BULL RUN MOUNTAIN HOUSE, SITE 44FQ0313 Fauquier County, Virginia WSSI #22316.01

Phase I Archeological Investigation (±0.65 acres)

December, 2013

Prepared for: Fauquier County Department of Community Development 10 Hotel Street, 3rd Floor Warrenton, Virginia 20186

Prepared by:

Boyd Sipe, M.A., RPA and Andrés E. Garzón-Oechsle

5300 Wellington Branch Drive, Suite 100 Gainesville, Virginia 20155 Tel: 703-679-5600 Email: [email protected] www.wetlandstudies.com

ABSTRACT

A Phase I archeological investigation was conducted within a ±0.65 acre portion of the ±3.3 acre site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House site located in Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve in Fauquier County, Virginia. Additionally, a public outreach component was undertaken that included the excavation of two test units. Thunderbird Archeology, a division of Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc., of Gainesville, Virginia, conducted the studies for Fauquier County Planning Division of Warrenton, Virginia. The fieldwork was carried out in September and October of 2013.

The historic artifact assemblage recovered from the site indicates that the intensive historic occupation of site 44FQ0313 may have dated from circa 1785 to circa 1825 during John Monday’s ownership of the property. The late historic finds, represented primarily by bottle glass dating to the late 19th century and early 20th century may be associated with the reported ephemeral use of the property as a hunting lodge or retreat during these periods. A previously unknown prehistoric component of the site that likely dates to the Archaic period (8000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.) was also discovered during the Phase I investigations.

Although late historic or modern subsurface disturbances were identified in portions of the site, we feel that both the prehistoric and historic components of the site retain significant research potential, due in part, to the limited archeological data available on similar historic or prehistoric occupations in mountainous regions of Fauquier County, Virginia. We recommend that site 44FQ0313 be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion D as an individual resource and a contributing element of the Little River Rural Historic District (030-5579). We also concur with previous recommendations regarding the Bull Run Mountain House (030- 0600) and recommend that the resource be considered eligible for the NRHP under criteria A and C.

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ii LIST OF EXHIBITS ...... iii LIST OF PLATES ...... iv LIST OF TABLES ...... iv INTRODUCTION...... 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 1 PALEOENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND ...... 4 CULTURAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 6 Prehistoric Overview ...... 6 Historic Overview ...... 12 PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ...... 27 RESEARCH EXPECTATIONS ...... 35 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS ...... 35 RESULTS OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ...... 37 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 52 REFERENCES CITED ...... 53 PLATES ...... 61 APPENDIX I ...... 79 Archival Research (Provided by Fauquier County Planning Division) ...... 79 APPENDIX II ...... 89 DHR Resource Forms ...... 89 APPENDIX III ...... 105 Artifact Inventory ...... 105

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page ii LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 1 : Portion of the 2007 ADC Northern Virginia Regional Map Showing the Location of the Project Area ...... 2 Exhibit 2 : Portion of the USGS 1981 Middleburg, VA 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area ...... 3 Exhibit 3 : Summer 2012 Natural Color Imagery Aerial Photograph Showing the Project Area...... 5 Exhibit 4 : Portion of 1862 McDowell Map of Northeast Virginia and Vicinity of Washington D.C. Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ...... 20 Exhibit 5 : Portion of 1863 Hotchkiss Map of Fauquier County, Virginia, Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ...... 21 Exhibit 6 : Portion of 1876 Map of Fauquier County, Virginia, Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ...... 24 Exhibit 7 : Portion of 1914 Fauquier County, Virginia Board of Trade Map Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ...... 26 Exhibit 8 : Portion of the USGS 1933 Middleburg, VA 15’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area ...... 28 Exhibit 9 : Portion of the USGS 1944 Middleburg, VA 15’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area ...... 29 Exhibit 10 : Portion of the USGS 1946 Middleburg, VA 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area ...... 30 Exhibit 11 : Portion of the USGS 1968 Middleburg, VA 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area ...... 31 Exhibit 12 : Portion of the USGS 1977 Middleburg, VA 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area ...... 32 Exhibit 13 : DHR Architectural Resources and Archeological Sites Map Showing the Location of the Project Area ...... 33 Exhibit 14 : Location of Structures and Cemetery Associated with Site 44FQ0313 ..... 38 Exhibit 15 : Map Showing the Overview of Phase I Testing ...... 39 Exhibit 16 : Representative Soil Profiles from Project Area ...... 40 Exhibit 17 : Representative Soil Profiles from Project Area ...... 42 Exhibit 18 : Historic and Prehistoric Components within Site 44FQ0313 ...... 47 Exhibit 19 : North Wall Profile of Test Unit 1 ...... 48 Exhibit 20 : West Wall Profile of Test Unit 2...... 49

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page iii LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Bull Run Mountain House (Primary Resource of 033-0600) ...... 63 Plate 2: Fieldstone Marked Cemetery, View to the East ...... 63 Plate 3: Well Head for Modern/ Late Historic Well ...... 65 Plate 4: Poured Concrete Privy ...... 65 Plate 5: Representative Vegetation ...... 67 Plate 6: Representative Vegetation ...... 67 Plate 7: STP 11 (Builder’s Trench) North Profile ...... 69 Plate 8: Disturbances – Hungry Run Road, View to the North ...... 71 Plate 9: Disturbances – Graded and Filled Yard Area, View to the West ...... 71 Plate 10: Test Unit 2 West Profile ...... 73 Plate 11: Test Unit 1 North Profile ...... 73 Plate 12: Overview of Historic Artifacts ...... 75 Plate 13: Overview of Prehistoric Artifacts ...... 73

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 : Artifacts Recovered from STPs ...... 43 Table 2 : Artifacts Recovered from Test Unit 1 ...... 45 Table 3 : Artifacts Recovered from Test Unit 2 ...... 50

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page iv INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of a limited Phase I archeological investigation within a ±0.65 acre portion of the ±3.3 acre site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House site located in Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve in Fauquier County, Virginia (Exhibits 1 and 2). Additionally, a public outreach component was undertaken along with the excavation of two test units. Thunderbird Archeology, a division of Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc., of Gainesville, Virginia, conducted the studies for Fauquier County Planning Division of Warrenton, Virginia. The fieldwork was carried out in September and October of 2013.

Boyd Sipe served as Principal Investigator on this project and conducted the fieldwork with the assistance of Andrés E. Garzón-Oechsle. Fieldwork and report conformed to the guidelines set forth by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) for a Phase I identification level surveys as outlined in their 2011 Guidelines for Conducting Historic Resources Survey in Virginia (DHR 2011) as well as the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation.

The purpose of the investigations was to better understand the age and characteristics of sub- surface deposits in the area immediately surrounding the historic dwelling, to provide information relevant to the initial date of construction for the dwelling and period of occupation for the site (Attachment I). All artifacts, research data and field data resulting from this project are currently on repository at the Thunderbird offices in Gainesville, Virginia.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Fauquier County encompasses portions of the Outer Piedmont Plateau, the Piedmont Triassic Lowland, and the Inner Piedmont sub-provinces of the Piedmont Physiographic Province as well as a small portion of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province (Fenneman 1938; Bailey 1999). The Piedmont Physiographic Province is underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks of various origins that were folded during the Paleozoic as the North American and African plates converged. Later, in the Mesozoic, rifting occurred as Pangea broke apart and the Atlantic Ocean formed. The Piedmont ranges from 200 feet above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.) at the Fall Line to circa 1000 feet a.m.s.l. in the western portion at the Blue Ridge. Because of the intensive weathering of the underlying rocks in the Piedmont’s humid climate, bedrock is generally buried under a thick, 6 to 60 foot blanket of saprolite.

The Piedmont Province has been sub-divided into three sub-provinces: the Outer Piedmont Plateau, the Triassic Lowlands, and the Inner Piedmont Plateau. The project area lies within the Inner Piedmont which, located adjacent to the Blue Ridge Mountains, is an area of rugged terrain where erosion has not yet leveled the metamorphic rocks. Softer materials have been worn away, leaving a discontinuous belt of mountains,

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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Project Area 02,000

Feet Original Scale: 1 " = 2,000 ' Copyright ADC The Map People Fauquier County Permitted Use Number 20711184 ® Exhibit 1 Vicinity Map

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Project Area 02,000

Feet Original Scale: 1 " = 2,000 ' Latitude: 38°54'15'' N Longitude: 77°41'14'' W ® Exhibit 2 USGS Quad Map Middleburg, VA 1981 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI # 22316.01 - December 2013 Page 3 erosional remnants called monodnocks. Elevations range from 400 to 1000 feet a.m.s.l., with peaks rising to 1500 to 2000 feet a.m.s.l.

The topography of site 44FQ0313 is comprised of a saddle in between two steep slopes of significant ridges. The site encompasses the expanse of the saddle and is limited topographically to the north and south by two deep cut drains, to the east by steep slopes but extends to the west along a relatively gentle terrace where the cemetery is located. Drainage to the north flows into Hungry Run and to drainage to the south flows into Bartons Creek. The vegetation along the margins of the site consist of is of mature deciduous forest however the center of the site along the main dwelling has been cleared leaving only three stomps of large specimen trees around the structure and manicured sod along the dwelling’s yard (Exhibit 3). The shovel testing portion of the survey was conducted in a dry sunny day mean while the test unit excavation and public outreach event was conducted in light rain with short periods of stronger rainfall.

PALEOENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND

The basic environmental history of the area has been provided by Carbone (1976; see also Gardner 1985, 1987; Johnson 1986). The following will present highlights from this history, focusing on those aspects pertinent to the project area.

At the time of the arrival of humans into the region, about 11,000 years ago, the area was beginning to recover rapidly from the effects of the last Wisconsin glacial maximum of circa 18,000 years ago. Vegetation was in transition from northern dominated species and included a mixture of conifers and hardwoods. The primary trend was toward a reduction in the openness which was characteristic of the parkland of 14-12,000 years ago. Animals were undergoing a rapid increase in numbers as deer, elk and, possibly, moose expanded into the niches and habitats made available as the result of wholesale extinctions of the various kinds of fauna that had occupied the area during the previous millennia. The current cycle of ponding and stream drowning began 18-16,000 years ago at the beginning of the final retreat of the last Wisconsin glaciation (Gardner 1985); sea level rise has been steady since then.

These trends continued to accelerate over the subsequent millennia of the Holocene. One important highlight was the appearance of marked seasonality circa 7000 BC. This was accompanied by the spread of deciduous forests dominated by oaks and hickories. The modern forest characteristic of the area, the mixed oak-hickory-pine climax forest, prevailed after 3000-2500 BC. Continued forest closure led to the reduction and greater territorial dispersal of the larger mammalian forms such as deer. Sea level continued to rise, resulting in the inundation of interior streams. This was quite rapid until circa 3000- 2500 BC, at which time the rise slowed, continuing at a rate estimated to be 10 inches per century (Darmody and Foss 1978). This rate of rise continues to the present. Based on archeology (c.f. Gardner and Rappleye 1979), it would appear that the mid-Atlantic migratory bird flyway was established circa 6500 BC. Oysters had migrated to at least the Northern Neck by 1200 BC (Potter 1982) and to their maximum upriver limits along

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Project Area 0300

Feet Original Scale: 1 " = 300 ' Photo Source: National Agriculture Imagery Program ® Exhibit 3 Summer 2012 Natural Color Imagery

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI # - December 2013 Page 5 the Potomac near Popes Creek, Maryland, by circa 750 BC (Gardner and McNett 1971), with anadromous fish arriving in the Inner Coastal Plain in considerable numbers circa 1800 BC (Gardner 1982).

During the historic period, circa AD 1700, cultural landscape alteration becomes a new environmental factor (Walker and Gardner 1989). Beginning at this time, Euro- American settlement extended into the Piedmont/Coastal Plain interface. With these settlers came land clearing and deforestation for cultivation, as well as the harvesting of wood for use in a number of different products. At this time the stream tributaries to the Potomac, were broad expanses of open waters from their mouths well up their valleys to, at, or near their "falls" where they leave the Piedmont and enter the Coastal Plain. These streams were conducive to the establishment of ports and harbors, elements necessary to commerce and contact with the outside world and the seats of colonial power. Most of these early ports were eventually abandoned or reduced in importance, for the erosional cycle set up by the land clearing resulted in tons of silt being washed into the streams, ultimately impeding navigation.

The historic vegetation would have consisted of a mixed oak-hickory-pine forest, with oak-chestnut forests on the lower foothill slopes. Associated with this forest were deer and smaller mammals and turkey. After the death of the American chestnuts, the forest is becoming a red oak-chestnut oak-white oak forest (Shelford 1963:40).

CULTURAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Prehistoric Overview

A number of summaries of the archeology of the general area have been written (c.f. Gardner 1987; Johnson 1986; Walker 1981); a brief overview will be presented here. Gardner, Walker and Johnson present essentially the same picture; the major differences lie in the terminology utilized for the prehistoric time periods.

Pre-Paleoindian Period (prior to 9500 BC)

Regionally, possible evidence for pre-Clovis colonization of the Americas has been found at the Cactus Hill site (44SX0202) in Virginia where an ephemeral pre-Clovis component dating from 17,000 to 15,000 B.P. included prismatic blades manufactured from quartzite cores and metavolcanic or chert pentagonal bifaces (Haynes 2002: 43-44 cited Johnson 1997; McAvoy 1997, 2000; McAvoy and McAvoy 1997, 2000; Turner 2000). Generally, lanceolate projectile points, prismatic blades, pentagonal bifaces, polyhedral blade cores, microflakes and microlithic tools comprise possible pre-Clovis assemblages and a preference for cryptocrystalline lithic material such as chert and jasper is noted (Goodyear 2005). Cactus Hill and other reportedly pre-Clovis sites, including SV-2 in Saltville, Virginia (44SM0037) and the Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in western Pennsylvania have been the subject of much controversy and no undisputed pre-Clovis

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 6 sites or sites representing substantial pre-Clovis occupations have been identified in the region.

Paleoindian Period (9500-8000 BC)

The Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene of the Late Glacial period was characterized by cooler and drier conditions with less marked seasonal variation than is evident today. The cooler conditions resulted in decreased evaporation and, in areas where drainage was topographically or edaphically poor, could have resulted in the development of wetlands in the neighboring Triassic Lowlands (Walker 1981; Johnson 1986:1-8). The overall cast of the vegetation was one of open forests with mixed coniferous and deciduous elements. The character of local floral communities would have depended on drainage, soils, and elevation, among other factors. The structure of the open environment would have been favorable for deer and, to a lesser degree, elk, which would have expanded rapidly into the environmental niches left available by the extinction and extirpation of the herd animals and megafauna characteristic of the Late Pleistocene. As the evidence suggests now, the last of these creatures, e.g. mastodons, would have been gone from the area circa 11,000-11,500 years ago, or just before humans first entered what is now Virginia.

Diagnostic artifacts of the earliest groups include Clovis spear points (Early Paleoindian), Mid-Paleo points, and Dalton points (Late Paleoindian). Although hard evidence is lacking, the subsistence settlement base of these groups appears to have focused on general foraging with an emphasis on hunting (Gardner 1989 and various). A strong component of the settlement and exploitative system was the preference for a restricted range of microcrystalline lithics, e.g. jasper and chert, a formal tool kit, and the curation of this tool kit. Based on current knowledge and predictive models, Paleoindian usage of the Piedmont was not intensive away from the major rivers, and most of these sites would have been transient hunting camps.

Early Archaic Period (8500-6500 BC)

The warming trend, which began during the terminal Late Pleistocene, continued during the Early Archaic. Precipitation increased and seasonality became more marked, at least by 7000 BC. The open woodlands of the previous era gave way to increased closure, thereby reducing the edge habitats and decreasing the range and numbers of edge adapted species such as deer. The arboreal vegetation was initially dominated by conifers, but soon gave way to a deciduous domination.

Archeologically, temporally diagnostic artifacts shift from the lanceolate spear points of the Paleoindians to notched forms (Johnson 1986:2-4). Diagnostic projectile points include Palmer Corner Notched, Amos Corner Notched, Kirk Corner Notched, Kirk Side Notched, Warren Side Notched and Kirk Stemmed. Although the populations still exhibited a preference for the cryptocrystalline raw materials, they began to utilize more locally available materials such as quartz (Walker 1981:32; Johnson 1986:2-1). The tool

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 7 kit remained essentially the same as the Paleoindian, but with the addition of such implements as axes.

At the beginning of the Early Archaic the settlement pattern was similar to that of the Paleoindians. Changes in settlement become evident from 7500 BC on, accelerating after 7200 BC. Among the major shifts were a movement away from a reliance on a restricted range of lithics and a shift toward expedience, as opposed to curation, in tool manufacture. Johnson feels that this shift is particularly marked during the change from Palmer/Kirk Corner Notched to Kirk Side Notched/Stemmed (Johnson 1983; 1986:P2-6). The changes are believed to be the result of an increase in deciduous trees and the subsequent closure of the forested areas. These changes are reflected in the fact that sites show up in a number of areas not previously exploited. A population increase also seems to be a factor in the increased number of sites.

Middle Archaic (6500-3000/2500 BC)

The Middle Archaic period, which corresponds to the Atlantic environmental episode, exhibited an acceleration of the warming trend (Walker 1981). Two major sub-episodes were present: an earlier, moister period that lasted until approximately 4500 BC, and a later, warmer and drier period, the mid-Holocene Xerothermic, which ended at approximately 3000 BC. A gradual reduction in rainfall and increased evaporation characterized the period, which was marked by an increase in deciduous vegetation, a more marked seasonality of plant resources, a decrease in the deer population (because of the disappearance of edge habitats), and an increase in the numbers of other game animals such as turkey. Importantly for the local area, more of a mosaic of forests and grasslands might have been present because of edaphic factors. The dominance of deciduous species offered a high seasonal mast (acorns, nuts) that provided a nutritious and storable food base (Walker 1981).

Diagnostic projectile points include Lecroy, Stanly, Morrow Mountain, Guilford, Halifax and other bifurcate/notched base, contracting stem and side notched variants. The tool kit is definitively more expedient (Walker 1981) and includes grinding and milling stones, chipped and ground stone axes, drills and other wood working tools.

With the increasing diversity in natural resources came a subsistence pattern of seasonal harvests. Base camps were located in high biomass habitats or areas with the greatest variety of food resources nearby (Walker 1981). These base camp locations varied according to the season; however, they were generally located on rivers, fluvial swamps, or interior upland swamps. The size and duration of the base camps appear to have depended on the size, abundance, and diversity of the immediately local and nearby resource zones. In contrast to the earlier preference for cryptocrystalline materials, Middle Archaic populations used a wide variety of lithic raw materials, and propinquity became the most important factor in lithic raw material utilization (Walker 1981 and Johnson 1986). Settlement, however, continued to be controlled, in part, by the distribution of usable lithics.

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 8 Early Archaic components show a slight increase in numbers, but it is during the Middle Archaic (Morrow Mountain and later) that prehistoric human presence becomes relatively widespread (Gardner various; Johnson 1986; Weiss-Bromberg 1987). Whereas the earlier groups appear to be more oriented toward hunting and restricted to a limited range of landscapes, Middle Archaic populations move in and out and across the various habitats on a seasonal basis. Diagnostic artifacts from upland surveys along and near the Potomac show a significant jump during the terminal Middle Archaic (e.g. Halifax) and beginning Late Archaic (Savannah River). Johnson notes a major increase in the number of sites during the bifurcate phase (Johnson 1986:2-14) and the later phases such as Halifax.

Late Archaic (2500-1000 BC)

During this time period, the climatic changes associated with the Sub-Boreal episode continued, although the climate began to ameliorate. At this time, a major adaptive element was found in the resources offered by the rivers and estuaries.

Diagnostic artifacts include broadspear variants such as Savannah River and descendant forms such as the notched broadspears, Perkiomen and Susquehanna, Dry Brook and Orient, and more narrow bladed, stemmed forms such as Holmes. Gardner (1987) separates the Late Archaic into two phases: Late Archaic I (2500-1800 BC) and Late Archaic II (1800-1000 BC). The Late Archaic I corresponds to the spread and proliferation of Savannah River populations, while the Late Archaic II is defined by Holmes and Susquehanna points. The distribution of these two, Gardner (1982; 1987) suggests, shows the development of stylistic or territorial zones. The Susquehanna style was restricted to the Potomac above the Fall Line and through the Shenandoah Valley, while the Holmes and kindred points were restricted to the Tidewater and south of the Potomac through the Piedmont. Another aspect of the differences between the two groups is in their raw material preferences: Susquehanna and descendant forms such as Dry Brook and, less so, Orient Fishtail, tended to be made from rhyolite, while Holmes spear points were generally made of quartzite.

A new item in the inventory was the stone bowl manufactured of steatite, or soapstone. These were carved from material occurring in a narrow belt extending from Pennsylvania south to Alabama and situated, for the most part, along the edge of the Piedmont and Inner Coastal Plain provinces.

An increasingly sedentary lifestyle evolved, with a reduction in seasonal settlement shifts (Walker 1981; Johnson 1986:5-1). Food processing and food storage technologies were becoming more efficient, and trade networks began to be established.

The most intense utilization of the region begins circa 1800 BC with the advent of the Transitional Period and the Savannah River Broadspear derivatives, which include the Holmes and other related points. In models presented by Gardner, this is linked with the

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 9 arrival of large numbers of anadromous fish. These sites tend to be concentrated along the shorelines near accessible fishing areas. The adjacent interior and upland zones become rather extensively utilized as adjuncts to these fishing base camps. The pattern of using seasonal camps continues. Although hunting camps and other more specialized sites may occur in the Triassic Lowlands, the larger base camps are expected to be found along rivers or in estuarine settings (Walker 1981). Use of the interfluvial Piedmont diminished during the Late Archaic. Sites from this period are less frequent and more widely scattered.

Early Woodland (1000-500 BC)

At this time during the Sub-Atlantic episode, more stable, milder and moister conditions prevailed, although short term climatic perturbations were present. This was the point at which the climate evolved to its present conditions (Walker 1981).

The major artifact hallmark of the Early Woodland is the appearance of pottery (Dent 1995; Gardner and McNett 1971). The Early Woodland period may be separated into three phases: Early Woodland I, II, and III. The earliest dates for pottery are 1200 BC in the Northern Neck (Waselkov 1982) and 950 BC at the Monocacy site in the Potomac Piedmont (Gardner and McNett 1971). This pottery is tempered with steatite, and the vessel shape copied that of the soapstone bowl, suggesting a local source for this innovation. This steatite tempered pottery is characteristic of the Early Woodland I period and is widely distributed throughout the Middle Atlantic (Dent 1995; Gardner and Walker 1993). Diagnostic points included smaller side notched and stemmed variants such as Vernon and Calvert. Early Woodland II pottery is characterized by steatite or other heavily tempered ceramics with conoidal bases that were made by the annular ring technique. This ware is referred to as Selden Island Cordmarked. The wide-spread adoption of this pottery type by groups throughout the Middle Atlantic was perhaps due to the fact that sand and grit was such a versatile temper, for groups once far removed from the steatite sources quickly adopted this new medium (Goode 2002:3, 26). Again, small stemmed or notched points are diagnostic artifacts. Sand tempered pottery (Accokeek) is the Early Woodland III descendant of these steatite tempered wares. Rossville/Piscataway points are the diagnostic spear points.

It is important to note that pottery underscores the sedentary nature of these local resident populations. This is not to imply that they did not utilize the inner-riverine or inner- estuarine areas, but rather that this seems to have been done on a seasonal basis by people moving out from established bases. The settlement pattern is essentially a continuation of Late Archaic lifeways with an increasing orientation toward seed harvesting in floodplain locations (Walker 1981). Small group base camps would have been located along Fall Line streams during the spring and early summer in order to take advantage of the anadromous fish runs. Satellite sites such as hunting camps or exploitive foray camps would have operated out of these base camps.

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 10 Middle Woodland (500 BC - A.D 1000)

Diagnostic artifacts from this time period include various grit/crushed rock tempered pottery types including Albemarle and Popes Creek (common in the Coastal Plain) that appeared around 500 BC. A local variant of the net marked pottery is Culpeper ware, found in the Piedmont’s Triassic Basin. Net marking is characteristic of the Middle Woodland I period; however, it is supplanted by fabric impression and cord marking during the Middle Woodland II (Gardner and Walker 1993:4). Cord marked surfaces also occur on Culpeper ware, a sandstone tempered ceramic occasionally found in the Piedmont (Larry Moore, personal communication 1993). The associated projectile points are unclear, but do include small notched and/or stemmed forms. In general, the period from AD 200 to approximately AD 900 sees little population in the Potomac Piedmont.

Late Woodland (AD 1000 to Contact/depopulation)

In the early part of the Late Woodland, the diagnostic ceramics in the Northern Virginia Piedmont region are crushed rock tempered ceramics for which a variety of names, such as Albemarle, Shepherd, etc., are used. The surfaces of the ceramics are primarily cord marked. Later in the Late Woodland, decoration appears around the mouths of the vessels and collars are added to the rims. In the Potomac Piedmont, circa AD 1350-1400, the crushed rock wares are replaced by a limestone tempered and shell tempered ware that spread out of the Shenandoah Valley to at least the mouth of the Monocacy. Below the Fall Line, a crushed rock tempered derivative of the earlier types, known as Potomac Creek ware, is found. Triangular projectile points indicating the use of the bow and arrow are diagnostic as well.

