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Universi^ Microfilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obt ain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Universi^ Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR. Ml IB 100 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1 R 'lEJ, ENGLAND 1 3 1 2 9 6 7 FRANKLIN, KATHERINE ANN A LATE WOODLAND OCCUPATION SITE ON LOWER MASON ISLAND, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND. THF AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, M.A., 1979 University MlcTOTlrns International 3 0 0 n . t e e b f.o a u , a n n a h b o h , m i a b io b PLEASE NOTE: In a11 cases this material has been filmed In the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been Identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored Illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy ___ 5. Print shows through as there Is text on both sides of page 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages _______ throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout payes with Indistinct print 9. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author ______ 10. Page(s)______ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows ______ 11. Poor carbon copy ______ 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type 13. Appendix pages are poor copy ______ 14. Original copy with light type ______ 15. Curling and wrinkled pages _ _ _ _ _ _ 16. Other Universi^ Micrdrilms International 300 N ZEE3 AO., ANN ARBOR, Ml ^8108 '3131 761-4700 A LATE WOODLAND OCCUPATION SITE ON LOWER MASON ISLAND, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND by Katherine A. Franklin Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Anthropology Signatures of Committee; Chairman: k Cj- Dèan of the College ' i / ' / 7 y __________ D a t e ' Date 1979 The American University Washington, D. C, 20016 THE AMERICA* UNIVERSITY LIBRARY b (p 0 { PREFACE I wish to thank my advisor and professor, Dr. Charles W. McNett, Jr. for his help and patient support throughout the years of work on this thesis. His encouragement and his guidance through both academic and administrative problems have been invaluable. Excavations for this work have occupied five seasons, starting in 1973. During that time many have helped with the field work. My special thanks are due to Mr. D. Cecil Culbertson, present owner of Mason Island, for permission to excavate on his land and for his friendly cooperation. Thanks are also due to Mr. Enos V. Jenkins, a previous owner of the island, who helped excavate for many hours during the 1973 and 1974 seasons and supplied much general information about the island. I am especially grateful to my husband, Alan D. Franklin. He made major contributions to the field work not only in excavating, but in surveying, photography, and in transporting personnel and equipment to and from the island. He gave me valuable assistance in working out the mathematical procedures and in editing the manuscript. My thanks are also due to Eleanor K. Riser for hours of typing and for her cheerful cooperation and encouragement li CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................... ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................................. iv INTRODUCTION............................................ 1 I. GENERAL BACKGROUND............................... 3 Location of 18M013. Geology. The Potomac River. Climate. Flora. Fauna. Human Activities Near 18M013. II. LATE WOODLAND CHRONOLOGY IN THE POTOMAC RIVER PIEDMONT............................. 21 Augusta Phase. Montgomery Focus. Mason Island Culture. Luray Focus. Summary of Chronology. III. PROCEDURE FOR DATA GATHERING AND AFfALYSIS........................................ 32 Data Gathering. Data Analysis. IV. RESULTS .............................................54 Artifacts and Features. Stratigraphy. Mean Depth Analyses. Analysis of Horizontal Distributions. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Analyses. Principal Factor Analyses. Varimax Factor Analyses, V. CONCLUSIONS...................................... 77 Mason Island Culture. Luray Focus. Method of Analysis. Ill LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Map of the Potomac Valley from Washington, .... 4 D.C. to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, Showing Location of Lower Mason Island and 18M013 2. Contour Map of 18M013............................... 19 3. WO-8 Squares of 18M013 Showing Features,...........33 Post Molds, and Activity Area 4. Shell Tempered Pottery Rims and L u g s ............... 38 5. Limestone Tempered Pottery Rims......................39 6. Quartz Tempered Pottery Rims ...................... 40 7. Small Projectile Points.............................. 42 8. Medium Projectile P o i n t s ............................ 43 9. Large Projectile Points.............................. 44 10. Six Quartz Points From Feature 19................... 47 11. Profile of the South Wall of Excavations at. .60 18M013, Including Soil Profile 12. a. Mean Depths of Artifact Classes Relative . 64 to Pot 1; ACTA Subfile b. Mean Depths of Artifact Classes Relative to Pot 1: ACTA, BURA, FETA, and SWTR Subfiles 13. Relative Horizontal Distribution of Mason...........67 Island Culture Pottery Types 14. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Matrix :...........69 ACTA Subfile 15. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Matrix:......... 70 ACTA. BURA, FETA, and SWTR Subfiles 16. Principal Factors: ACTA Subfile......................73 IV 17, Principal Factors: ACTA, BURA, FETA, and.......... 74 Sl^TR Subfiles 18. Varimax Factors: ACTA Subfile ................... 76 INTRODUCTION The Mason Island II site (18M013) is a multicomponent Late Woodland village site in the Potomac River Piedmont region, Montgomery County, Maryland. Excavations at the site have produced several pottery types and a scramble of post molds and features which are not separated by natural stratigraphy into distinct cultural inventories. It is my purpose in this paper to demonstrate that it is possible to separate the components of the site at least partially. In the Susquehanna River Valley in eastern Pennsyl­ vania, an understanding of the relationship between the Shenks Ferry and Susquehannock cultures was obscured for many years by a failure to recognize the separate and independent nature of multiple occupations of the same site (Kinsey et al. 1971). Mixtures of shell tempered and grit or crushed rock tempered pottery frequently occur at Monongahela sites in the upper Ohio Valley (Mayer-Oakes 1955) , and the nature of the relationship between the makers remains uncertain. The Keyser Farm site in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia (Manson et al. 1944) is a mixed site with three pottery types similar to those at the Mason Island II site. The authors expressed uncer­ tainty about the temporal relationships among them. Two questions must be answered before we can hope 2 to understand the prehistory of an area or of a particular site. We must know the temporal relationships among the occupants, and we must be able to distinguish the material remains from separate occupations. Only after these basic questions are answered can we go on to questions concerning settlement patterns and cultural interaction. This paper will describe the procedures used in an attempt to answer these basic questions at the Mason Island II site, and the results. A complete separation of the material remains could not be made on the basis of the limited test excavations, but I believe that the techniques demonstrated here could yield good separation if applied to the larger amount of data from a complete excavation of the site. I. GENERAL BACKGROUND Location of 18M013 The Mason Island II site (18M013) is in a natural levee on the north shore of an island about 39 km above Great Falls, Maryland, and is located at N 39° 10' 52” by W 77° 30' 02” , The horizontal extent of the site has not been accurately determined, but it does extend at least 250 m along the shore (in approximately an east-west direction), and about 70 m southward from the shore. The river appears to have eroded away part of the northern side of the site. The island itself, Lower Mason Island, is about 2.5 km long, and a maximum of .7 km wide. It is separated by a narrow (30 m) channel from Oxley Island on the upstream (east) end. The island is relatively flat with a maximum variation in height of only a few meters, while the whole island is 8-10 m above the normal river level.
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