Young 1951); there he found marble chips in numerous layers throughout the area, and accordingly named the street which crosses it the Street of the Marble Workers. Houses C and D (Fig. 5.4), which lie on the east of the Street of the Marble Workers, were built, like the House of Simon and the House of Mikion and Menon, after the post-Persian clean-up of Athens. The two Wfth-century Houses C and D have plans similar to one another, with an entrance vestibule from the street, a central court, and the larger rooms placed on the north side of the house.7 The two houses were combined into one in the fourth century, probably after the construction of the Great Drain, and at that time the northern House D was given over to industrial activity while the southern House C seems to have been used for more exclusively domestic purposes. In the fourth-century level of the courtyard of House D there was a hearth and associated slag of both iron and bronze, all of which suggest an industrial use of the house court in the second phase of the building. Since no casting pit of the sort seen elsewhere around the Agora was found here, the house was probably used as a smithy for reshaping re- Wned or already cast metal rather than as a foundry.8 A curse tablet found in the Wll of the house contains imprecations against bronze-workers, and has been used to support the identiWcation of the fourth-century space as a bronze smithy. A recent republication of the tablet has cast doubt on the signiWcance of its Wndspot (it should be in a well or under- ground in order to be close to the chthonic deities who would oversee the curse), and the authors suggest that the tablet was unknowingly dug up elsewhere, mixed into earth to create the mudbrick walls, and de- posited only secondarily into the house when the walls collapsed (Cur- bera and Jordan 1998). If they are correct, the curse tablet should be removed from association with the house’s occupant. The metal slag and the hearth support the location of metalworking activities here, even without the conWrmation of the tablet. That the southern half of the house, the original House C, was used in the fourth century as the living quarters can be seen most clearly from an assemblage of items found in one room on the eastern side of the court. Twenty-two pyramidal loomweights, a spindle whorl, and portions of a brazier of the broad Classical type speak clearly of women’s work (Amyx 1958, 229–230). This is the largest single collection of loomweights recovered from one place in an Athenian house; unfortunately their dis- tribution at the time of recovery, in a heap or fallen in a line from the loom, is not known. The brazier, the spindle whorl, the loomweights, and presumably a warp-weighted loom could have been used here, or in the neighboring courtyard when weather permitted. With water from the court- yard well and access to a number of other rooms around the unroofed Living and Working Around the Athenian Agora 77 space, the original southern house provided ample accommodation for the domestic activities of the people living here. How are the three houses considered here alike? Both the House of Mikion and Menon and the combined House C/D seem to indicate a logical desire to separate the living and the working spaces; there is not enough preserved of the House of Simon to be able to tell whether a similar separation existed there. The living area of House C/D is clearly located in the southern portion, the original House C, while the incom- pletely excavated rooms northwest of the court in the House of Mikion and Menon seemed to have served the same purpose. Courtyard space is essential to all three houses, but admittedly it is practically universal in Classical houses; none of the courts has a colonnade, but this lack is also common for the period. In the House of Simon and the House of Mikion and Menon, the court borders on the street and in the House of Mikion and Menon it may possibly have doubled as the entrance to the house. This openness and easy access may have provided not only well- lit working space for the cobbler and sculptor alike, but also a large and convenient “showroom” for customers. Note that the later house/work- shop C/D has a vestibule in each half of the building and thus a buffer between both industrial and domestic interior and the street. Why this buffer was necessary in the smithy is a mystery; perhaps it exists because of the noise and heat of the smithing work or is simply a survival from the earlier plan. The House of Simon again offers only an incomplete picture, as it could have had a vestibule in the unexplored portion of the house. Absent from all three houses, at least in their excavated state, is the square room with raised border and off-center doorway that we have learned to call the andron, the men’s room used for dining and drinking. Does the absence of a formal room for the andron mean that such an event, integral to men’s bonding and entertainment and the very social structure of the polis, did not take place in these houses? I suspect not, since the symposium is a transient activity practiced by men, not a room, and three, Wve, or more couches could be arranged temporarily in one room of these houses when needed, and moved to a more convenient spot when not.9 The modest Late Archaic and Classical house located west of the Stoa Poikile has no andron, yet Kathleen Lynch in her careful study of its well deposit has shown that drinking in both informal groups and formal arrangements occurred there (Lynch 1999). The question is, of course, still open because of the incomplete excavation of two of the houses and because of the possibility that any or all of the three were oc- cupied by metics, whom we might not expect to host or regularly partic- ipate in the symposion. Metics were known to be regularly employed in the banausic trades carried on in these three houses and so could have 78 Barbara Tsakirgis been the residents here. For example, Cephalus, the owner of the shield factory mentioned above, was a metic. While the Athenian workshop houses are on the margins of the Agora, they are in the heart of densely populated residential areas. Each house has not only a street-side location on a major thoroughfare leading from the Agora to important destinations within and without the city, for ex- ample, the Pnyx and the Piraeus, but each is also located at a crossroads, a position which allows ready access by potential clientele as well as the possible opportunity to advertise wares and services to many passersby. Aeschines (1.124) says that shops in the Athens of his day are located along streets, and Isocrates (Areopagiticus 15; Against Callimachus 9) men- tions that shops were places to sit and talk. Another feature of Athenian shops mentioned by Aeschines (1.124) is the mutability of the space. In noting the street-side location of shops, Aeschines also says that a shop is known and called by the occupation of the owner or resident. Thus any single house can be a doctor’s ofWce, a laundry, or a smithy, depending on the profession of the man who works currently there. This mutability of space can be seen particularly in House C/D, and is especially possible when there are few or no industrial installations necessary for a trade. Thus the domestic use of the original House D can easily be replaced by the smithy, with the simple addition of a hearth for heating the metal to sufWcient softness for working. At numerous other sites around Greece there are houses with work- rooms and fairly heavy industry located in the heart of residential areas. Five examples, dated from the Wfth through the Wrst centuries, illus- trate this mix of industrial and domestic establishments. The plan of House A vii 8 at Olynthus was altered sometime after the original con- struction; the original andron and anteroom on the eastern side of the house was converted into a workroom (Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994, 112). Access to this new installation was from the house’s original court, itself entered only from the street door. Similar conversion of living space into industrial is seen in the third century at Kassope in House 5, where a potter’s kiln was built into part of the house once occupied by the hearth-room, a characteristic space in northwestern Greek houses (Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994, 157; Zimmer 1999, 565). As in the converted house at Olynthus, the area containing the kiln is entered from the original courtyard of the house. Similarly, oil presses are an integral part of the houses on the Rachi at Isthmia (Anderson-Stojanovic 1996). To the House of the OfWcial at Morgantina in central Sicily, in its Wrst-century phase, a potter’s workshop was added; the workshop, including three kilns, occupied the northern court and rooms of the very sizeable two-court house (Tsakirgis 1984, 223–224; Cuomo di Caprio Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com