Horticulture was the primary factor affecting Late Woodland settlement choice and the focus was on easily tilled floodplain zones where the larger hamlets and villages were found. This was characteristic of the Piedmont as well as the Coastal Plain to the east and the Shenandoah Valley to the west (Gardner 1982; Kavanaugh 1983). The uplands and other areas were also utilized, for it was here that wild resources would have been gathered. Smaller, non-ceramic sites are found away from the major rivers (Hantman and Klein 1992; Stevens 1989).

Most of the functional categories of sites away from major drainages are small base camps, transient, limited purpose camps, and quarries. Site frequency and size vary according to a number of factors, e.g. proximity to major rivers or streams, distribution of readily available surface water, and the presence of lithic raw material (Gardner 1987). Villages, hamlets, or any of the other more permanent categories of sites are rare to absent in the Piedmont inter-riverine uplands. The pattern of seasonally shifting use of the landscape begins circa 7000 BC, when seasonal variation in resources first becomes marked. By 1800 BC, runs of anadromous fish occur and the Indians spent longer periods of time along the larger rivers, although not necessarily in the Piedmont where the fish runs could not get above Great Falls (Gardner 1982; 1987). It is possible some horticulture or intensive use of local resources appears sometime after 1000 BC, for at

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 11 this time the seasonal movement pattern is reduced somewhat (Gardner 1982). However, even at this time and during the post-AD 900 agriculture era, extension of the exploitative arm into the upland and inter-riverine area through hunting, fishing and gathering remained a necessity.

Perhaps after AD 1400, with the effects of the Little Ice Age, the resulting increased emphasis on hunting and gathering and either a decreased emphasis on horticulture or the need for additional arable land required a larger territory per group, and population pressures resulted in a greater occupation of the Outer Piedmont and Fall Line regions (Gardner 1991; Fiedel 1999; Miller and Walker n.d.). The 15th and 16th centuries were a time of population movement and disruption from the Ridge and Valley to the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. There appear to have been shifting socio-economic alliances over competition for resources and places in the exchange networks. A severe drought may have occurred in the 16th century. More centralized forms of social organization may have developed at this time, and small chiefdoms appeared along major rivers at the Fall Line and in the Inner Coastal Plain at this time. A Fall Line location was especially advantageous for controlling access to critical seasonal resources as well as being points of topographic constriction that facilitated controlling trade arteries (Potter 1993; Jirikowic 1999; Miller and Walker n.d.).

Historic Overview

Early English explorations to the American continent began in 1584 when Sir Walter Raleigh obtained a license from Queen Elizabeth of England to search for "remote heathen lands" in the New World, but all of his efforts to establish a colony failed. In 1606, King James I of England granted to Sir Thomas Gates and others of “The Virginia Company of London” the right to establish two colonies or plantations in the Chesapeake Bay region of North America in order to search “…. For all manner of mines of gold, silver, and copper” (Hening 1823, Vol. I:57-75).

It was in the spring of 1607 that three English ships--the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery, under the command of Captains Newport, Gosnole, and John Smith-- anchored at Cape Henry in the lower Chesapeake Bay. After receiving a hostile reception from native inhabitants, exploring parties were sent out to sail north of Cape Henry. Following explorations in the lower Chesapeake, an island 60 miles up the James River was selected for settlement (Kelso 1995:6-7) and the colonists began building a palisaded fort which came to be called Jamestown. In 1608, Captain Smith surveyed and mapped the Potomac River, locating the various native villages on both sides of the Potomac River. Captain Smith's "Map of Virginia" supplies the first recorded names of the numerous native villages along both sides of the Potomac River. The extensive village network along the Potomac was described as the "trading place of the natives (Gutheim 1986:22-23, 28). After 1620, Indian trade with the lower Coastal Plain English became increasingly intense. Either in response to the increased trade, or to earlier Indian-Indian hostilities, confederations of former disparate aboriginal groups took place.

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 12 Reaffirmed by an "Ancient Charter" dated May 23, 1609, King James outlined the boundaries of the charter of “The Virginia Company”:

"...in that part of America called Virginia, from the point of land, called Cape or Point Comfort, all along the sea coast, to the northward two hundred miles, and from the said point of Cape Comfort, all along the sea coast to the southward two hundred miles, and all that space and circuit of land, lying from the sea coast of the precinct aforesaid, up into the land, throughout from sea to sea, west and northwest; and also all the islands, lying within one hundred miles, along the coast of both seas..." (Hening 1823, Vol. II:88)

In 1611, John Rolfe (who later married Pocahontas in 1614) began experimenting with the planting of "sweet scented" tobacco at his Bermuda Hundred plantation, located at the confluence of the James and Appomattox Rivers. Rolfe's experiments with tobacco altered the economic future of the Virginia colony by establishing tobacco as the primary crop of the colony; this situation lasted until the Revolutionary War (O'Dell 1983:1; Lutz 1954:27). Because tobacco was used as a stable medium of exchange, promissory notes, used as money, were issued for the quantity and quality of tobacco received (Bradshaw 1955:80-81). Landed Virginia estates, bound to the tobacco economy, became independent, self-sufficient plantations, and few towns of any size were established in Virginia prior to the industrialization in the south following the Civil War.

A number of early English entrepreneurs were trading for provisions and furs along the Potomac River in the early 1600s. By 1621, the numbers of fur trappers had increased to the point that their fur trade activities became regulated. Henry Fleet, among the better known of the early Potomac River traders, was trading in 1625 along the Potomac River as far north as the Falls; he then traded with English colonies in New England, settlements in the West Indies, and in London (Gutheim 1986:28-29, 35, 39).

The first Virginia Assembly, convened by Sir (Governor) George Yeardley at James City in June of 1619, increased the number of corporations or boroughs in the colony from seven to eleven. In 1623, the first laws were made by the Virginia Assembly establishing the Church of England in the colony. These regulated the colonial settlements in relationship to Church rule, established land rights, provided some directions on tobacco and corn planting, and included other miscellaneous items such as the provision “…That every dwelling house shall be pallizaded in for defence against the Indians” (Hening 1823, Vol. I:119-129).

In 1617, four parishes--James City, Charles City, Henrico and Kikotan--were established in the Virginia colony. By 1630, the colony had expanded, now comprised of a population of about 5,000 persons; this necessitated the creation of new shires, or counties, to compensate for the courts which had become inadequate (Hiden 1980:3, 6). In 1634, that part of Virginia located south of the Rappahannock River was divided into eight shires called James City, Henrico, Charles City, Elizabeth Citty [sic], Warwick

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 13 River, Warrosquyoake, Charles River, and Accawmack, all to be “…governed as the shires in England” (Hening 1823, Vol. I:224). Ten years later, in 1645, Northumberland County, located on the north side of the Rappahannock River, was established “…for the reduceing of the inhabitants of Chickcouan [district] and other parts of the neck of land between Rappahanock River and Potomack River,” thus enabling European settlement north of the Rappahannock River and Northern Virginia (Hening 1823, Vol. I:352-353).

Prior to 1692, most lands in the Virginia Colony were issued by the Governor of the colony as Virginia Land Grants. In 1618, a provision of 100 acres of land had been made for "Ancient Planters," or those adventurers and planters who had established themselves as permanent settlers. Thereafter, Virginia Land Grants were issued by the "headright" system by which "any person who paid his own way to Virginia should be assigned 50 acres of land...and if he transported at his owne cost one or more persons he should...be awarded 50 acres of land" for each (Nugent 1983:XXIV).

King Charles I was beheaded in January 1648/9 during the mid-17th century Civil Wars in England. His son, Prince Charles II, was crowned King of England by seven loyal supporters, including two Culpeper brothers, during his exile near France in September 1649. For their support, King Charles granted his loyal followers "The Northern Neck," or all that land lying between the Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers in the Virginia colony; the grant was to expire in 1690. King Charles II was subsequently restored to the English throne in 1660.

In 1677, Thomas, Second Lord Culpeper, became successor to Governor Berkley in Virginia, and by 1681 he had purchased the six Northern Neck interests of the other proprietors. The Northern Neck grant (due to expire in 1690) was reaffirmed by England in perpetuity to Lord Culpeper in 1688. Lord Culpeper died in 1689, and four-fifths of the Northern Neck interest passed in 1690 to his daughter, Katherine Culpeper, who married Thomas, the fifth Lord Fairfax. The Northern Neck became vested and was affirmed to Thomas, Lord Fairfax, in 1692 (Kilmer and Sweig 1975:5-9). In 1702, Lord Fairfax appointed an agent, Robert Carter of Lancaster County, Virginia, to rent the Northern Neck lands for nominal quit rents, usually two shillings sterling per acre (Hening 1820, Vol. IV:514-523; Kilmer and Sweig 1975:1-2, 7, 9).

The extent and boundaries of the Northern Neck were not established until two separate surveys of the Northern Neck were conducted. These were begun in 1736, and a final agreement was reached between 1745 and 1747 (Kilmer and Sweig 1975:13-14).

The original European settlements in what is today Fauquier County were established by pioneers of predominantly German and English ancestry. The first settlement was Brent Town (1686), established on a 30,000 acre tract purchased from Lord Culpeper. The Elk Run (or Elk Marsh) settlement was established by 1715, to the west of the Brent Town settlement. The population totaled approximately 80 persons at that time, but had grown to 860 by 1734 (Fauquier County Bicentennial Committee 1959:15). The Seneca tribe of

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 14 Native Americans occupied Elk Marsh at the time the area was first surveyed in 1710. In 1721, the settlement of Germantown was established on Licking Run.

With the Treaty of Albany of 1722, the Iroquois relinquished rights to the Piedmont, moving to the west of the Rappahannock River. This cleared the way for further settlement of the region. In the mid-1720s, wealthy land speculators entered what was to become Fauquier County through Thoroughfare Gap, and in 1726 the first European settlement in the northern portion of the county was made at White Plains, near the present day town of the Plains.

Prior to the Revolutionary War, the majority of the lands in Fauquier County were held by Thomas, Lord Fairfax, in Leeds Manor (122,852 acres) and by the Robert Carter heirs who held extensive holdings across northern Virginia (Harrison 1987:203). Divided tracts of Leeds Manor were leased to tobacco planters and their immediate family members or jointly to friends for a period of "three-lives" (99 years). The majority of the Carter lands, after quarters were established and descendants settled on the properties, were also leased for periods of 21 or 99 years.

Research provided by Wendy Wheatcraft of the Fauquier County Planning Division provides some insight into the history of the Bull Run Mountain site in the 18th century; documentation of this research is included in Appendix I. John Mercer received two land grants in 1737, one of which included the study property; a grant of June 11, 1737 of “3500 acres w/part of Bull Run Mountain, Bull Run & Hunger Run, adjoining other tract” and a grant of June 9, 1737 for “2131 acres Bull Run & Hunger Run, adjacent land assigned to Mercer by Maurice Veal” (see Appendix I). The lands remained in the Mercer family for almost 40 years and there is no evidence of settlement on the lands during this period.

Fauquier County was established from the western part of Prince William County by an Act of the Virginia Assembly passed on February 22, 1759 (Hening 1820, Vol. VII:311- 312). Parent counties of Fauquier County, created from the Indian District of Chicacoan in 1645, were Northumberland County (1645-1651), Lancaster County (1651-1653), Westmoreland County (1653-1664), Stafford (1664-1731) and Prince William (1731- 1759).

In the mid -18th century the area surrounding the present town of Marshall was sparsely populated. During the 1760’s, settlers of English, Irish, and Scottish descent flowed in from the tidewater counties. A very high percentage of the residents of mid -18th century Fauquier County owned African slaves, although only a few families owned more than a couple of slaves (Russell and Gott 1976:14). The population and extent of settled lands had increased so much that, by May of 1769, the Minister and parishioners of the Parish of Hamilton had petitioned the Virginia Assembly for the creation of a new Parish (Gott 1987:8, 9).

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 15 Just prior to the onset of the American Revolution, in November 1774, over 4,000 acres in the holdings of the Mercer family were sold at public auction. By a deed dated November 21, 1774, a 470 acre tract of this land that included the location of the Bull Run Mountain site was conveyed to “John Monday of Fauquier County…from George Mercer of Virginia at present of the City of London esq. of the first part, Mary Wroughton of the City of Bath in the Kingdom of Great Britain, spinster, of the second part and John Tayloe and George Washington of the said Colony esq attorneys in fact of the said George Mercer and Mary Wroughton of the third part” (Fauquier County, Virginia Deeds 6:20; see Appendix I).

