DOCSLIB.ORG

Through the Great Valley and Into the Mountains Beyond

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Through the Great Valley and Into the Mountains Beyond THROUGH THE GREAT VALLEY AND INTO THE MOUNTAINS BEYOND ARCHEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION STUDY OF CHESAPEAKE & OHIO CANAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK SANDY HOOK TO HANCOCK (MILE MARKERS 59 TO 123) Volume I PREPARED FOR: NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 1100 OHIO DRIVE, S.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20242 PREPARED BY: THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP, INC. 2445 M Street NW Washington, D.C. 20037 Final Report January 2009 THROUGH THE GREAT VALLEY AND INTO THE MOUNTAINS BEYOND ARCHEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION STUDY OF CHESAPEAKE & OHIO CANAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK SANDY HOOK TO HANCOCK (MILE MARKERS 59 TO 123) VOLUME I Final Report PREPARED FOR: National Park Service National Capital Region 1100 Ohio Drive, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20242 PREPARED BY: John Bedell, Charles LeeDecker, Stuart Fiedel, Jason Shellenhamer THE LOUIS BERGER GROUP, INC. 2445 M Street NW, Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20037 January 2009 FOREWORD This is the first of three volumes reporting the results of a three-year archeological survey of the central 64 miles of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (C&O Canal Park) carried out for the National Park Service (NPS), National Capital Region, from 2005 through 2007. Although more than a hundred archeological sites have been recorded in the C&O Canal Park, much of the park remains unexplored, and little is known about most of the recorded sites. Since the park borders the Potomac River, the archeological potential of its 13,000 acres is enormous. To learn more about the archeological resources of the park, and to assist the park in managing those resources, funds were devoted to implement the Systemwide Archeological Inventory Program (SAIP) in this area. The SAIP was developed to address the requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act (specifically Sections 106 and 110), Executive Order 11593, and the Archeological Resources Protection Act. The rationale for the archeological survey was based primarily on the NPS’s resource management needs under Section 110 rather than being driven by development or capital improvement projects within the park. The park’s total length of 184.5 miles was divided into three segments for the SAIP project. The research reported here focused on the central segment comprising 64 miles between Sandy Hook and Hancock, spanning the Great Valley from the Blue Ridge to the Alleghenies (Figure 1). An earlier study covered the eastern 59 miles, from Georgetown to Sandy Hook (Fiedel et al. 2005). The NPS plans to fund future study to examine the archeology of the upper, western segment of the C&O Canal Park. In order to address multiple audiences most effectively—the general public, park staff, NPS, review agency staff, and the archeological community—this report is organized in a way that differs from the standard cultural resource study. This volume (I) presents a narrative, designed for the general public, of the prehistory and history of the Potomac in the Great Valley, based on the archival and archeological field investigations; it is intended for the non-technical reader and does not contain specific information about site locations. In order to avoid excessive repetition, this volume treats briefly some topics that were extensively discussed in the reports on the eastern segment of the park. Volume II provides a more technical description and assessment of the project’s research goals, methods, and findings, and concentrates on a presentation of the prehistoric research. In organization and content, it more closely follows the professional standards of the cultural resource management industry and is intended for distribution only within the professional community. Volume III, also intended for limited distribution, contains additional technical materials and appendices, including artifact inventories, a summary list of radiocarbon dates, and transcripts of the archival documents that are most important to the historical narrative contained in Volume I. i MM 123 MM 59 i i FIGURE 1: Map of the Cheasapeake & Ohio Canal SOURCE: National Park Service TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Chapter Page THE CANAL AND THE RIVER ................................................................................................... 1 ONE RIVER, MANY LANDS...................................................................................................... 3 The Potomac ................................................................................................................. 3 Prehistory ...................................................................................................................... 5 THE FIRST PEOPLE .................................................................................................................. 7 HUNTERS AND GATHERERS: THE EARLY ARCHAIC................................................................. 11 SLOW, SLOW CHANGE: THE MIDDLE ARCHAIC ...................................................................... 15 MIGRATION AND CULTURE CHANGE: THE LATE ARCHAIC..................................................... 18 POTS AND THEIR PEOPLE: THE EARLY WOODLAND................................................................ 25 WHERE DID THE PEOPLE GO? THE MIDDLE WOODLAND ....................................................... 31 MAIZE AND VILLAGE LIFE: THE LATE WOODLAND................................................................ 34 The Indian Way............................................................................................................. 34 The Late Woodland in the Great Valley....................................................................... 39 The Luray Complex at the Spring Dell Road Site ........................................................ 45 AN EMPTY PLACE: THE GREAT VALLEY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ............................. 48 Warfare and Disease ..................................................................................................... 48 Henry Fleet’s Potomac Expedition, 1632 ..................................................................... 50 Refugees........................................................................................................................ 52 THE COLONIAL FRONTIER....................................................................................................... 