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Index

Index ...... 2 Letter from the Secretary General ...... 3 Letter from the Secretary General ...... 4 Letter from the Directors: ...... 5 Introduction: ...... 7 History of the Topic: ...... 8 Current Situation: ...... 9 Position Papers Guidelines ...... 13 Past International Actions: ...... 16 Operation Sophia: ...... 16 United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking in Persons: ...... 16 Blue Heart Campaign: ...... 16 Possible Blocs: ...... 17 Countries of Origin: ...... 17 Countries of Destination: ...... 17 Third Party Countries: ...... 18 Questions a Resolution Must Answer ...... 18 Bibliography: ...... 20

Letter from the Secretary General

Dear delegates,

Welcome to International Universities MUN 2019!

My name is Valerie Delgado and I have the pleasure to be the Co-Secretary General with Alessia in this conference. I am 17 years old and I am currently a senior at Colegio Italiano Antonio Raimondi. My MUN experience started in November of 2016 with my school’s delegation, participating in Santa María Model UN. Until today, I have participated in a total of 22 conferences either as a delegate or as part of the staff team.

Getting involved in MUN has been, without a doubt, one of the best decisions I have taken. It has allowed me to understand new perspectives, meet people who I now consider my close friends and to develop my soft skills. I hope this experience is just as valuable for you and, taking this into consideration, you use your full potential. After all, we want you to have fun, to leave learning something new, making friends or even getting a prom date.

The International Universities team, Alessia, and I, during the last two months have dedicated most of our time to prepare the conference and we hope you enjoy it as much as we do. In case you have any doubt, complaint, opinion, or if there is anything you want to tell us, Alessia and I are here for you.

See you in October!

Valerie Delgado Co-Secretary General International Universities 2019 [email protected]

Letter from the Secretary General

Welcome everybody!

My name is Alessia Lara and I have the honor to be your Co-Secretary General alongside Valerie in this first edition of International Universities Model United Nations 2019. I currently am 16 years old and I am a senior student of Colegio Italiano Antonio Raimondi. It was thanks to the school’s delegation that I got involved in MUN. My first event was back in 2017 and, since that moment, I have not been able to stop going to more conferences as a delegate, chair and part of the Secretariat.

For me, IUMUN is still a dream. Sometimes I still ask Valerie if this is truly happening. We want every single one of you, delegates, to be able to enjoy both the conference and the amazing experience of being part of the MUN community. I would like to tell delegates who are participating for the first time in an event to never give up and, when the conference is over, to be able to look back and say that you were able to learn and grow from this new episode. I genuinely hope you get to enjoy MUN as much as we do.

We are extremely thankful for International Universities who, for the first time, are organizing an event and uniting schools from all around in a great conference. Valerie and I will be at your disposition all weekend. If any of you have a doubt, suggestion, comment, or just want to say: “Hello!”, do not hesitate to approach us. We will gladly stop to talk to you guys. If you have any further inquiries, please contact us.

See you soon!

Alessia Lara C. Co-Secretary General International Universities Model United Nations 2019 [email protected]

Letter from the Directors: Dear Delegates,

Welcome to International Universities Model United Nations 2019 (IUMUN)! My name is Daniela Azmouz and I will have the honor of being one of your Directors during these following days on the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). We are truly excited for this conference, as well as we hope you all come full of energy and anxious to show your skills.

To mention a little about myself, I graduated from Villa Maria La Planicie last year, and I am currently studying International Business at Universidad del Pacífico. I joined Peruvian Debate Society (PDS) this year but started doing Model United Nations (MUN) in 2016 when I was still in school, and it was definitely one of the best choices I have ever made. Not only did I got closer to people like Nenni who is now one of my best friends, and got the chance to meet new friends, but I also learned skills that helped me in school and now in university. I hope you all take advantage of this opportunity and learn more each time you debate, because it is really an unforgettable and valuable opportunity.

We hope you are all prepared for these three days of debate and we expect to see you all full of willingness to work together, keeping in mind diplomacy and policy. Finally, do not forget to have fun! Both Nenni and I agree that our favorite conferences are not necessarily the ones in which we went with the intention of getting the highest award, but the ones in which we actu ally enjoyed the topic and had the most fun.