Monday paid £900 for the tract. Washington, as recorded in his journals, was empowered to auction the lands and settle the estate of James Mercer’s late father at West’s Ordinary in Loudoun County, Virginia. Washington noted that the lands included “a good deal of exceeding poor and broken ground” and sold for prices well below the estate valuation made in 1767 (see Appendix I).

During the Revolutionary War, British subjects who held land and property in the Virginia colony were deemed to be enemy aliens and their lands and personal property in Virginia, including slaves, were ordered by the Virginia Legislature to be seized as Commonwealth property in 1777 (Hening 1822, Vol. X:66-71). Heirs to the Fairfax family holding the Northern Neck were considered enemy aliens and subject to losing their land. “American citizens” in possession of leased Northern Neck lands at the time the Fairfax lands escheated obtained fee simple titles to the property by obtaining a certificate from the Governor of the Commonwealth, completing a Northern Neck Survey of the leased lands and paying a small fee.

Shipments of "State Arms" from Philadelphia were warehoused for the Northern Neck militia at Nolands Ferry on the south bank of the Potomac River in Loudoun County and at Fauquier Court House (now Warrenton) during the Revolutionary War. The Northern Neck militia was composed of men drafted from the counties of Loudoun, Fauquier, and Culpeper (Palmer 1881:223, 257, 308). In July 1781, a report listing State Arms being shipped for the militia enumerated the following stands of armament:

“... in a return of the State Arms coming on from Philadelphia, 275 muskets and 104 bayonets are lodged at Fredericksburg, and 841 Muskets and 465 Bayonets at Fauquier Court House. This would make more than the number allowed by 116 -- At Noland's there are 920 muskets and 486 bayonets...” (Palmer 1881:258).

After the Revolutionary War, the population of Fauquier began to grow. The movement included not only a few Virginians who had inherited earlier land grants on Goose Creek, but also the many descendants of the original Irish settlers of the lands below Fauquier Court House who could now obtain fee simple titles (Harrison 1987:332). In 1782, the first post-Revolutionary War list of "tithables" for Fauquier County listed 1,747 white males and 5,168 slaves. "Tithables" were legally identified to be white males and slaves

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 16 of both sexes 16 years old and older. The 1790 U.S. Population Census for Fauquier County listing individuals of all ages showed 5,657 white males, 5,500 white females, 6,642 slaves, and 93 "other free persons" residing in the county (Greene 1932:152, 154).

The Virginia Assembly passed an Act to establish several towns (including Salem, now known as Marshall) on December 14, 1796. This Act named the trustees and provided for the sale of lots on which a house at least 16 square feet must be built within seven years. Salem, a village with an economy based on lumbering, was established at the intersection of two pre-Revolutionary War roads. One road ran west from Dumfries, through Haymarket and Thoroughfare Gap, where Chapman’s Mill (also known as Beverly’s Mill) had been built in 1758. The other road, also originating in Dumfries, passed through Neville’s Ordinary (now known as Auburn) and continued west across the Pignut Range and into the Shenandoah Valley through Ashby’s Gap (Gott 1959:5).

John Monday seems to have retained the lands that included the study area throughout the late 18th century. There is no definitive evidence that Monday resided on the property and documents show that he owned lands and enslaved laborers prior to his purchase of the lands that include the study property in 1774 (see Appendix I). However, by a deed dated January 19, 1802; Monday conveyed 420 acres “… [including] the graveyard as enclosed at present within the stone walls” and the study property to James Battson of Loudoun County, Virginia (see Appendix I; Fauquier County, Virginia Deeds 15:62). The existence of a cemetery on the property by 1802 suggests that the land was settled and had been occupied for some years by the early 19th century. It is not clear whether the referenced cemetery was one of the two burying places associated with Bull Run Mountain property or, perhaps, another cemetery on the tract.

Just more than a decade after, on Feb 22, 1813; a tract of 229 ¼ acres “being part of a larger tract sold by John Monday to James Battson, dec’d, and now in the possession of William Battson,” was conveyed from “Jesse McVeigh and John Battson, executors to the estate of James Battson, dec’d pursuant to his last will and testament of the County of Loudoun of the first part, To William Battson of the County of Fauquier” for the sum of $1,143.75 (see Appendix I Fauquier County, Virginia Deeds 18:593).

In 1820, during the agricultural depression in Virginia, the U.S. Census population of Fauquier County was enumerated at 23,103 and in 1830 at 26,086 (Martin 1836:171). The census indicates an increase of nearly 3,000 persons in Fauquier County within the decade in contrast to surrounding counties showing population decreases during the same period.

A major impact to the agricultural landscape and network of roadways throughout Fauquier County in the 1850s was the opening and routing of the Manassas Gap Railroad and the Orange and Alexandria Railroad through the county. The Orange and Alexandria Railroad was incorporated by an Act of the Virginia Assembly on March 27, 1848 (Commonwealth of Virginia 1848:190-193); the Manassas Gap Railroad was incorporated by an Act of the Virginia Assembly on March 9, 1850 (Commonwealth of

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 17 Virginia 1851:73-74). The Orange and Alexandria Railroad was completed across the lower portion of the county in 1851, connecting Remington, Bealeton, Midland, Calverton and Catlett with Culpeper to the west and Manassas to the east. The Manassas Gap Railroad, completed at about the same time, crossed the northern portion of the county, running from Front Royal to the west through Markham, Rectortown, Delaplane, Marshall, and The Plains to Manassas.

Following the death of William Battson, by a deed dated January 1, 1855; the executor of Battson’s estate, Jonathan Tavener, conveyed to Ann Maria Beard, lands containing the study property, described as part of a “tract adjoining lands of the late John Sullivan …conveyed to William Battson by Jesse McVeigh on Feb 22, 1813 containing 229 ¼ acres” (see Appendix I; Fauquier County, Virginia Deeds 54:354).

On the night of December 26, 1860, Major Robert Anderson moved his troops from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Subsequently, on April 15, 1861, President Lincoln sent a reinforcement fleet of war vessels from New York to Fort Sumter to suppress the rebellion in the southern states. Two days later, the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union, adopting the Virginia Ordinance of Secession on April 17, 1861, and forming a provisional Confederate government (Gallagher 1989:29; Boatner 1991:729; The Virginia State Library 1965:134). The State formally seceded from the Union on May 23, 1861, by a vote of 97,000 to 32,000 (Bowman 1985:51, 55).

While none of the larger battles of the Civil War were fought in Fauquier County, the railroad lines were vital for the movement of troops and supplies. In addition to the railroads playing a major role as mechanisms for transportation during the war, the road from Warrenton to Haymarket (Route 15/29) appears to have been in continual use throughout the war as skirmishes were fought at both ends of the war. For example, the Index to the War of the Rebellion lists 11 skirmishes at Warrenton (Warrenton Junction) during the fall and winter of 1862, the spring of May 1863, and the fall and winter of 1863/1864 (Moodey 1901:1020).

On July 18, 1861, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was ordered from the Valley to join Beauregard at Manassas Junction. Approximately 9,000 infantry men moved toward Piedmont (now Delaplane) where they boarded trains for Manassas Junction; the cavalry, artillery and wagon train continued by road. On July 21st, the first Battle of Manassas was fought.

One year later, General Pope’s troops, concentrated near Warrenton, were moved toward Gordonsville; his troops were met by Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Run, south of Culpeper Courthouse. The engagement on August 9, 1862, left Jackson retiring across the Rapidan while Pope moved to Rappahannock Station (now Remington). General Lee, moving north to reinforce Jackson, set up camp on the south bank of the Rappahannock in late August. Union troops, advancing on this position, forced the Confederates to retire to the south side of the river. Meanwhile, General J.E.B. Stuart crossed the river with his

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 18 cavalry and, moving through Warrenton, hit the Federal supply depot at Catlett’s Station.

The 1862 McDowell map shows the western flanks of the Bull Run Mountain but no dwellings within the project area. The nearest settlement is the village of Hopeville, seven dwellings a few miles south of the project area (Exhibit 4).

On August 25, 1862, Jackson began a march toward Thoroughfare Gap, crossing Fauquier County through Salem. On the 27th, his 20,000 troops destroyed the Federal supplies at Manassas Junction. General Pope’s Union forces took positions around Manassas Junction; on August 29th and 30th, the Second Battle of Manassas was fought.

In late October, McClellan’s Army of the Potomac was concentrated near Warrenton. On November 7th, he was relieved of his command and General Burnside took over; the move on Fredericksburg began within the week. In July, 1863, General Meade set up operations at Warrenton.

On September 28, 1863, the last major maneuvering of large forces through Fauquier County began. General Lee had learned that two corps of Meade’s Army of the Potomac had been withdrawn to reinforce Chattannoga; he planned an offensive even though his forces were outnumbered approximately 80,700 to 50,000 at best (Scheel 1985:65); this was to be the campaign known as Bristoe, in which the Federal troops won a decisive victoryon October 14, 1863.

A survey of the Orange and Alexandria and the Manassas Gap Railroad in 1863 was mapped by Jedediah Hotchkiss of the Confederate Topographical Engineers (Exhibit 5). The Hotchkiss map shows the Manassas Gap Railroad running northwest from Manassas Junction through Thoroughfare Gap, and through "The Plains" north of Warrenton. The Orange and Alexandria Railroad ran from Manassas Junction southwest to a terminal in Warrenton. No dwellings are shown within the project area on the Hotchkiss map. A settlement at Landmark, located a few miles northeast of the project area and the village of Hopewell, located a few miles southwest of the project area, are also shown..

The town of Salem (Marshall), located several miles west of the study area, was not the scene of any important military engagements, both Confederate and Union forces passed through or camped nearby (Gott 1959:22). Salem was a part of ‘Mosby’s Confederacy’, that area home to Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby’s Rangers. On October 5, 1864, a force of about 200 under Mosby engaged a Federal force numbering about 800 near Marshall. The Union troops, detailed to repair a section of the Manassas Gap Railroad that had been destroyed by General Jackson in 1862, came under artillery fire from Colonel Mosby’s forces who were positioned on Stephenson’s Hill, south of the town. The Union forces retreated toward Rectortown and Mosby’s Rangers pursued them, capturing between 40 and 50 men and the Federal camp at Marshall. During the shelling, the brick railroad station caught fire and burned (Gott 1959:23).

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Approximate Location of Project Area 00.5

Miles Map Source: Map of N. Eastern Virginia and Vicinity of Washington. Compiled by General Irvin Mc Dowell, Original Scale: 1 " = 0.5 miles January 1862. United States. Corps of Topographical Engineers". Library of Congress Geography and Map Division. Washington, D.C. Historic Map Scale: 1" = 1 mile. ® Exhibit 4 1862 McDowell Map

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Approximate Location of Project Area 00.5

Miles Map Source: "A Map of Fauquier County, VA Original Scale: 1 " = 0.5 miles compiled from various sources ...including personal reconnaissance by J. Hotchkiss, Acting Top Engineer 2nd Corp. NV. March 1863". Historic Map Scale: 1" = 2 miles. ® Exhibit 5 1863 Hotchkiss Map Fauquier County, VA Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI # 22316.01 - December 2013 Page 21 In a dispatch dated October 9, 1864. James A. Seddon, Confederate States Secretary of War described the engagement: “Colonel Mosby reports that a body of about a thousand of the enemy advanced up the Manassas road on the 4th, with trains of cars loaded with railroad material, and occupied Salem and Rectortown. He attacked them at Salem, defeating them, capturing fifty prisoners, all their baggage, camp equipage, stores, etc., and killed and wounded a considerable number. His loss, two wounded. The enemy is now entrenched at Rectortown, with two long trains of cars. The railroad is torn up and bridges burned in their rear, and all communications cut.

“All work repairing the railroad was stopped, and both the soldiers and workmen went to building stockades for their own safety. A courier was sent immediately to Gordonsville with a telegram to General Lee informing him of the movement on the railroad. In reply General Lee said, "Your success at Salem gives great satisfaction. Do all in your power to prevent reconstruction of the road” (Mosby 1998:308).

In an undated fragment of a letter to Mrs. Mosby, Colonel Mosby probably refers to this action, writing:

“…at Salem, and completely routed them. Captured fifty prisoners, and all their baggage, tents, rations, etc. Yesterday in a fight near the Plains my horse (or rather yours) ran entirely through the Yankees in a charge. He was badly shot and tumbled over me, but we whipped them. They are camped all along the railroad. Bowie, Ames, have both been killed. I don't think the Yankees will be here long. I will bring you all over as soon [as they leave the Manassas railroad].

