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I the EFFECTS of SOCIAL AND THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISLOCATION ON PERSIANATE CHILDREN'S LITERATURE: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY by Nafisa Abdelsadek submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Professor Thomas Van der Walt February 2011 i Student number: 4278-613-4 I declare that THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISLOCATION ON PERSIANATE CHILDREN'S LITERATURE: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. 22/02/2011 ________________________ __________________ SIGNATURE DATE (N.Abdelsadek) ii ABSTRACT OF THESIS THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISLOCATION ON PERSIANATE CHILDREN'S LITERATURE: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY by Nafisa Abdelsadek This thesis seeks to investigate the various forces that have shaped modern Persianate children‘s literature - history, revolution, political climate, government, institutions, writers, education, and so on. The historical origins of tales popular in modern times, and of themes recurrent in stories from past times to present are analyzed, along with other factors which have shaped Persianate children‘s literature. The thesis begins with a historical and theoretical overview relating to change and continuity in Persianate children‘s literature. It examines the influence of ancient texts on modern Persianate children‘s stories. The cultural development reflected in the organizational infrastructure of institutions is also examined, as well as other contemporary influences, both social and political, in order to assess how these have affected modern Persianate children‘s literature. The contents of children‘s books are analyzed from different aspects, including their representation of social values. Concerns of children themselves are shown in examples of their own work; in addition, works of illustrators of children‘s books, and examples from the extended body of Persianate children‘s literature in Tajikistan are analyzed. Modern children‘s literature is the product of a number of influences and while differences can be perceived between historical periods, underlying similarities can also be seen which show a continuity of socio-political purpose, either supporting the status quo or challenging it. The thesis is concerned with this interplay between the recurring uses of children‘s literature; moralistic, didactic, the political agenda of its authors, criticism of the status quo, etc. and the surface changes which attract attention and which create an appearance of change in its underlying purpose. Fashions and styles may change, but children still read, firstly in order to learn to read, and then for information and amusement. The author contends that, in reality a limited number of changes are possible in the purpose of children‘s literature, and the age-old arguments likewise continue about what those are: entertainment or preparation for the harsh realities of life, retreat into fantasy and acceptance of one‘s place or incitement to rebel and change the world. 22/02/2011 Author Signature: __________________________________ Date: ______________________ iii KEY TERMS DESCRIBING TOPIC OF THESIS Title of thesis: THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISLOCATION ON PERSIANATE CHILDREN'S LITERATURE: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY Key terms: Children‘s literature; social change; political upheaval; educational development; Iran; Tajikistan; Iranzamin; Middle East; Persianate languages; Farsi; traditional stories Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank in UK Vesta Curtis for her help in the successful award of a British Institute of Persian Studies Fellowship, and all the staff who supported the awards of a Tweedie Fellowship, & Carnegie Fellowship for this research; In Tokyo, Reza Peyvandi, without whom none of this would have happened – thanks for over ten years of unfailing support, and practical help with Farsi language; In Cairo, Professor Yasir Suleiman for his encouragement and help in starting this research; In Edinburgh, Dr. Andrew Newman & Dr. Yaseen Nourani for their input, Laleh Khalili for her help with the poetry of Abbas Yamini Sharif, and Helen Lamb for her help and practical support in the process of writing; In Dubai: Osama Jarrar, for his helpful criticism; In Durham: Hossein Sheykh-Rezaee for his constructive comments and advice; In Iran, Noushin Ansari, my number one help, support, and mentor throughout the whole of this work, Mehdi Hejvani, editor of Ketabe Mah, the late and greatly missed Hossein Ebrahimi Elvand of House of Translation, Dr. Yahya Tabesh of Sharif University, Bahar Behdad at the Kanun Library, Javad Rasuli of Ahang-e Qalam Publishers, Mashhad, Touran Mirhadi, and all the staff of the Children‘s Book Council Library, Tehran; In Tajikistan, Bahriddin Aliev of Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature, Academy of Sciences, Dushanbe, for his tireless help in the organization and realization of my trip, Ozar Saidov, International Organization for Migration, Dushanbe, for help in translating materials, & Jura Hashimi of the Writers‘ Union of Tajikistan for his help and support, Professor Babokalanova and all the other writers who so kindly and patiently answered my questions and suffered my bad Tajiki. In Oman: Nasser Mohebbati, 2nd Secretary of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Aq. Noruzi, Cultural Attaché of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Dr. Rafik Jamoussi & Luciano Simioni of Sohar College of Higher Education, and Elizabeth Darcy of the University of Sohar for their helpful criticism during the editing of this thesis; In South Africa, thanks to Clifford Thompson, Rizwana Latha and Marthie de Kock in Pretoria for their help and support. And last but not least; thanks to my promoter, Professor Thomas Van der Walt, for his online presence, and for all his support and timely advice. iv Table of Contents THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISLOCATION ON PERSIANATE CHILDREN'S LITERATURE: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY i ABSTRACT OF THESIS ............................................................................ iii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... iv List of figures ............................................................................................... vii List of Appendices ....................................................................................... vii Chapter 1 General introduction .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the study ....................................................................................... 2 1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................... 11 1.3 Aim of the study .................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Delimitation of the field ...................................................................................... 13 1.5 Research methodology ........................................................................................ 15 1.6 Definitions of terms ............................................................................................. 20 1.7 Importance of the study ....................................................................................... 25 1.8 Literature review ................................................................................................. 27 1.9 Outline of the study: indication of chapters ........................................................ 31 1.10 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 2 Culture, politics and children’s literature ......................................... 37 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 37 2.2 Children and children‘s literature ........................................................................ 37 2.3 Theoretical aspects of children‘s literature .......................................................... 43 2.4 Aspects of change in children‘s literature ........................................................... 50 2.5 Aspects of continuity in children‘s literature ...................................................... 53 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 3 Social issues of Persianate children’s literature ................................ 61 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 61 3.2 Historical background ......................................................................................... 64 3.3 Political turning points - real or illusory change? ............................................... 72 3.4 Educational literature ........................................................................................... 81 3.5 Experiences of war ............................................................................................... 99 3.6 Children‘s magazines and journals .................................................................... 106 3.7 Selection and social values portrayed in children‘s literature ........................... 114 3.8 Conclusion .........................................................................................................
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