54 Indians and Traders....................................................................................................... 54 The Land Rush.............................................................................................................. 60 Squatters and Settlers at Antietam Bottom ................................................................... 67 The Germans................................................................................................................. 69 The Archeology of the Frontier .................................................................................... 76 Spring Road Dell Site .......................................................................................... 80 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR .............................................................................................. 83 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page THE EARLY IRON INDUSTRY ................................................................................................... 101 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ................................................................................................... 109 Rural Life in the Valley ................................................................................................ 109 Industry ......................................................................................................................... 117 Building the Canal ........................................................................................................ 118 Labor Strife and Financial Turmoil ..................................................................... 119 Searching for Workers’ Camps............................................................................ 129 THE CIVIL WAR ...................................................................................................................... 132 Garrisons and Skirmishes ............................................................................................. 132 Antietam and Gettysburg Campaigns ........................................................................... 133 The Canal in Wartime................................................................................................... 138 CANAL LIFE ............................................................................................................................ 139 Lock Keepers and Other Canal People ......................................................................... 139 The End of the Canal .................................................................................................... 140 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................................ 141 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1 Map of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal ......................................................................... ii 2 Excavations Along the C&O Canal .............................................................................. 2 3 Map of the Hagerstown Valley..................................................................................... 3 4 The Potomac River in the Great Valley.......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women and the Law in Colonial Maryland, 1648-1715 Monica C
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects "Justice Without Partiality": Women and the Law in Colonial Maryland, 1648-1715 Monica C. Witkowski Marquette University Recommended Citation Witkowski, Monica C., ""Justice Without Partiality": Women and the Law in Colonial Maryland, 1648-1715" (2010). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 27. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/27 “JUSTICE WITHOUT PARTIALITY”: WOMEN AND THE LAW IN COLONIAL MARYLAND, 1648-1715 by Monica C. Witkowski A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2010 ABSTRACT “JUSTICE WITHOUT PARTIALITY”: WOMEN AND THE LAW IN COLONIAL MARYLAND, 1648-1715 Monica C. Witkowski Marquette University, 2010 What was the legal status of women in early colonial Maryland? This is the central question answered by this dissertation. Women, as exemplified through a series of case studies, understood the law and interacted with the nascent Maryland legal system. Each of the cases in the following chapters is slightly different. Each case examined in this dissertation illustrates how much independent legal agency women in the colony demonstrated. Throughout the seventeenth century, Maryland women appeared before the colony’s Provincial and county courts as witnesses, plaintiffs, defendants, and attorneys in criminal and civil trials. Women further entered their personal cattle marks, claimed land, and sued other colonists. This study asserts that they improved their social standing through these interactions with the courts. By exerting this much legal knowledge, they created an important place for themselves in Maryland society. Historians have begun to question the interpretation that Southern women were restricted to the home as housewives and mothers.
    [Show full text]
  • Bladensburg Prehistoric Background
    Environmental Background and Native American Context for Bladensburg and the Anacostia River Carol A. Ebright (April 2011) Environmental Setting Bladensburg lies along the east bank of the Anacostia River at the confluence of the Northeast Branch and Northwest Branch of this stream. Formerly known as the East Branch of the Potomac River, the Anacostia River is the northernmost tidal tributary of the Potomac River. The Anacostia River has incised a pronounced valley into the Glen Burnie Rolling Uplands, within the embayed section of the Western Shore Coastal Plain physiographic province (Reger and Cleaves 2008). Quaternary and Tertiary stream terraces, and adjoining uplands provided well drained living surfaces for humans during prehistoric and historic times. The uplands rise as much as 300 feet above the water. The Anacostia River drainage system flows southwestward, roughly parallel to the Fall Line, entering the Potomac River on the east side of Washington, within the District of Columbia boundaries (Figure 1). Thin Coastal Plain strata meet the Piedmont bedrock at the Fall Line, approximately at Rock Creek in the District of Columbia, but thicken to more than 1,000 feet on the east side of the Anacostia River (Froelich and Hack 1975). Terraces of Quaternary age are well-developed in the Bladensburg vicinity (Glaser 2003), occurring under Kenilworth Avenue and Baltimore Avenue. The main stem of the Anacostia River lies in the Coastal Plain, but its Northwest Branch headwaters penetrate the inter-fingered boundary of the Piedmont province, and provided ready access to the lithic resources of the heavily metamorphosed interior foothills to the west.