“The intentions of the enemy were now plainly developed, and it was my duty to do all I could to defeat them. To do so with my slender means looked a good deal like going to sea in a saucer. The troops at Salem fled to Rectortown, where the railroad runs through a gorge. Here they took shelter. On the sixth and seventh we shelled them to keep them on the defensive. My guns could not be depressed sufficiently to do them much damage, but the enemy kept under cover.” (Mosby 1998:309).

Mosby’s guerilla war in northwestern Virginia led to Federal recriminations against the citizenry of the area as illustrated by this passage from a Confederate newspaper in 1864, supposedly documenting a Federal dispatch:

“The following is a clear admission of the injuries Mosby has been inflicting on the enemy of late. When they begin war on unoffending persons in this way it is evidence of the desperation to which they are driven.

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 22 “Working parties are now engaged in felling timber on each side of the Manassas Gap Railroad, to prevent its use by guerrillas as a place of concealment. Orders have been issued that if another attack should be made on a Government train, similar to the last one, in which so many lives were lost, every house of a rebel within five miles of the road, on either side, shall be immediately destroyed, meanwhile every train bears a party of rebel sympathizers, selected from the abundant number in Alexandria, to receive such bullets as their friends the guerrillas may choose to fire at them. Three physicians and one clergyman were among the first party thus sent.” (Mosby 1998:331).

On March 27, 1865, Colonel Mosby was put in command of all northern Virginia. On April 8th came the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. Mosby summoned his command, the 43rd Battalion Virginia Calvary, to Salem (Marshall) on April 21, 1865, inspected the troops, had a letter of farewell read to each squadron, and personally bid the men adieu along Main Street, disbanding the Rangers (Gott 1959:24-25).

The post-Civil War reconstruction period, often referred to in northern Virginia as a period of "disharmonious reunion," was a period of economic rehabilitation and social adjustment. In addition to dividing the counties into districts and a public focus on education, the State of Virginia experienced a period of "Political Resignation, Disillusionment, and Reaction" from 1865 to 1877 (Poland 1976:VIII). The Virginia Constitution also disenfranchised all southerners who had served in a civil capacity or in the military, and required an oath by anyone seeking public office (Church and Reese 1965:134; Woods 1901:24, 25, 119).

The 1876 Fauquier County map shows a dwelling within the project area. The dwelling is labeled J. Creel for John Creel who acquired the property from Miss Ann M. Beard on July 1, 1894 and was most likely living in the property as a tenant on 1876 (see Appendix I; Fauquier County, Virginia Deeds 86:222). The map also shows a dwelling associated with J.Creél just north of the project area and the town of Hopewell a few miles to the southwest (Exhibit 6). A 154 acre tract containing the study property was subsequently conveyed from Miss Martha E. Creel and Miss Louisa Creel to William C. Robinson by a deed of September 2, 1904 (see Appendix I; Fauquier County, Virginia Deeds 97:373).

Utilities such as water service and telephones began to be introduced into the county circa 1886. On March 1, 1886, the Virginia Assembly approved the incorporation of the Fauquier County Telephone Company (Commonwealth of Virginia 1887:195). The following year, the Warrenton and Marshall Road Company was incorporated to build a macadamized road from the town of Warrenton north to the town of Marshall (Commonwealth of Virginia 1887:278-280). In 1900, regulation of roads within the State was transferred from the state to the county level. Within Fauquier County, a county supervisor, a commissioner of roads, and one justice of the peace were appointed to

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Approximate Location of Project Area 00.5

Miles Map Source: "Map of Fauquier County Original Scale: 1 " = 0.5 miles Virginia. 1876." Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington D.C. VA, 1914". Historic Map Scale: Unknown. ® Exhibit 6 1876 Fauquier County Map Fauquier County, VA Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI # 22316.01 - December 2013 Page 24 locate, open, change and repair the highways, road and bridges in the county (Commonwealth of Virginia 1900:157-163).

At the turn of the 20th century, Fauquier County was rated twelfth in the State in commercial fruit production; the orchards were located primarily in the northern part of the county. For the period of 1919-1924, the Markham community, in the western portion of the county, was the leading community for shipments of apples ranging from a low of three train carloads in the 1921/1922 season to 144 carloads in the 1924/1925 season. Extensive peach orchards (with over 34,316 trees) were located in the central portion of the county (McCarty 1974:31).

The 1914 Board of Trade map shows the dwelling within the project area but no labels have been added. The map also shows an increase in residential dwellings along Bull Run Mountain Road and around the towns of Landmark and Hopewell (Exhibit 7).

A 1927 supplement to the Fauquier Democrat newspaper consists of various narratives discussing the history of Fauquier County and its current socio-economic development status. Although agriculture was the leading economic industry in the county at the time:

"... citizens preferred to be known as the place where fine horses were bred, raised and entered in field days, and race meets, which, to the natives, are a day of pleasure and sport ... Thousands attend these events each year, large numbers coming from New York, Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond." (McCarty 1974:3, 4).

In addition to the horse races, Fauquier County had a polo club and several hunt clubs, including a Junior Hunt Club and an annual pony show. Animal husbandry was important in the county which was known for drawing the highest market prices for cattle and for raising the finest strains of beef and dairy cattle and "every known strain of poultry” (McCarty 1974:3, 4).

In 1956, the U.S. Congress passed legislation creating the Highway Trust Fund which initiated the development of the Interstate Highway System. Condemnations within the county for the route of Interstate I-66 began circa 1962 (Netherton et al. 1992:596, 597, 601). A road map of Fauquier County published circa 1965 shows Interstate 66 as a proposed route. At this time the population of the county suggested a rural county (24,066) in comparison to the population of adjoining Prince William County (50,165) and Fairfax County (262,482) in the Washington D.C. suburban area (Church and Reese 1965:19, 26).

The economy of Fauquier County has historically been based on agriculture. In addition to farming and livestock management, quarrying and lumbering activities have added to the economy of the area. Today the population of the county continues to rise as the area becomes increasingly attractive to commuters to the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Even with these pressures toward urbanization, the county continues to be dominated by

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Approximate Location of Project Area 00.5

Miles Map Source: "Map of Fauquier County Virginia. Original Scale: 1 " = 0.5 miles Published by the Fauquier Board of Trade, Warrenton. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington D.C. VA, 1914". Historic Map Scale: 1" = 1 mile. ® Exhibit 7 1914 Board of Trade Map Fauquier County, VA Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI # 22316.01 - December 2013 Page 26 agriculture and livestock related activities.

Middleburg USGS Quad Maps from 1933, 1944, 1946, 1968, 1977, and a revised map from 1981 show the dwelling within the project area and the mountainous topography of the area in high detail. The rural character of the surrounding area around the Bull Run Mountain House remains during the 20th century with very little development (Exhibits 8-12).

PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

The following inventory of previously recorded cultural resources within and near the project area was established using the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) online Virginia Cultural Resource Information System (V-CRIS), as well as examining cultural resource files and reports at the Thunderbird Archeology office in Gainesville, Virginia (Exhibit 13). DHR inventory forms for relevant resources are included in Appendix II.

One archeological site and two architectural resources have been recorded within the current project area.

The archeological component of the Bull Run Mountain House (44FQ0313) was first explored and recorded during a Phase IA conducted by Dovetail CRG in May of 2013 for the Department of Community Development in Fauquier County (Barille et al. 2013). The survey methodology consisted primarily of pedestrian reconnaissance and photographic documentation; Dovetail also conducted subsurface excavations with the excavation of five judgmentally placed shovel test pits (STPs) across portions of the property considered high potential for archeological site locations. A total of four artifacts were recovered from two STPs. The finds included two clear bottle glass fragments, one porcelain foot rim fragment and one un-galvanized wire nail (). As a result of the Phase IA investigation, site 44FX0313 was recommended eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion D.

According to the DHR resource inventory, architectural resource component of the Bull Run Mountain House (030-0600) was first recorded during a Phase II/ Intensive survey by Cynthia MacLeod in July of 1979. The dwelling, a one and a half story circa 1810 stone-masonry building with a one and a half story addition was not recommended eligible for listing on the NRHP due to extensive interior modifications. A Phase I/Reconnaissance survey conducted in August of 2010 by Millennium Preservation Services LLC resulted in the addition of several secondary elements; a single-bay stone springhouse with a reconstructed asphalt shingle roof built, circa 1810, over the waters of Bartons Creek, a fieldstone marked cemetery located 180 feet west of the dwelling, a circa 1960 one story cinderblock secondary dwelling with a contemporary cinderblock shed and one frame shed, a small cemetery with carved gravestones adjacent to the secondary dwelling, stone piles from field clearing or a possible wall located between the two cemeteries and the Hungry Run Road trace.

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Project Area 02,000

Feet Original Scale: 1 " = 2,000 ' Latitude: 38°54'15'' N Longitude: 77°41'14'' W ® Exhibit 8 USGS Quad Map Middleburg, VA 1933 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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Project Area 02,000

Feet Original Scale: 1 " = 2,000 ' Latitude: 38°54'15'' N Longitude: 77°41'14'' W ® Exhibit 9 USGS Quad Map Middleburg, VA 1944 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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Project Area 02,000

Feet Original Scale: 1 " = 2,000 ' Latitude: 38°54'15'' N Longitude: 77°41'14'' W ® Exhibit 10 USGS Quad Map Middleburg, VA 1946 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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Project Area 02,000

Feet Original Scale: 1 " = 2,000 ' Latitude: 38°54'15'' N Longitude: 77°41'14'' W ® Exhibit 11 USGS Quad Map Middleburg, VA 1968 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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Project Area 02,000

Feet Original Scale: 1 " = 2,000 ' Latitude: 38°54'15'' N Longitude: 77°41'14'' W ® Exhibit 12 USGS Quad Map Middleburg, VA 1977 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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030-0910

030-0626

030-5579

030-0600

030-5514 44PW0076

Historic Overlay Districts DHR Architectural Resource 01,500 Feet DHR Archeological Site Original Scale: 1 " = 1,500 ' Project Area 1 Mile Radius From Center of Project Area Photo Source: National Agriculture Imagery Program - 2012 Natural Color Imagery ® Exhibit 13 DHR Architectural Resources and Archeological Sites Map

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI # 22316.01 - December 2013 Page 33 Millennium Preservation Services LLC determined that the resource does not appear to individually be eligible for listing in the NRHP but that there are few examples of stone- masonry houses with preserved exterior in Fauquier County such as resources 030-0600 which deserves more documentation and preservation and should be granted a protection easement by the Virginia Outdoors Foundation. A Phase I/Reconnaissance level architectural survey was conducted on the property by Dovetail CRG in May 2013 (Barille et al. 2013). Aside from the primary resource only the fieldstone marked cemetery and the springhouse were considered during this survey as they are directly associated with the main resource. In addition a poured concrete privy a stone wall in a ruinous condition and a previously undocumented road trace, all located southeast of the main dwelling, were added to architectural resource 030-0600. Dovetail CRG noted that the main dwelling is good example of a late-18th or early-19th- century stone dwelling in Fauquier County that retains its original exterior form and that the additions and repairs to the structure were carried out without altering the historic image of the dwelling; Dovetail CRG recommended architectural resource 030-0600 eligible for listing on the NRHP under criterions A and C.

Architectural resource 030-5579 is the Little River Rural Historic District which represents approximately 23,000 rural acres of primarily farmsteads. The district is located in the northeast quadrant of Fauquier County. It is bordered by the Cromwell’s Run and Broad Run/Little Georgetown Rural Historic Districts and the Middleburg Civil War Battlefield. The district encompasses an area of approximately 8 miles, south-to- north and 6.75 miles wide, west-to-east. Historically the lands within the District were agricultural. Contributing resources include dwellings, mill ruins, barns, silos and stables and dwellings. Greek, Colonial and Tudor Revival buildings are all represented as are Federal, Bungalow and Vernacular types. Of note are at least six confirmed residences designed by architect William Lawrence Bottomley in addition to a Colonial Revival home constructed of splayed cinder blocks that simulate weatherboard, a style that maybe unique to the Little River area. Efforts to list the District on the NRHP began in January 2010 by The Goose Creek Association. The DHR determined the District eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A (Settlement) and Criterion C (Architecture) with a period of significance of 1760 to 1960 in January 2010. Millennium Preservation Services LLC submitted the NRHP nomination for resource 030-5579, the Little River Rural Historic District, on May 1, 2013. The Bull Run Mountain House (030-0600) investigated in this report is within and a contributing element to the Little River Rural Historic District.

No archeological sites and one architectural resource have been identified within a one- mile radius of the project area apart from the sites and resources mentioned that are located within or encompass the project area.

Architectural resource 030-0910 is a ± 50 acre farmstead located just under a mile north of the project area. The resource includes a two-story, seven-bay, frame dwelling with a circa 1820 log dwelling incorporated into the plan, a circa 1930 stone wall that flanks a sidewalk leading to the dwelling, a circa 1930 barn and a circa 1950 machine shed. This

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 34 resource has not been evaluated by DHR for listing in the NRHP but is a contributing element within the Little River Rural Historic District (030-5579).