Living and Working Around the Athenian Agora 79

1992, 16–20). At least one of four shops attached to the House of the Mended Pithos, also at Morgantina, contained metal waste similar to that found in the smaller northern court of House C/D in the in- dustrial district in Athens and was likely also used as a smithy (Tsakirgis 1984, 170). These Wve examples reveal both similarities to and differences from the house-workshops in Athens and suggest that there was no single model followed for such establishments in the Greek world. At Olynthus, Kassope, the Rachi, and in the House of the OfWcial at Morgantina, there was very little separation of the areas used for industrial activity from those used for domestic life. While that separation was likely the ideal, as suggested by the House of Mikion and Menon and House C/D in Athens, space and available Wnancial resources probably did not always allow the homeowner to create distinct areas for living and work- ing. In the House of the Mended Pithos, the two areas are so clearly dis- tinct, with no through passage from one to the other, that the possibility exists that the homeowner was not the smith working in his shop, but perhaps merely the landlord of the smith. One clear similarity does re- main between these Wve parallels outside Athens and the houses near the Athenian Agora; the separation of residential and industrial activities in a greater setting, that is, city blocks, was not the norm in Classical Greece. Ahomeowner could Wnd himself living next to a marbleworker or a smith or a dyeworker, a violation of the zoning laws current in North America and many other industrialized nations today.10 Before concluding, I would like to note that not all workshops were combined with houses in classical Athens. In a study of the Attic orators and the archaeological evidence, M. Bettalli explored whether workshops or ergasteria were locations speciWcally and exclusively given over to public shops and work spaces (Bettalli 1985). Certainly the buildings explored here served as both workshops and houses, and, as I have sug- gested, salesrooms, but there are some structures in the vicinity of the Agora which were not obviously places of residence, with the possible exception of a shop slave or two. Several multi-room complexes, includ- ing a Classical example on the north side of the Athenian Agora being studied by Thomas Milbank, seem to have been on the order of the syn- oikia mentioned by Aeschines (1.124; see also Ault, Chap. 9), a multi- roomed building rented by several different men to serve an industrial function. The Wnds are almost purely industrial in nature and the build- ings lack any of the architectural characteristics of a house, for example, a vestibule, or a centrally located courtyard. That such structures existed in Classical Athens along with the house/workshop speaks of a certain Xexibility of the Athenians in their assignment of function to space.

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Notes

1. For the urban plan and houses at Olynthus and Piraeus, see Hoepfner and Schwandner 1994, 68–113, 22–42. 2. The central of three houses in section Omega on the north slope of the Areopagus is restored with a complete peristyle. The reader should examine both the actual state plan and the restored plans as published in Shear (1973, 146–156). The state plan shows that there is no physical evidence for a complete peristyle; there is merely space for it in the center of the very incompletely pre- served house. 3. Those with an andron are the central of three Classical houses under a large Late Roman house on the north slope of the Areopagus (Shear 1973, 146–156) and the so-called House of the Greek Mosaic in the valley below the Pnyx (H. Thompson 1966; Thompson and Wycherley 1972, 180–182; and Gra- ham 1974, 47, where the house is called the House of the Wheel Mosaic). 4. The obsidian bladelets have been lost, so it has not been possible to exam- ine their surfaces for traces of the abrasions that might have resulted from leatherworking. 5. That iron tools were used by sculptors is known from epigraphical evi- dence, e.g., Kirchner 1927, no. 1673 (iron tools used at Eleusis; old ones sold as scrap for the new); Dürrbach 1912, no. 161, l.107 (iron tools for stone workers at Delos.) Iron tools, two point chisels and a Xat chisel, were recovered from a later (third to fourth century A.D.) sculptor’s workshop at Aphrodisias (Rock- well 1991, 139.) 6. One was found in the working level of the Stoa of Zeus. The other was recovered in section BE. 7. This type can now be called, after Nevett 1999, the “single-entrance, court- yard house.” 8. For evidence of metal-working found around the Athenian Agora, see Mattusch 1977. 9. This opinion is argued more fully and more forcefully by Lynch in press. 10. This mixing of residential quarters and industrial activity is explored in Schwandner (1988), as well as by Cahill (Chap. 4) and Trümper (Chap. 8).

Literature Cited

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