If during research any question arises regarding the topic in general, position papers, or the committee as a whole, feel free to reach to us to any of the e-mails mentioned in the end of this study guide! We will be pleased to help you.

Best wishes and see you all this coming weekend at the conference! :)

Daniela Azmouz Co-Chair of United Nations Human Rights Council Letter from the Directors:

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)! My name is Nennele Rivadeneira, and I will have the opportunity of being one of your Directors during these following days on the first edition of International Universities Model United Nations (IUMUN). We are very excited to start this journey with you all, having good expectations of you and hoping that you come with innovative solutions and a lot of desire to debate.

For you to get to know me a little better, I graduated from Villa Maria La Planicie last year, and I’m currently studying Law at Universidad de Lima. In my high school years, Model United Nations (MUN) was one of my favorite activities, starting the journey back in 2016 and having the opportunity to debate in both national conferences and some others abroad. Thanks to MUN, I got closer to people I already knew, like Dani, and got to make new amazing friends, being further able to debate together in several opportunities and have lots of fun together. I joined Peruvian Debate Society (PDS) this year and am really excited for the new season ahead of us. Along the years, I have discovered and understood that MUN is an environment for self- development and growth, either as a person or a delegate, helping us gain really useful skills for life; as well as meeting incredible people, so I highly encourage you to take advantage of this opportunity.

Azmouz and I cannot wait to meet you, so do your best during your preparation process, and come to committee with your best attitude and desire to make this debate a really fruitful one! Finally, remember to be confident and have fun! We truly hope we can all have a good time this weekend :)

If you have any doubts regarding position papers, the topic or the committee in general, do not hesitate to ask us! We will gladly help you.

Good luck to everyone and we will see you at the conference!

Nennele Rivadeneira Co-Chair of United Nations Human Rights Council

Introduction: UNHCR has current missions in Lebanon, The United Nations High Commissioner for South , Chad/Darfur, the Democratic Refugees (UNHCR) is an intergovernmental Republic of Congo, Iraq, Afghanistan and body in the United Nations with headquarters Kenya to assist and provide services. In this in Geneva, Switzerland and member of the topic, these are also some of the main United Nations Development Group (UNDG). countries where people are trafficked to the Mediterranean.

The UNHCR is a global organization dedicated to saving the lives of the most vulnerable people searching for homes, the

It was created by the UN General Assembly on December 14th, 1950 during the aftermath of World War II. The UNHCR was won previously two Nobel Peace Prizes, one in 1954 and the other in 1981.

The current High Commissioner (11th) is Filippo Grandi (Italy) was elected on January forcibly displaced communities and the 1st, 2016 for a five-year term ending on stateless. UNHCR now has more than 16,803 December 31st, 2020. personnel. They work in a total of 134 countries and the budget, which in its first The agency is in charge of directing year was US$ 300,000, grew to US$ 6.54 international action to protect refugees and billion in 2016. resolve refugee problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to fight for the rights and In the field, UNHCR’s core work is managed well-being of refugees. It searches to assure from a series of regional offices, branch that everyone can practice the right to seek offices, sub-offices and field offices. The asylum and find safe refuge in another state, High Commissioner’s representatives head with the option to return home voluntarily, operations in the countries where the agency integrate locally or to resettle in a third works, while there are also a number of country. regional representatives.

With the job to help millions worldwide, this organization works with a variety of donors and partners to adequately fulfill their role. The partnerships range from governments to non-governmental organizations, the private sector, civil society and refugee communities. UNHCR also works with brother UN agencies such as World Food Programme (WFP), the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), the UN The land that surrounds this body of water is Development Programme (UNDP), the Office called the Mediterranean Basin, and the for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs countries that are part of it share (OCHA), the UN High Commissioner for Mediterranean characteristics such as climate, Human Rights (OHCHR) and the Joint UN vegetation, ecoregions, and others due to its Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), so we closeness between one another. Among the will be in the search for solutions that have States that have a Mediterranean coastline we solid funding and supervision mechanisms in find: order to ensure the viability of the proposed ● Europe: , , Monaco, Italy, approaches Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and

Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania

History of the Topic: and Greece. Malta and Cyprus are also Before any further explanations in the topic Mediterranean countries, but in itself, it is necessary that you have a clear difference to the previously mentioned understanding of the geographical space in ones, these are island nations, located which the topic we will be debating takes in the middle of this sea. place, to later on comprehend the features of ● Asia: , Syria, Lebanon and the region and the unique role they play in the . issue. The Mediterranean Sea is an ● Africa: , Libya, Tunisia, Algeria intercontinental sea, almost completely and Morocco. landlocked, connected to the Atlantic Ocean This region’s relevance in the topic at hand (through the Strait of Gibraltar) to the west lies upon the proximity between continents. and stretching to Asia to the east; it This sea, with such strategic geographic horizontally separates Europe from Africa. location, opens the gate to a world of possibilities for the commitment of international crimes, such as: illegal trade, Current Situation: drug smuggling, and most importantly Human trafficking is not a new issue, but trafficking of persons. rather one that has prevailed in diverse forms

Transnational human traffickers use several since the beginning of time, whether it is sex countries for transit, including , Sri trafficking or labour trafficking. Nassir Lanka, the , Jordan and Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, president of the 66th United Nations General Assembly in 2012, spoke at the UN headquarters in New York at an event aimed to foster interactive dialogue on human trafficking. There, he stated that human trafficking is “an appalling form of human rights abuse that denied individuals their dignity, reducing them to mere objects by shamelessly exploiting them.”

According to the United Nations, human Turkey, to send Bangladeshi job seekers first trafficking is the third most lucrative form of to Libya, and then to Europe through the trafficking in the world, followed only by Mediterranean Sea. drugs and the counterfeit goods. It generates The Mediterranean basin has historically approximately 32 billion euros annually for been crowded by groups of humans the traffickers. This money is usually used moving from one side to another searching later to fun criminal organizations or for for new opportunities. Nevertheless, when financial purposes of the same traffickers. the decision of moving does not represent Percentages of children and men trapped in an option anymore, but the only possible trafficking webs and being the victims of it solution, some organized criminal gangs have increased to 28% and 21% respectively, could generate a very lucrative business but the most vulnerable population to suffer on people lives. In fact, since the tumults that have upset large part of Africa and the Middle East in the last decades, exacerbating the already dramatic situation, the phenomenon has exponentially increased. from the consequences of this crime are still between Africa and Europe. The smuggling women, with numbers reaching 51%. In trade has proved a boon to counterfeiters, additions, while only 37% of identified document fraudsters and to corrupt officials traffickers in the past 5 years are women, 63% along all of the routes. Closing down the of them are men. This number difference is established routes from Niger to Libya has especially high in the European and dispersed migrants across other territories, Mediterranean trafficking scene. using and enabling networks across North Africa”. Human trafficking is a transnational crime that is defined in Article 3 of the “Additional Given the complexity and nature of this Protocol to the United Nations Convention phenomenon, it is extremely difficult to against Transnational Organized Crime to provide precise data on victims of human Prevent, Suppress and Punish Human trafficking at a global level. More precise data Trafficking, in particular Trafficking relate to cases reported or identified, which Involving Women and Children”. Human only represent a small part of this trafficking refers to the recruitment, phenomenon. Since 2002, the International transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of Organization for Migration (IOM) records persons, by means of threat or use of force or cases of human victims of trafficking assisted other forms of coercion, of abduction, of by the Organization; approximately 7,000 fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or each year. The world dataset includes 46,000 of a position of vulnerability or of the giving registered cases involving individuals from or receiving of payments or benefits to 140 nationalities, identified in 150 destination achieve the consent of a person having control countries. We encourage delegates to find over another person, for the purpose of ways to not only prevent the issue, but also exploitation. regulate the ongoing trafficking activities that are happening right now, as well as use the Regarding trafficking in the Mediterranean Sea in particular, the Deputy Director of the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, Tuesday Reitano, wrote for the 15th edition of the IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook the following: “The massive profits to be made on the migrant trade from Sub- Saharan Africa to Europe (which, according to EUROPOL, were valued at between €3 billion and €6 billion in 2016) has attracted criminal groups of other ilk, both in Africa and technology that the nations have available in ● Article 5: No one shall be subjected to order to achieve greater and more viable torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading solutions. treatment or punishment. ● Article 13: Everyone has the right to The analysis of a IOM survey data regarding freedom of movement and residence within migration in this area in 2017 shows that more the borders of each state, and everyone has than one third (37%) of all interviewed the right to leave any country, including his migrants had a personal experience that own, and to return to his country. indicated the presence of human trafficking or ● Article 28: Everyone is entitled to a social other exploitative practices along the route. and international order in which the rights Seventy-three percent of migrants interviewed and freedoms set forth in this Declaration along the Central Mediterranean route can be fully realized. presented at least one indicator of exploitation, along with 14 percent of Taking into consideration the previous articles migrants interviewed along the Eastern mentioned, protecting the refugees´ human Mediterranean route. Data derive from rights must be a priority for all member states. interviews conducted over a one-year period The committee must acknowledge all the with more than 16,000 migrants in seven consequences that human trafficking creates countries, namely, , Greece, Hungary, ande the depth of the problem. Human Italy, Serbia, Slovenia and the former trafficking does not only allow more money Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. introduced in organized crime and other forms