RESEARCH EXPECTATIONS

The following presents an assessment of the probability that archeological sites will occur within the project area based on topography, drainage, the presence of roads and historic map projection.

Based on previous archeological and architectural investigations, the limited excavations conducted in the immediate vicinity of the Bull Run Mountain as a part of this project were anticipated to result in the recovery of artifacts associated with the early 20th century-, 19th century-, and possibly 18th century-occupations of the house with the possibility of late 18th century artifacts.

The probability for locating prehistoric sites generally depends on the variables of topography, proximity to water, and internal drainage. Sites are more likely on well- drained landforms of low relief in close proximity to water.

The project area was assessed with a moderate to high potential for the presence of prehistoric archeological sites due to its low relief topographic setting of the property and the proximity to water sources. As previously discussed the Bull Run Mountain site is situated in a saddle between two very steep-sided ridges. Drainage ways leading to Barton’s Creek in the southwest and Hungry Run in the northeast emerge from the vicinity of the project area. The relatively flat terrain and the multiple water resources would have made the location attractive for prehistoric occupations, especially on the south facing slope of the saddle which provides shelter from north winds in winter.

FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS

Fieldwork

The Phase I field methodology included both the use of surface reconnaissance and shovel testing. However, because the main goal of the investigation is to extract information from the immediate vicinity around the standing stone-masonry dwelling, shovel testing was limited to an area of 180 feet, north to south, and 150 feet, east to west. Shovel Test Pits (STPs) where excavated within this grid at 25 foot intervals, no additional STPs were excavated between find locations. After analyzing the results from shovel testing two test units were placed in areas of high artifact density in order to recover a greater sample of the archeological assemblage, determine the presence or absence of subsurface features in said artifact concentrations, and to serve as a didactic tool during the public outreach component of this project. The surface reconnaissance examination of areas of exposed soils (e.g. cut banks, tree falls, machinery cuts, soils exposed by erosion, etc.).

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 35 Shovel test pits measured at least 15 inches in diameter and test units consisted of 3 feet by 3 feet square excavation, both were excavated in natural or cultural soil horizons, depending upon the specific field conditions. Excavations ceased when gleyed soils, gravel, water, or well developed B horizons too old for human occupation were reached. All excavated soils were screened through 1/4-inch mesh hardware cloth screens and were classified and recorded according to standard pedological designations (A, Ap, B, C, etc.); excepting the terms Fill, which are used to describe culturally modified, disturbed or transported sediments and soils. Such use of the terms is consistent with use in standard geomorphological studies and recordation of geo-boring profiles in environmental studies. Soil colors were described using Munsell Soil Color Chart designations and soil textures were described using the United States Department of Agriculture soil texture triangle. Artifacts recovered during Phase I shovel testing and test unit excavation were bagged and labeled by unit number and soil horizon.

The location of each shovel test pit and test unit was mapped; unless otherwise noted, the graphic representation of the test pits and other features depicted in this report are not to scale and their field location is approximate.

Laboratory

All artifacts were cleaned, inventoried, and curated. Historic artifacts were separated into four basic categories: glass, metal, ceramics, and miscellaneous. The ceramics were identified as to ware type, method of decoration, and separated into established types, following South (1977), Miller (1992) and Magid (1990). All glass was examined for color, method of manufacture, function, etc., and dated primarily on the basis of method of manufacture when the method could be determined (Hurst 1990). Metal and miscellaneous artifacts were generally described; the determination of a beginning date is sometimes possible, as in the case of nails.

The prehistoric artifacts were classified by cultural historical and functional types and lithic material. In addition, the debitage was studied for the presence of striking platforms and cortex, wholeness, quantity of flaking scars, signs of thermal alteration, size, and presence or absence of use. Chunks are fragments of lithic debitage which, although they appear to be culturally modified, do not exhibit clear flake or core morphology.

Artifacts were entered into a Structured Query Language (SQL) Server database in order to record all aspects of an artifact description. For each artifact, up to 48 different attributes are measured and recorded in the database. Once entered in the SQL Server database, users can create queries and reports through a Microsoft Access front end. Several pre-existing report templates are available, or users can create custom queries and reports for complex and unique analyses. The use of a relational database system to store artifact data permits a huge variety of options when storing and analyzing data. A complete inventory of all the artifacts recovered can be found in Appendix III of this report.

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 36 RESULTS OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

A limited Phase I archeological investigation was conducted of the ±0.65 acre portion of the ±3.3 acre site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House site located in Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve in Fauquier County, Virginia (see Exhibits 1 and 2). As a complete Phase I investigation of the property has not been conducted, the boundaries of archeological site 44FQ0313 have been projected based on the presence of structures directly associated with the Bull Run Mountain house and in consideration of natural topographic features that likely serve as boundaries of portions of the site (Exhibit 14). Structures included within the site boundary are the stone-masonry dwelling (Plate 1), the fieldstone marked cemetery (Plate 2), a modern/ late historic well (Plate 3), the remains of a stone wall and a poured concrete privy (Plate 4). A concentration of rubble stone was found within the site boundaries and could potentially be the location of a structure or possibly the result of field clearing at the periphery of the site.

The topography of site 44FQ0313 is comprised of a saddle between the steep slopes of two significant ridges. The site encompasses the expanse of the saddle and is limited topographically to the north and south by two deep cut drains, to the east by steep slopes. In the west, the site extends along a relatively gentle terrace where an associated cemetery is located. Drainage to the north is into Hungry Run and to drainage to the south is into Barton’s Creek.

The vegetation along the margins of the site consist of is of mature deciduous forest (Plate 5). Vegetation in the central portion of the site has been cleared leaving only stumps of several large specimen trees in the dwelling’s grassy lawn (Plate 6).

A total of 37 shovel test pits were excavated at 25 foot intervals in the immediate vicinity of the historic dwelling (Exhibit 15). The most common profile was that of a plowed horizon (Ao/Ap horizon) overlying subsoil (B horizon), as seen in the profile of STP 14 (Exhibit 16):

STP 14 Ao/ Ap horizon: 0-7.2 inches below surface - [7.5YR 4/3] brown silt loam B horizon: 7.2-12 inches below surface - [5YR 4/6] yellowish red clay with manganese and quartz inclusions

This stratigraphic profile was found in the yard area in numerous STPs to the south and east of the dwelling. The profiles of several STPs placed adjacent to the dwelling showed an occupational accretion stratum (Ao/Yard Ap) overlying subsoil (B horizon), as seen in the profile of STP 8 (see Exhibit 16):

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STP 8 Ao/ Yard Ap horizon: 0-3.6 inches below surface - [5YR 4/3] reddish brown silt loam B horizon: 3.6-12 inches below surface - [5YR 4/6] yellowish red clay with manganese and quartz inclusions

STP 11 was excavated against the western stone wall of the structure. The profile for this shovel test pit showed an occupational accretion stratum (Ao/Yard Ap) overlying an infilled builder’s trench that had been excavated into subsoil (B horizon) (Plate 7; see Exhibit 16):

STP 11 Ao/ Yard Ap horizon: 0-3.6 inches below surface - [5YR 4/3] reddish brown silty clay loam Builder’s Trench Fill: 3.6-10.2 inches below surface - [7.5YR 4/6] strong brown silt loam B horizon: 10.2-15 inches below surface - [5YR 4/6] yellowish red clay with manganese and quartz inclusions

Relatively extensive modern or late historic soil disturbances were encountered within portions of site 44FQ0313 during shovel testing. Some of these disturbances are likely associated with maintenance of Hungry Run Road (Plate 8). Grading along the edges of the road has apparently resulted in loss of the occupational accretion stratum near the dwelling; this is evident in the profile of STP 1 where the root mat (Ao horizon) was found immediately overlying subsoil (B horizon) (Exhibit 17):

STP 1 Ao horizon: 0-1.8 inches below surface - [7.5YR 3/2] dark brown silt loam B horizon: 1.8-12 inches below surface - [5YR 4/6] yellowish red clay with manganese and quartz inclusions

Additionally, other STPs excavated along Hungry Run Road within the site revealed an impervious gravel fill that appeared to be below the grade of natural topography as seen in the profile of STP 10 (see Exhibit 17):

STP 10 Gravel Fill: 0-4.8 inches below surface – dense gravel matrix, excavation seized at 4.8 inches

A portion of the site located approximately 50 feet south of the dwelling has been disturbed by extensive cutting and infilling, likely done to level this portion of the yard (Plate 9). The profile of STP 28, excavated in this portion of the site, showed deposited

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mixed fill soils (Ao/ Fill) overlying a buried plowed horizon (Apb) overlying subsoil (see Exhibit 17):

STP 28 Ao/Fill: 0-4.8 inches below surface - [7.5YR 4/3] reddish brown mottled with [7.5YR 4/6] strong brown silty clay loam Apb horizon: 4.8-12 inches below surface - [7.5YR 4/3] brown silt loam B horizon: 12-15.6 inches below surface - [5YR 4/6] yellowish red clay with manganese and quartz inclusions

The buried plowed horizon (Apb) was not encountered within all excavated STPs in this portion of the site.

Of the 37 shovel test pits excavated at 25 foot intervals in the immediate vicinity of the historic structure, historic and prehistoric artifacts were recovered from 26 shovel test pits. Finds recovered from the shovel tests are noted on Table 1 and a full inventory is included as Appendix III.

Table 1: Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FQ0313, Shovel Test Pits

Artifact Type Ap Apb Builders Trench Fill horizon horizon Fill horizon horizon Ceramics pearlware (1780-1830) 12 3 redware 16 2 stoneware 1 Glass bottle/jar 2 2 bottle/jar , clear manganese, chilled iron mold 6 (1880-1915) bottle, bottle/jar, jar, (ABM)*(post-1907) 7 4 3 4 bottle, pink selenium (1911-1930) 1 bottle, duraglas (post-1940) 2 unidentified glass 1 1 3 3 windowpane, potash (pre-1864) 1 windowpane, soda/potash (pre-1864) 1 windowpane, lime soda (post-1864) 2 Metal horseshoe 1 nail, cut (post-1790) 7 2 nail, cut, machine headed (post-1830) 1 1 2 nail, wire (post-1890) 3 2 1

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 43 Table 1: Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FQ0313, Shovel Test Pits, continued

Artifact Type Ap Apb Builders Trench Fill horizon horizon Fill horizon horizon Metal, continued nail, unidentified 1 2 unidentified ferrous metal 4 Miscellaneous bone 2 charcoal 3 mortar 2 1 18 oyster shell 4 Prehistoric chert primary reduction flake 2 chert biface thinning flake 4 chert projectile point fragment, Archaic 1 (8000 BC-1000 BC) hornfels biface thinning flake 1 quartz decortication flake 1 quartz primary reduction flake 12 quartz biface thinning flake 3 1 quartzite primary reduction flake 1 quartzite hammerstone 1 Total Shovel Test Pits 96 13 8 44

The recovered historic period artifacts generally dated to the late 18th or early 19th century and to the late 19th or early 20th century. The historic finds that may be associated with the early historic occupation of the site included pearlware sherds (1780- 1830) and cut-nail fragments (post 1790). Other finds such as redware sherds, potash and soda/potash windowpane fragments (pre 1864), and machine headed cut nail fragments are also likely associated with the early historic occupation. The late historic site component was represented by wire nails (1890- present), fragments of chilled iron mold bottle glass (1880-1915), fragments of pink selenium glass (1911-1930), fragments of automatic bottle machine produced glass wares (ca.1907- present), and duraglass fragments (1940-present).

A previously unknown prehistoric component of the site was discovered during the Phase I investigations in the south yard. Prehistoric finds included quartz decortication and primary reduction flakes, quartzite primary reduction flakes, gray chert and hornfels biface thinning flakes, a quartzite hanmmerstone, and a black chert notched, unfinished projectile point fragment. Although the projectile point fragment could not be

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 44 definitively typed, it likely dates to the Archaic period (8000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.) and provides the only evidence for dating the prehistoric site component.

Based on artifact distribution data from the shovel test pits, the spatial limits of the historic and prehistoric components within the study area are depicted on Exhibit 18. Within each boundary and in the vicinity of the high yielding STPs for each component, two test units were excavated. As noted supra, full inventory of artifacts recovered from each test unit is included as Appendix III.

Test Unit 1 was excavated also within both components but was located adjacent to STP 22 towards STP 14 which yielded the highest concentrations of prehistoric artifacts. Test Unit 1 showed a stratigraphic profile of a humic organic layer/ plowed horizon (Ao/Ap horizon) over subsoil (B horizon) (Exhibit 19 and Plate 11). The test unit yielded an unexpected number of historic artifacts mostly from the late 18th early 19th century with little intrusion from late 19th early 20th century artifacts (Table 2).