    [Show full text]
  • NON-TIDAL BENTHIC MONITORING DATABASE: Version 3.5
    NON-TIDAL BENTHIC MONITORING DATABASE: Version 3.5 DATABASE DESIGN DOCUMENTATION AND DATA DICTIONARY 1 June 2013 Prepared for: United States Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program 410 Severn Avenue Annapolis, Maryland 21403 Prepared By: Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin 51 Monroe Street, PE-08 Rockville, Maryland 20850 Prepared for United States Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program 410 Severn Avenue Annapolis, MD 21403 By Jacqueline Johnson Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin To receive additional copies of the report please call or write: The Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin 51 Monroe Street, PE-08 Rockville, Maryland 20850 301-984-1908 Funds to support the document The Non-Tidal Benthic Monitoring Database: Version 3.0; Database Design Documentation And Data Dictionary was supported by the US Environmental Protection Agency Grant CB- CBxxxxxxxxxx-x Disclaimer The opinion expressed are those of the authors and should not be construed as representing the U.S. Government, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the several states or the signatories or Commissioners to the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin: Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia or the District of Columbia. ii The Non-Tidal Benthic Monitoring Database: Version 3.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CREATING MARYLAND's PAPER MONEY ECONOMY, 1720-1739: the ROLE of POWER, PRINT, and MARKETS Farley Grubb
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CREATING MARYLAND'S PAPER MONEY ECONOMY, 1720-1739: THE ROLE OF POWER, PRINT, AND MARKETS Farley Grubb Working Paper 13974 http://www.nber.org/papers/w13974 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2008 Helpful advice from Lorena Walsh, research assistance provided by Zachary Rose, and editorial assistance provided by Tracy McQueen are gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2008 by Farley Grubb. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Creating Maryland's Paper Money Economy, 1720-1739: The Role of Power, Print, and Markets Farley Grubb NBER Working Paper No. 13974 April 2008 JEL No. E42,E51,H20,N11,N21,N41 ABSTRACT The British North American colonies were the first western economies to rely on legislature-issued fiat paper money as their principal internal medium of exchange. This system arose piecemeal across the colonies making the paper money creation story for each colony unique. It was true monetary experimentation on a grand scale. The creation story for Maryland, perhaps the most unique among the colonies, is analyzed to evaluate how market forces, media influences, and the power of various constituents combined to shape its particular paper money system.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2007 Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers Stephen D. Feeley College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Feeley, Stephen D., "Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers" (2007). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623324. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-4nn0-c987 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers Volume I Stephen Delbert Feeley Norcross, Georgia B.A., Davidson College, 1996 M.A., The College of William and Mary, 2000 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lyon Gardiner Tyler Department of History The College of William and Mary May, 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Stephen Delbert F eele^ -^ Approved by the Committee, January 2007 MIL James Axtell, Chair Daniel K. Richter McNeil Center for Early American Studies 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • The Living History Classroom (Fall 2015)
    FALL 2015 Living History CLASSROOM Through the Wilderness Exploring North Carolina with Lawson, Tuscarora & the First Printing Press A Publication of Tryon Palace “The State of North Carolina from the best Authorities &c.” is a map drawn by Samuel Lewis in 1795. Does it look different from the North Carolina we see today? Mapping Our State Words to Know When traveling today, many of us chart our course by using , which GPS GPS: short for Global Positioning System, relies on information from satellites and maps to make sure we arrive at which uses satellites and maps to determine our intended destination. People living in the 17th and 18th centuries location could not use a computer system. To find their way, they relied on Cartography: the science of making maps for paper maps. defined transportation routes used to trade Cartography is a skill that combines mathematics, geography, and art goods on land and waterways to produce a physical map of the earth. Accurate maps define boundaries Cartographer: a person who combines and settle arguments over land. They also show dangerous waters and observation, math, and drawing to make maps coastlines to help save the lives of sailors. Land surveyor: a person whose job is to Cartographers in the 1600s and 1700s often used surveying skills. measure and examine an area of land Land surveyors used chains to measure the distance between two points. Theodolite: a surveying tool made from a Surveyor’s chains were 66 feet long with 100 links. Each link was about 8 telescope, it sits on a tripod and measures inches long.