Apart from it being considered an international crime, human trafficking violates the articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 13 and 28 form the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

● Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. ● Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. ● Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. of trafficking like drugs or goods, as stated ● Gender discrimination, especially in previously in this study guide, but it is also a cases of access to employment and prime source for sexual abuse, pornography, education child sex tourism, prostitution, modern slavery ● Absence of public social safety or the recruitment of new personnel for measures transnational gangs. Besides, it deteriorates ● Political instability and corruption global health and drains human capital from within governmental institutions countries, specially those developing. So, ● Status of violence against women & even though this are not specific subtopics to children and Tolerance of gender- the issue, they must be addressed due to the based violence consequences they bring and the traumas the ● Conflict victims suffer during and after surviving. ● Breakdown in law and order Nations must focus not only on what their ● Growth and globalization of a governments can do alone, but also what commercial sex industry regions can do in order to have better control ● Unregulated labor markets that allow of what is going on among the countries. exploitive practices to flourish ● Global demand for: slave labor, child Through debate, delegates must keep in mind labor, sex trafficking (prostitution), that human trafficking does not happen child soldiers, etc. naturally, and that there are harsh, real causes that explain why it has been happening for such a long time, and why it may continue if States are unable to fulfill their citizens’ needs and overall improve the economic and social security measures that are or are not available to their population. Between the reasons for which human trafficking is sadly still perpetrated and currently exacerbating, we Still, a critical point of the topic to consider can find: within the aims of this specific committee is the link between human trafficking and the ● Lack of economic opportunities (eg: refugee status. As persons who have been, unemployment, poverty → these make currently are, or will be trafficked across an human trafficking not an option, but international border, the need of international the only available solution to people protection will surge; however, the extent to that are left with no other choice than which this help can be given out or not relies to sell a family member, child, friend on the legal status or condition that each to get a little money to survive) individual person qualifies for. Therefore, it is Position Papers Guidelines critical to ensure protection against their refoulement and access to procedures that can As part of the conference every delegation must attach a position paper, which must be immediately determine their refugee status. written in Times New Roman size 11 with simple space and an extension of no longer While not every victim of trafficking are than one page. The document should follow refugees, depending on the circumstances of the following structure: each specific trafficking situation, some of ● Heading: In this section it should be them can qualify for refugee condition included: according to the UNHCR’s Guidelines on ○ Coat of arms and the official International Protection No. 7. For such name of the country reason, delegates must keep into consideration ○ Committee’s full name ○ Delegate’s full name the things that are stipulated in the previous ○ Delegation’s/school’s name document for when planning refugee condition-related approaches. ● First paragraph: In this paragraph it is crucial that delegates analyze the Many UN bodies have taken action in current situation and express their respective policies and projects related partnerships with non-governmental with the issue. Here there are some organizations in order to provide dignified life recommendations: to all, but despite the enormous amount of ○ Using statistics and proportions progress that has already been made for helps to create an interesting reading and improve the victims of trafficking and in order to eradicate quality of the arguments. the problem, and curbing the threat of ○ Including the names and their trafficking as a whole, there is still much effects of the current projects that your country has ground to cover in order to actually be able to implemented with the aim of advance towards a future with no trafficking. demonstrating deep and concise research. With the intention of helping you to better ○ If you include a subtopic about understand and get to visually know a few of the issue, it is expected to be solved with your proposals in the many existing routes used by traffickers the last paragraph. when committing the crime and to be able to see which counties are the most affected, we ● Second paragraph: are leaving you with a map we hope will be ○ It must be included the relevant past UN actions (pacts, useful for when brainstorming solutions to resolutions or engagements) present in committee. that are related with the issue. ○ Besides that, it is recommendable to analyze the effectivity of these actions and if they were significant in the reduction of the issue.