Table 2: Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FQ0313, Test Unit 1

Artifact Type Ap horizon Ceramics kaolin pipe stem 1 pearlware (1780-1830) 16 refined white earthenware 1 stoneware 2 Glass bottle/jar 1 bottle, contact mold (1810-1880) 3 unidentified glass 1 windowpane, potash (pre-1864) 2 windowpane, soda/potash (pre-1864) 1 Metal brass washer 1 nail, cut (post-1790) 5 nail, cut, machine headed (post-1830) 2 nail, wire (post-1890) 1 Miscellaneous bone 18 charcoal 1 Prehistoric chert primary reduction flake 3 chert biface thinning flake 4

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Artifact Type Ap horizon Prehistoric, continued hornfels primary reduction flake 2 quartz primary reduction flake 24 quartz biface thinning flake 10 quartz flake fragment 5 quartzite primary reduction flake 2 rhyolite primary reduction flake 1 Total Test Unit 1 107

The area of the yard near Test Unit 1 represents a relatively more intact context for the early historic component within site 44FQ0313. Some historic artifacts that were previously absent from or underrepresented in the assemblage were recovered in this test unit, such as a kaoline pipe stem fragment, bone and tooth fragments. Test Unit 1 yielded a large quantity of prehistoric lithics, the majority being either primary flakes or biface thinning flakes made of gray chert, hornfels, rhyolite, quartzite and quartz.

Test Unit 2 was located adjacent to STP 12, which yielded a high concentration of historic ceramics. Test Unit 2 showed a stratigraphic profile of a plowed horizon (Ao/Ap horizon) overlying subsoil (B horizon) (Exhibit 20 and Plate 10). The test unit yielded a variety of finds dating to the late 18th century through early 19th century intermixed with artifacts dating from the late 19th century through early 20th century. All artrifacts were recovered from plowed soil. Prehistoric lithic artifacts made of black chert, hornfels, quartzite and quartz were also recovered in significant numbers. Most of these lithics were primary or biface thinning flakes.

As is typical at historic domestic occupations, most finds, such as ceramic sherds and bottle glass, were associated with foodways or kitchen-related activities and a lesser number of finds (e.g. nails, nail fragments, windowpane glass, and mortar) were directly associated with the historic built environment Several groups of artifacts that are usually found at similar historic domestic sites were not represented; no clothing or sewing- related finds (e.g. buttons, pins, needles, scissor fragments, etc.) or other personal artifacts were found. Arms artifacts (e.g. bullets, lead shot, gun flints, etc.) consisted of only one white metal alloy .22 caliber cartridge casing, that likely dates to the late historic or modern period and only one tobacco-related artifact, a kaoline pipe stem fragment, was found. Reported prior relic hunting at the site and the possible loss of the upper portion of the plowed horizon to erosion or modern disturbance across much of the site may account for the absence of such finds. Artifacts recovered from Test Unit 2 are listed on Table 3 below.

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Table 3: Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FQ0313, Test Unit 2

Artifact Type Ap horizon Ceramics pearlware (1780-1830) 8 redware 7 stoneware 1 Glass bottle, tableware 4 bottle, bottle/jar, (ABM)* (post-1907) 4 unidentified glass 3 windowpane, potash (pre-1864) 1 windowpane, soda/potash (pre-1864) 3 Metal nail, wrought 5 nail, cut (post-1790) 3 nail, cut, machine headed (post-1830) 2 nail, wire (post-1890) 4 white metal alloy .22 caliber cartridge casing 5 wire 1 Prehistoric chert primary reduction flake 1 hornfels primary reduction flake 1 hornfels flake fragment 1 quartz primary reduction flake 1 quartz biface thinning flake 1 quartzite primary reduction flake 2 Total Test Unit 2 58 *automatic bottle machine (ABM)

Generally, the date range of the historic occupation, as indicated by the recovered artifacts, appears to extend from the terminal 18th century (post 1780) or early 19th century into the 20th century (Plate 12). Based on artifact data from shovel testing it appeared that the construction date of the Bull Run Mountain House postdated the availability of cut nails in 1790. However, the recovery of five wrought nails or wrought nail fragments from Test Unit 2 may suggest an earlier construction date for the dwelling. No wrought nails were found in Test Unit 1; possibly this relates to an earlier construction date for the dwelling and a post-1790 construction date for the addition located in propinquity to Test Unit 1.

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 50 However, the frequency of pearlware sherds (1780-1830) in the total site assemblage and the absence of creamware sherds (1762-1820) and whiteware sherds (1820- present), suggest the intensive historic occupation may have dated from circa 1785 to circa 1825 during John Monday’s ownership of the property. The late historic finds, represented primarily by bottle glass dating to the late 19th century and early 20th century may be associated with the reported ephemeral use of the property as a hunting lodge or retreat during these periods.

The prehistoric component of site 44FQ0313 appears to be representative of a camp and lithic reduction station; raw materials were most likely transported to the site in the form of nodules and large flakes from nearby quartz, quartzite, and, possibly, hornfels quarries (Plate 13). Similarly, nodules and large flakes of black and gray chert and rhyolite were transported to the site from more distant locations.

The absence of prehistoric pottery and the one projectile point found suggests that the site dates to the Archaic period (8000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.). The lack of tertiary flakes or retouch flakes along with the absence of scrapers and knives suggest that the site’s occupational activities centered on the reduction of lithics into bifaces that were then transported elsewhere for further refinement. A more intensive archeological investigation of the site would be needed to better understand the prehistoric component of the site.

Research conducted by Dr. Michael Johnson and others on the prehistoric component at the Chapman’s Mill site, located to the south of the study area in Thoroughfare Gap may indicate that a specific pattern of prehistoric material culture may be associated with prehistoric use of the Bull Run Mountain pass, and this pattern may be compared to the pattern indicated from the assemblage of prehistoric material culture recovered at site 44FQ0313 (Michael Johnson, personal communication 2013). Johnson contends that the mountain pass was “a prehistoric rendezvous location and/or transportation funnel between the interior and the Coastal Plain” (ibid). Artifacts recovered at Chapman’s Mill have included tools and debitage from “a very wide range of high quality raw materials” including metamorphosed quartz, black chert, gray chert; clear gray chert or chalcedony, amber chalcedony, and several varieties of heated and unheated jasper. The dominant lithic material types in the gap are quartz, rhyolite and to a lesser degree, hornfels and quartzite. According to Johnson, the relatively low frequency of quartzite is surprising, as quartzite and quartz are readily available from outcrops and streambeds in the range (ibid).

Although the prehistoric assemblage from site 44FQ0313 includes a variety of high quality lithic material, similar to that recovered at Chapman’s Mill, a greater reliance on locally available quartz and, to a lesser degree, quartzite is apparent. Such patterning may be indicative of the hypothesized highly transient nature of prehistoric occupation in the gap and more extended, though still temporary, prehistoric occupation by similar transient groups in the surrounding mountains. Additional research; however, would be

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 51 needed to determine if such patterning is more closely associated with temporal variance between sites.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A Phase I archeological investigation was conducted within a ±0.65 acre portion of the ±3.3 acre site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House site located in Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve in Fauquier County, Virginia. Additionally, a public outreach component was undertaken that included the excavation of two test units. Thunderbird Archeology, a division of Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc., of Gainesville, Virginia, conducted the studies for Fauquier County Planning Division of Warrenton, Virginia. The fieldwork was carried out in September and October of 2013.

The historic artifact assemblage recovered from the site indicates that the intensive historic occupation of site 44FQ0313 may have dated from circa 1785 to circa 1825 during John Monday’s ownership of the property. The late historic finds, represented primarily by bottle glass dating to the late 19th century and early 20th century may be associated with the reported ephemeral use of the property as a hunting lodge or retreat during these periods.

A previously unknown prehistoric component of the site was discovered during the Phase I investigations in the south yard. Prehistoric finds included quartz decortication and primary reduction flakes, quartzite primary reduction flakes, gray chert and hornfels biface thinning flakes, a quartzite hanmmerstone, and a black chert notched, unfinished projectile point fragment. Although the projectile point fragment could not be definitively typed, it likely dates to the Archaic period (8000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.) and provides the only evidence for dating the prehistoric site component. The prehistoric component of site 44FQ0313 appears to be representative of a camp and lithic reduction station; raw materials were most likely transported to the site in the form of nodules and large flakes from nearby quartz, quartzite, and, possibly, hornfels quarries. Similarly, nodules and large flakes of black and gray chert and rhyolite were transported to the site from more distant locations.

Although late historic or modern subsurface disturbances were identified in portions of the site, we feel that both the prehistoric and historic components of the site retain significant research potential, due in part, to the limited archeological data available on similar historic or prehistoric occupations in mountainous regions of Fauquier County, Virginia. We recommend that site 44FQ0313 be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion D as an individual resource and a contributing element of the Little River Rural Historic District (030-5579). We also concur with previous recommendations regarding the Bull Run Mountain House (030- 0600) and recommend that the resource be considered eligible for the NRHP under criteria A and C.

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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Woods, Edgar

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 59 1901 Albemarle County In Virginia. The Michie Company Printers, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Public Records Cited

1900 U. S. Population Census, Dumfries District, Prince William County, Virginia.

1869/1870 Prince William County Deeds

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 60 PLATES

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 62 Plate 1: Bull Run Mountain House (Primary Resource of 033-0600), View South

Plate 2: Fieldstone Marked Cemetery, View to the East

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 64 Plate 3: Well Head for Modern/ Late Historic Well

Plate 4: Poured Concrete Privy

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 66 Plate 5: Representative Vegetation - Mature Deciduous Forest in Site 44FQ0313, View to the North

Plate 6: Representative Vegetation – Sod Covered Yard and Specimen Tree Stumps, View to the North

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 67 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 68 Plate 7: STP 11 (Builder’s Trench) North Profile

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 70 Plate 8: Disturbances – Hungry Run Road, View to the North

Plate 9: Disturbances – Graded and Filled Yard Area, View to the West

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 72 Plate 10: Test Unit 2 West Profile

Plate 11: Test Unit 1 North Profile

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 74 Plate 12: Historic Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FQ0313 Row 1: Clear Molded Tumbler Fragment, Embossed Olive Green Contact Mold Bottle Glass Fragments (1810-1880), Undecorated Pearlware Sherd and Hand-Painted Pearlware Sherds (1780-1830) Row 2: Redware Sherd with Annular Trailed Slip Decoration, Glazed and Unglazed Redware Sherds, Grey-Bodied Stoneware with Hand-Painted Cobalt Decoration Row 3: Wrought Nails, Brass Washer, and Kaolin Pipe Stem Fragment

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 75 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 76 Plate 13: Prehistoric Artifacts Recovered from Site 44FQ0313 Row 1: Quartz Primary Reduction Flakes Row 2: Quartzite Primary Reduction Flakes, Chert Primary Reduction Flakes, Chert Unfinished Projectile Point Fragment (Archaic 8000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.) Row 3: Rhyolite Primary reduction Flake, Hornfels Utilized Primary Reduction Flake, and Quartzite Hammerstone

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 77 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 78 APPENDIX I Archival Research (Provided by Fauquier County Planning Division)

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WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 80 CREEL/BULL RUN MOUNTAIN HOUSE - CHAIN OF TITLE

DEED BOOK DATE GRANTOR / GRANTEE NOTES /PAGE # DB 391/ P 59 Nov 9, 1979 From Nancy & Michael Maupin and the PIN 7011-43-0580 Natural Area Council, a Delaware 12.38 acres, “according to a Corporation. To Virginia Outdoors plat dated June 4, 1949” Foundation DB 238 / P 526 July 28, 1966 From Jack Willis. To Nancy Maupin 12.38 acres DB 189 / P 121 Nov 24, 1954 From James Turner et ux. To Jack Willis 12.38 acres DB 169 / P 181 June 20, 1949 From Dorothy Patterson Jackson and Howell 12.38 acres, $2,000 E. Jackson her husband. To James Turner Deed includes PLAT DB 155 / P 267 June 7, 1944 From Donald Shepard and Emily Shepard. “being part of the tract To Dorothy Patterson Jackson designated…as the Robinson land and containing 75 acres” “near Landmark… adjacent to the properties of Brittlebank, Elgin, Welch, Slater, Simpson, Creel, Brown, and others and being on the Road known as the Landmark to Hopewell Road” Dorothy Jackson is purchasing a total of 1,462 acres. DB 146 / P 7 April 16, 1938 From Walter H. Robertson, Commissioner in 75 acres the suit of Benton Robinson (complainant) Offer made by Walter Fred vs. Clarence Robinson (defendant), To to purchase the property of Donald Shepard the late Elizabeth Robinson. “all that certain tract or parcel of land…being situated on the road leading from Jackson Mill to Landmark.” DB 128 / P 545 June 21, 1926 From William C. Robinson (widower), To 75 acres Miss Elizabeth Robinson of The Plains DB 97 / P 373 Sept 2, 1904 From Miss Martha E. Creel and Miss Louisa 154 acres $1,000 Creel, To William C. Robinson “adjoining the lands of C.M. Downs, Tump Craig, and Richard Simpson” DB 86 / P 222 July 1, 1894 From Miss Ann M. Beard of the County of 154 acres $2,000 Prince William, To John Creel “adjoining the lands of C.M. Downs, Samuel Craig, & heirs of C.W. Simpson dec’d