    [Show full text]
  • Forgetting Oblivion: the Demise of the Legislative Pardon
    Cornell Law Library Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers Faculty Scholarship 3-31-2011 Forgetting Oblivion: The eD mise of the Legislative Pardon Bernadette A. Meyler Cornell Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Legal History, Theory and Process Commons Recommended Citation Meyler, Bernadette A., "Forgetting Oblivion: The eD mise of the Legislative Pardon" (2011). Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers. Paper 83. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/83 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. * BERNADETTE MEYLER FORGETTING OBLIVION : THE DEMISE OF THE LEGISLATIVE PARDON TABLE OF CONTENTS : I INTRODUCTION ...........................................................1 II FROM KLEIN TO KNOTE ...............................................6 III OBLIVION ENTERS ENGLAND ......................................13 IV COLONIAL AND STATE OBLIVIONS ..............................27 V PRAGMATICS OF PARDONING ......................................45 VI CONCLUSION ...............................................................49 I INTRODUCTION Despite several bouts of attempted reinterpretation,
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    The Southern Algonquians and Their Neighbours DAVID H. PENTLAND University of Manitoba INTRODUCTION At least fifty named Indian groups are known to have lived in the area south of the Mason-Dixon line and north of the Creek and the other Muskogean tribes. The exact number and the specific names vary from one source to another, but all agree that there were many different tribes in Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas during the colonial period. Most also agree that these fifty or more tribes all spoke languages that can be assigned to just three language families: Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan. In the case of a few favoured groups there is little room for debate. It is certain that the Powhatan spoke an Algonquian language, that the Tuscarora and Cherokee are Iroquoians, and that the Catawba speak a Siouan language. In other cases the linguistic material cannot be positively linked to one particular political group. There are several vocabularies of an Algonquian language that are labelled Nanticoke, but Ives Goddard (1978:73) has pointed out that Murray collected his "Nanticoke" vocabulary at the Choptank village on the Eastern Shore, and Heckeweld- er's vocabularies were collected from refugees living in Ontario. Should the language be called Nanticoke, Choptank, or something else? And if it is Nanticoke, did the Choptank speak the same language, a different dialect, a different Algonquian language, or some completely unrelated language? The basic problem, of course, is the lack of reliable linguistic data from most of this region. But there are additional complications. It is known that some Indians were bilingual or multilingual (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • The Barton Site: Thousands of Years of Occupation
    VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY’S IMPACT • A MAYA PIONEER • OUR PHOTO CONTEST WINNERS american archaeologyFALL 2003 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 7 No. 3 The Barton Site: Thousands of Years of Occupation 33> $3.95 7525274 91765 archaeological tours led by noted scholars superb itineraries, unsurpassed service For the past 28 years, Archaeological Tours has been arranging specialized tours for a discriminating clientele. Our tours feature distinguished scholars who stress the historical, anthropological and archaeological aspects of the areas visited. We offer a unique opportunity for tour participants to see and understand historically important and culturally significant areas of the world. Robert Bianchi in Egypt 2003 TOURS SRI LANKA MAYA SUPERPOWERS MUSEUMS OF SPAIN Among the first great Buddhist kingdoms, the island of This exciting tour examines the ferocious political Bilbao, Barcelona & Madrid Sri Lanka offers wonders far exceeding its small size. struggles between the Maya superpowers in the Late October 2 – 12, 2003 11 Days As we explore this mystical place, we will have a Classical period including bitter antagonism between Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University glimpse of life under kings who created sophisticated Tikal in northern Guatemala and Calakmul across the irrigation systems, built magnificent temples and huge border in Mexico. New roads will allow us to visit these OASES OF THE WESTERN DESERT dagobas, carved 40-foot-tall Buddhas and one who ancient cities, as well as Copan in Honduras, Lamanai Alexandria, Siwa, Bahariya, Dakhla & Kharga, Luxor chose to build his royal residence, gardens and pools and the large archaeological project at Caracol in Belize October 3 – 20, 2003 18 Days on the top of a 600-foot rock outcropping.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupation Polygons