● Third paragraph: It is the most important paragraph of the document because it is the section where your proposals to solve the issue are presented. ○ The proposals must be innovative, this means that the plan currently does not exist. However, if your country developed an effective plan that worked in the past it is recommendable to imitate it and adapt it to the context of every country. ○ The proposals must be complete in the sense of having in mind the aspect of funding, supervision and participation of all sectors of the country.

● References: ○ All information must be referenced at the end of the document following APA rules. ○ The list of references could be either at the footnotes or in another page. ○ You need to bear in mind that if you do not cite your sources it will be considered as plagiarism and it will affect negatively in your final evaluation.

The deadline for position papers is September 25 at 23:59, e-mails will be posted a couple of day before the deadline. It is important to know that if you do not send a position paper you will not be eligible for an award.

organizations, NGOs, individuals) an Past International Actions: opportunity to facilitate effective, on-the ground assistance and protection to victims Operation Sophia: of trafficking, mainly through grants to Operation Sophia, formally European Union specialized NGOs. The Naval Force Mediterranean (EU NAVFOR support it provides to these Med) was a military operation made by the last ones is by promoting European Union to counteract refugee actions that ensure that trafficking routes in the Mediterranean. children, men, or women Headquartered in , it began as a who have been exploited by human response to to the Libyan migrant ship smugglers are identified, so that they can be accidents of April 2015. It was meant to treated in the way a victim of crime deserves expire on March 2019, but it was given an and later on be provided with the extension of six months; now with a twist, in fundamental protection, assistance and which no ships would be deployed to deter support for their physical, social and human smugglers, due to the new position psychological healing before returning to taken by Italy in regards to the Operation their communities. Not only it gives because of the rising anti-migrant sentiment importance to tackling traffickers’ actions (together with the fact that the country has and taking care of the aftermath suffered by clearly stated that “they would no longer the victims of it, but also focuses on receive those rescued at sea). Now, people in providing access to justice through legal charge would instead rely on air patrols and advisoring so claims for access to remedies, tighten relations and coordination with economic compensation, aid packages, or to Libya. act as witnesses in court cases to fight their United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund traffickers. Currently, the Fund is allocating for Victims of Trafficking in Persons: 1.5 million dollars in grants to projects It is part of the Global Plan of Action to prioritizing victims coming from armed Combat Trafficking in Persons, was conflict context and those identified among launched in August 2010 under the control large refugee and migration flows. of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), as Member States of the Blue Heart Campaign: General Assembly established it to provide The Blue Heart Campaign is a global to people from all different charges (eg: initiative for raising awareness in society to Governments, private sector, international aid in the fight against smuggling of persons. Its aim is to engage governments, individuals, and corporations to inspire keep in mind the diverse policies that each actions on their own and help in the country has, specially prevention of this crime. The Blue Heart has regarding commerce, trade become during the last years, a symbol in and jurisdictions. the issue, as it is meant to portray the sadness of the victims and at the same time, Countries of Origin: represent the cold-heartedness of those who Here we can find the countries from which treat other human beings as if they were the refugees that are usually the victims of objects or some merchandise to trafficking come from. Most of them are commercialize. This campaign allows African countries with middle or low class people to show their compassion and economies, and with a history if very little solidarity by understanding that there are to almost no action taken before to solve fellow human beings, just like us, that suffer the issue, usually due to a lack of unfairly; reason for which donations to the expertise, experience, resources or funds. campaign are open to later on, go to the UN The focus of them must be to not only Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of increase protection in their borders to Trafficking in Persons and unite avoid illegal trafficking of persons, but collaborative efforts. also to allow and look after the creation of safer and more responsible migration processes regulations to avoid confusions Possible Blocs: between human trafficking victims, In this committee we have the privilege of migrants and refugees into other having a diverse group of countries, not territories. only from the Mediterranean area, but also Countries of Destination: from other regions on the world, which The countries of destination are not only will help the committee reach more global those who the refugees seeked to go in the solutions that can later on be modified to first place, but also the nations where they target other specific regions suffering from end up in when they are trafficked. In this the same crime. particular topic, this countries are first The following bloc positions are made to world countries located in Europe, help guide you through committee, but we specifically those who share frontiers with encourage to not feel limited by them and the Mediterranean Sea, where there is explore different negotiation opportunities knowledge of people secretly buying among the nations. However, please do humans (“modern-day slavery”) for taking ahead tough jobs or unethical Questions a Resolution Must Answer activities and crimes (eg: sex tourism, ● What punishments or sanctions black market organs sale, etc) . Their should be given to criminals of main objective must be to have a better trafficking that fall under the maritime port control and regulate who jurisdiction of the international enters their country and why they do so. law? They must also focus on working with the ● How should regional bodies previous group in order to tackle the issue collaborate with local justice with joint solutions. systems and between one another

