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All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREHISTORIC ECONOMIES DURING THE LATE WOODLAND PERIOD OF THE POTOMAC VALLEY: AN EXAMINATION OF ANIMAL RESOURCE UTILIZATION by Elizabeth A. Moore submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Signatures of Committee: Chair: <4 <aaAsL, fas-rfsisvoJ . l^ r Jean of'the College Date 1994 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT by ELIZABETH A. MOORE 1994 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To my Mother Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREHISTORIC ECONOMIES DURING THE LATE WOODLAND PERIOD OF THE POTOMAC VALLEY: AN EXAMINATION OF ANIMAL RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY Elizabeth A. Moore ABSTRACT This research describes differences in the prehistoric economies of two Late Woodland archaeological cultures, the Montgomery Complex and the Luray Focus, and examines the relationship between these differences and other sociocultural factors. Zooarchaeological data used to perform this examination were collected from six sites. The relative completeness and research utility of all assemblages was determined. Other artifact classes and site features were described to provide a more complete view of these sites. The zooarchaeological data was used to define four key aspects of hunting strategies - the diversity of vertebrate taxa exploited, the habitats which were exploited to acquire those taxa, the exploitation of seasonally available resources, and the techniques used to hunt deer. At the sites from the Montgomery Complex, a wide variety of taxa were hunted or collected from all of the surrounding habitats. Deer were hunted with a specific strategy at the ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rosenstock site, a strategy that resulted in the killing of the age groups that were of maximum meat-yielding age and size. Seasonally abundant resources were targeted for exploitation as they became available. As an overall pattern, the occupants of the Montgomery Complex sites appear to have been maximizing the exploitation of many of the animal resources found in the area. The hunting strategies at sites from the Luray Focus contrast to those from the Montgomery Complex in several ways. First, only a limited number of animal taxa were being hunted or collected. These taxa were probably found in the gardens or garden borders. Second, the seasonally available resources in the area were not targeted for maximum exploitation. The presence of seasonally available resources in the assemblages is marginal and their collection was probably opportune and not necessarily part of a deliberate strategy to exploit those particular taxa. Several sociocultural factors that may be related to these differences in hunting strategies are examined. These factors include a possible increase in the dependence upon cultivars, an increase in the use of defensive fortifications, and differences in stalking techniques for deer hunting. Finally, the implications of the relationship between these factors and the differences in the overall economies as reflected in the hunting strategies are discussed. in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research project has benefitted from the input of numerous individuals. Professors, colleagues, friends, and family all provided the support without which this work could not have been possible. Any errors in this work have occurred in spite of their assistance. First, I would like to thank my committee members. My advisor Richard J. Dent not only provided the faunal material from the Hughes site but also critiqued the results of my work. Charles W. McNett, Jr. shared a great deal of his time and knowledge as well as a good portion of his library. June Evans has been an inspiration to me both personally and professionally. I especially appreciate her steady reminders to take time away from work and writing to enjoy my family. Last, but certainly not least, I owe a special debt to Melinda A. Zeder. She introduced me to zooarchaeology and provided invaluable training and support through this entire process. In particular, her critical (and sometimes humorous) comments on this research contributed greatly to the final product. I thank several individuals at the Maryland Historical Trust, Office of Archeology. Tyler Bastian, Dennis Curry, and Maureen Kavanagh generously provided me with the opportunity to analyze the faunal material from the Rosenstock site. Their comments and input during my all-too-short visits to the iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. site and my assorted trips to the Trust gave me much encouragement. I thank the Archaeological Society of Maryland for all of the work that they performed in the field at the Rosenstock site and in the lab after the excavations ended. Without their continued labor and the assemblage that resulted from that work, this research would not have been possible. Bruce D. Smith has provided support and encouragement over the last several years and for that I am very grateful. In addition, his empathy and humor regarding the entire dissertation process helped me keep this experience in perspective. Susie Arter has been both a dear friend and a valued colleague. Her tenacity in identifying the most frustrating bone fragment was a great help in the lab. Justin Lev-Tov was another colleague who provided not only technical assistance but also friendship. Without his help, I might still be struggling with the fishes. I acknowledge several members of my family for their roles in this project. My mother encouraged me to do exactly what I wanted and I thank her for telling me not to go to law school. Leah Drown has quite persistently performed the task of "cracking the whip" and I thank her for not letting me procrastinate any more than I already did. Sarah Myler provided the loving support only a sister can. I have a most heartfelt thanks and acknowledgement for Varna G. Boyd. As a professional and colleague, the advice, the constructive criticism, the v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. editing comments, and the wealth of archaeological experience that she has shared with me has been invaluable. I thank her for being one of those truly special friends that few are lucky to find. Finally, I would like to thank my husband Tim Moore and my daughter Rebecca Joy Moore. Rebecca has provided the motivation for me to finish as quickly as possible so that I don't have to devote all of my spare time to my computer. I thank her for two very important things over the past three months - arriving after my defense and sleeping through the night. Tim has graciously suffered through the dissertation process and I thank him for his patience and his valued comments and advice. vi Reproduced with permission of the