    Polygon Date & Period Archaeological Phase Cultural - Historical Source & Comment Hist or Arch Pop & Sites Group Estimate 1 early 16th century Little Tennessee site 16th century Chiaha mid-16th century, Little Tennessee site cluster cluster and sites 7-19 and sites 7-19, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century, Chiaha, three populations, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Little Tennessee cluster plus additional sites, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 2 early 16th century Hiwassee site cluster mid-16th century, Hiwassee site cluster, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Hiwassee cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 3 early 16th century Chattanooga site cluster 16th century Napochies mid-16th century, Chattanooga site cluster, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century Napochies, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Chattanooga site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 4 early 16th century Carters site cluster; 16th century Coosa mid-16th century, Carters site cluster, Hally et al. X Barnett phase 1990:Fig. 9.1; Barnett phase, Hally and Rudolph 1986:Fig. 15; 16th century Coosa, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Carters site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 5 early 16th century Cartersville site cluster; mid-16th century, Cartersville site cluster, Hally et Brewster phase al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; Brewster phase, Hally and Rudolph 1986:Fig. 15; 16th century, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Cartersville site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 6 early 16th century Rome site cluster; 16th century Apica mid-16th century, Rome site cluster, Hally et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail Connecting
    CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH CHESAPEAKE NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL CONNECTING TRAILS EVALUATION STUDY 410 Severn Avenue, Suite 405 Annapolis, MD 21403 CONTENTS Acknowledgments 2 Executive Summary 3 Statement of Study Findings 5 Introduction 9 Research Team Reports 10 Anacostia River 11 Chester River 15 Choptank River 19 Susquehanna River 23 Upper James River 27 Upper Nanticoke River 30 Appendix: Research Teams’ Executive Summaries and Bibliographies 34 Anacostia River 34 Chester River 37 Choptank River 40 Susquehanna River 44 Upper James River 54 Upper Nanticoke River 56 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are truly thankful to the research and project team, led by John S. Salmon, for the months of dedicated research, mapping, and analysis that led to the production of this important study. In all, more than 35 pro- fessionals, including professors and students representing six universities, American Indian representatives, consultants, public agency representatives, and community leaders contributed to this report. Each person brought an extraordinary depth of knowledge, keen insight and a personal devotion to the project. We are especially grateful for the generous financial support that we received from the following private foundations, organizations and corporate partners: The Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation, The Clay- ton Fund, Inc., Colcom Foundation, The Conservation Fund, Lockheed Martin, the Richard King Mellon Foundation, The Merrill Foundation, the Pennsylvania Environmental Council, the Rauch Foundation, The Peter Jay Sharp Foundation, Verizon, Virginia Environmental Endowment and the Wallace Genetic Foundation. Without their support this project would simply not have been possible. Finally, we would like to extend a special thank you to the board of directors of the Chesapeake Conser- vancy, and to John Maounis, Superintendent of the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay Office, for their leadership and unwavering commitment to the Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail.
    [Show full text]
  • Discover Illinois Archaeology
    Discover Illinois Archaeology ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY ILLINOIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY Discover Illinois Archaeology Illinois’ rich cultural heritage began more collaborative effort by 18 archaeologists from than 12,000 years ago with the arrival of the across the state, with a major contribution by ancestors of today’s Native Americans. We learn Design Editor Kelvin Sampson. Along with sum- about them through investigations of the remains maries of each cultural period and highlights of they left behind, which range from monumental regional archaeological research, we include a earthworks with large river-valley settlements to short list of internet and print resources. A more a fragment of an ancient stone tool. After the extensive reading list can be found at the Illinois arrival of European explorers in the late 1600s, a Association for Advancement of Archaeology succession of diverse settlers added to our cul- web site www.museum.state.il.us/iaaa/DIA.pdf. tural heritage, leading to our modern urban com- We hope that by reading this summary of munities and the landscape we see today. Ar- Illinois archaeology, visiting a nearby archaeo- chaeological studies allow us to reconstruct past logical site or museum exhibit, and participating environments and ways of life, study the rela- in Illinois Archaeology Awareness Month pro- tionship between people of various cultures, and grams each September, you will become actively investigate how and why cultures rise and fall. engaged in Illinois’ diverse past and DISCOVER DISCOVER ILLINOIS ARCHAEOLOGY, ILLINOIS ARCHAEOLOGY. summarizing Illinois culture history, is truly a Alice Berkson Michael D. Wiant IIILLINOIS AAASSOCIATION FOR CONTENTS AAADVANCEMENT OF INTRODUCTION.
    [Show full text]