Third Party Countries: to ensure that punishments are In this section we have grouped the effective and to prevent the issue in countries who are not directly affected by the future? the trafficking in the Mediterranean, due ● What is unique to human to their distant location from the area of trafficking in the Mediterranean the problem or their very low or none specifically and how can states existent rates of human trafficking. We accommodate such regional hope this nations act as mediators for the anomalies in the proposed issue at hand and help search for more solutions? global solutions, being it through either financial aid and supervision, or through ● What solutions can be achieved in advisoring and help for the the short and long term in order to implementation process of new solution prevent, educate and reduce human ideas. trafficking in the Mediterranean Sea?

● How can we implement a more efficient border control and maritime port security using the technologies at hand, taking in mind the country's sovereignty?

● What can the international community do in order to reduce or treat the physical and psychological traumas that the victims may have after surviving a horrible event like this? What can we do to integrate them into society?

● Is the definition for determining when a victim of human trafficking can qualify for a refugee condition enough? If not, what matters or circumstances should be added or struck out of such definition for making the legal recognition of a trafficking victim into refugee easier? Bibliography: ● https://www.thoughtco.com/countries-of-the-mediterranean-region-1435121 ● https://reliefweb.int/report/italy/human-trafficking-through-central- mediterranean-route-data-stories-and-information ● https://globalinitiative.net/human-trafficking-and-people-smuggling-in-the- mediterranean-area/ ● https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/illegal-voyage-europe-they-call- it-game-1745212 ● http://www.cwmun.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/BGG-General-Assembly- Increase-responsiveness-of-the-International-Community-on-human- trafficking-in-the-Mediterranean-Sea.pdf?x13564 ● https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/eu-to-end-ship- patrols-in-scaled-down-operation-sophia/ ● https://italy.iom.int/sites/default/files/documents/IOM_report_trafficking_201 7.pdf ● https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ ● https://www.unodc.org/blueheart/ ● https://www.unodc.org/pdf/human_trafficking/UN_Victims_Trust_Fund_Basi c_Facts_Dec2017.pdf ● https://www.unhcr.org/about-us.html ● https://www.unhcr.org/unhcr-human-trafficking.html ● https://www.unhcr.org/un-sister-organizations.html ● https://publications.iom.int/books/migrant-vulnerability-human-trafficking- and-exploitation-evidence-central-and-eastern ● https://www.slideserve.com/marcena/slide-1 ● https://www.unhcr.org/5aa78775c.pdf