DB 54 / 354 Jan 1, 1855 From Jonathan Tavener executor of the last 154 ½ acres will and testament of William Battson, dec’d, “tract adjoining lands of the To Ann Maria Beard (her agent, John Moore) late John Sullivan.. and part of a tract…conveyed to William Battson by Jesse McVeigh on Feb 22, 1813 containing 229 ¼ acres” of which William Battson sold 75 acres “within a few years past” to John T. Lynn and John Cunell.” $1,542.50, being rates of $10 per acre

DB 18 / P 593 Feb 22, 1813 From Jesse McVeigh and John Battson, 229 ¼ acres executors to the estate of James Battson, “being part of a larger tract dec’d pursuant to his last will and testament sold by John Monday to of the County of Loudoun of the first part, To James Battson, dec’d, and William Battson of the County of Fauquier now in the possession of William Battson,” $1,143.75 “on the east side of Lachman’s Road…on the west side of the mountains in Lang’s line. DB 15 / P 62 Jan 19, 1802 From John Monday to James Battson of 420 acres, “reserving and Loudoun County for the sum of 314 pounds, excepting from the grant the 5 shillings current money of Virginia quantity of 50 acres sold and “Also [including] the graveyard as conveyed by J. Monday to enclosed at present within the stone William Leachman by deed walls” bearing date of the 24th day of May 1779” Sold for 314 pounds, 5 shlgs Deed sealed & delivered in the presence of Burr Powell, Wm P. Hall, Noble Beveridge, Jessee McVeigh, & John Wilson DB 6 / P 120 Nov 21, 1774 From George Mercer of Virginia at present of 470 acres the City of London esq. of the first part, Mary “Whereas the Wroughton of the City of Bath in the Kingdom aforementioned George of Great Britain, spinster, of the second part Mercer on the [blank] day of and John Tayloe and George Washington of [blank] was seized in fee the said Colony esq attorneys in fact of the simple as tenant in common said George Mercer and Mary Wroughton of with James Mercer and John the third part. To John Monday of Fauquier Francis Mercer, an infant, of County of the fourth part. a certain tract of land situate lying and being in the Known as Lot No. 6 in the estate division. counties of Loudoun, Fauquier, and Prince William Signed by George Mercer, Mary Wroughton, called the Bull Run and George Washington, & John Monday. Wit. Battle River tract containing Francis Peyton, Leven Powell, George “X” by estimation about sixteen Sullivan, Peter Bryant. thousand acres…” part mortgaged to said Mary Wroughton on May 15, 1773. 4,157 acres (all situated in Fauquier County) of said larger 16,000-acre tract was allocated to George Mercer. Land was surveyed “by Francis Peyton, gentleman.” In 1773, it was ordered by the court to sell said G. Mercer’s tract at public auction to be held 12 months from Nov 5, 1773. John Monday became purchaser of part of the 4,157 acres for a sum of 900 pounds. LAND GRANT June 11, 1737 To John Mercer. 3500 acres w/part of Bull Run Mountain, Bull Run & Hunger Run, adjoining other tract. LAND GRANT June 9, 1737 To John Mercer. 2131 acres Bull Run & Hunger Run, adjacent land assigned to Mercer by Maurice Veal.

Additional Property Records – Property Cut Out of the Original 470 Acre Tract

DB 7 / P 87 May 29, 1779 From John Monday of Fauquier County and 50 acres. “a certain piece or Parish of Leeds to William Leachman parcel of land lying in Fauquier County on the “Beginning at a hickory and maple stand Waters of Little River and near a road called Leachman’s Road on the being the same part of land south side of a branch extending thence to a the said Monday bought out Chestnut oak standing on a hill side on the of the Mercer tract at the Bull line of George Sullivan…” Run Mountains” DB 18 / P 626 Feb 22, 1813 From James Battson & ux. To Robert Brown 128.75 acres. Sells for $643.75. DB 18 / P 593? Feb 22, 1813 From James Battson. To Owen Sullivan? 62 acres? DB 50 / P 129 May 20, 1850 From William Battson and Tabitha his wife to 75 acres. “a certain tract or John T. Lynn and John J. Currell parcel of land…being the northern part of the tract on which the said Battson now resides” Deed includes PLAT DB 125 / P 533 Feb 18, 1924 From William C. Robinson, To Benton 75 acres more or less. Deed Robinson includes PLAT that shows existing barn, as well as stone house & graveyard. From William C. Robinson, To ? 9 acres. Maybe the “Flatwoods” shown on the plat as retained by Elizabeth Robinson, widow of William C. Robinson, mentioned above. From Dorothy Patterson Jackson, To ? 62.62 acres

Other Property Transactions Involving John Monday

DB 4 / P 203 June 15, 1771 Gift of property from Robert Monday of the Deed mentions that items Parish of Leeds in the County of Fauquier to were recorded in Robert son John Monday…to receive all the Monday’s will, dated June 15, remaining parts of estate including the 1771 (Will could not be found “Negroes Judy, Pegg, Lucy (girl) and Harry in the Fauquier Co Will (fellow)” after conveyance to his wife Books). Signed by Robert “X” Catherine and other children [not named]. Monday, wit. Wm Pickett, Peter O’Bannon, & Wm Owens. May 22, 1775 From John Monday of Leeds Parish, 103 acres. It being the same Fauquier County. To John Kincheloe property purchased from Adjoining the property of William Turley and Thomas Glascock. Edward Laurence, 58 pounds. DB 14 / P 331 Feb 23, 1799 From James Weeks of Fauquier County to Wit Lewis Weeks, Asa John Monday. Negro woman and boy, Metcalfe, Alexander Ferrell. names of Fan and Harry.

November 21, 1774

In addition to John Monday’s transaction, other property was sold from George Mercer’s 4,157-acre tract on Bull Run Mountain on November 21, 1774.

Nov 21, 1774 From George Mercer, et al to John Peyton Tract: 306 acres. Harrison. Wit. John Monday Nov 21, 1774 From George Mercer, et al to George Tract: 522 acres. Sullivan. Being 2 lots, Lot No. 5 & Lot No. 8. “corner to Lot No. 4 thence Wits: Francis Peyton, Leven Powell, John with the line of that lot and Monday, Peter O'Bryant. Lots No. 9 and 15 .. to corner of Lot No. 7 .. line of Lot 6 .. heap of Stones in John Mondays field in the lower line of the sd. Dividend & corner to Lot No. 6. £-355 Nov 21, 1774 From George Mercer, et al to Peter Bryant. Tract: 143 acres. Lot No. 4. Wits: Francis Peyton, Levin Powell, Geo. (X) Sullivan, John Monday. Nov 21, 1774 From George Mercer, et al to William Tract: 126 ¾ acres. Owens. Lot No. 10. Wit. John Monday

The public auction took place at Wests Ordinary, which was just north of the Fauquier County/Loudoun County border. The ordinary location is marked on the John Henry map of 1770 (A new and accurate map of Virginia wherein most of the counties are laid down from actual surveys. With a concise account of the number of inhabitants, the trade, soil, and produce of that Province).

G. Washington writes in his journal regarding the journey to Wests Ordinary and the sale of the Mercer property. Letter from Washington to Mercer regarding the sale of his property is attached. Pages attached.

Washington was in charge of the auction to settle the estate of James Mercer’s late father, John. Francis Peyton, justice and burgess for Loudoun County, accompanied Washington to Wests. Washington found his role in the auctioning of the Mercer land, which had “a good deal of exceeding poor and broken ground in it,” to be a frustrating experience. As the auction proceeded, he saw he was not getting prices near the original estate valuation made in 1767. “But,” he reported to John Taylor, “there was no help for it; everything that could be done, was done.” Fauquier County Tax Records

1759 List of Tithes – no Mondays/Mundays listed

1766 List of Tithables Taken by Gilson Foote, [Tax] Commissioner for Southern District of Fauquier County Person’s Name & All Names of Negros Land in Acres White Males, 16+ Negros Robert Munday, William Munday, John Munday [none listed] 3 3 Harry, Jude, Pegg

1778 List of Tithables Taken by Thomas Keith (In 1778, Keith was the tax commissioner for the Northeast District.) Person’s Name & All Names of Negros Negros Tiths Robert Monday 4 5 Jude, Pegg, Harry, Frank John Monday 2 3 Rose, Luce

1782 List of Tithes Taken by William Heale (In 1782, Heale recorded the lower part of District 2, northeastern-most section of the county.) Person’s Names and White White Negro No of No of No of All Names of Negros males 21 & males Tithes Negros Horses Cattle above under 21 Monday, John 1 5 11 4 5 Henry, Frank, Gibby, Judah, Peg, Peg(young), Tom, Adam, Aaron, Judah, Rose, Rachel Monday, Robert 1 Carried to 2 5 1 6 Rose, Lucy, Lucy(young), V(?) Elizabeth, Jeffrey, Ben Monday, William 1 2 4 2 2 Ben, Cate, Cate(young), Sal, Jane

1783 List of Tithes Taken by William Heale (In 1783, Heale recorded the lower part of District 2, northeastern-most section of the county.) Person’s Names White White All slaves All slaves No of No of males 21 & males over over 16, under 16 Cattle Horses above 16 under 21 both genders Monday, John 2 7 8 9 6

Monday, Robert 1 2 2 3 3

Fauquier County Personal Property Records Auditors of Publick Accounts—A List of Alienations and New Entries

1783 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (pounds) (pounds, shillings, pence) John Monday 420 6 126 14 9

1784-1797 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (pounds) (pounds, shillings, pence) John Monday 420 4 4 91 1 7 3 ¾

1798 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (dollars) (dollars/cents) John Monday 420 4 4 $303.35 1.16

1799 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (dollars) (dollars/cents) John Monday 420 4 4 $303.35 1.65

1800-1801 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (dollars) (dollars/cents) John Monday 420 4 4 $303.35 1.46

1802-1803 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (dollars) (dollars/cents) James Batson 470 4 4 $303.35 1.46

1804-1810 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (dollars) (dollars/cents) James Batson 470 4 4 $339.44 1.65

1811 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (dollars) (dollars/cents) James Batson 377 4 4 $272.30 1.30

1812 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (dollars) (dollars/cents) James Batson 283 3/4 4 4 $204.25 1.00

1813 Land Holder Quantity of Acres Value by Acre Sum Total Net Tax (dollars) (dollars/cents) William Batson 283 1/4 4 4 $165.38 1.05

Value of property stays constant until 1820 (year that they separated land value and building value)

1820 Land Holder Acres Description Distance Value by Sum of Total Net Tax from Acre land and Value Courthouse buildings William 229 Lying on 20 miles NE 5 100 $1,145 1.44 Batson Bull Run Mountain

1821 Land Holder Acres Description Distance Value by Sum of Total Net Tax from Acre land and Value Courthouse buildings William 229 Lying on the 20 miles NE 5 100 $1,145 1.03 Batson Bull Run Mountain

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 88 APPENDIX II DHR Resource Forms

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 89 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 90 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Property Information

Property Names Property Evaluation Status Name Explanation Name Historic Creel House Historic/Current Nutt-Creel-Robinson House Not Evaluated This Property is associated with the Little River Rural Historic Property Addresses District. Current - 4284 Hungry Run Road County/Independent City(s): Fauquier (County) Incorporated Town(s): No Data Zip Code(s): 20198 Magisterial District(s): No Data Tax Parcel(s): No Data USGS Quad(s): MIDDLEBURG

Additional Property Information

Architecture Setting: Rural Acreage: 441.2 Site Description: 1979: Located on a 12.38-acre parcel, sited on fairly rugged territory on the western side of Bull Run Mountain near the former town of Landmark.

August 2010 Survey: The acreage has increased to incorporate the contributing surrounding parcels comprising the Nutt-Creel- Robinson land containing the historic resources that were not included in the previous survey. Located on the east side of Bull Run Mountain Road, a private, dirt driveway called Hungry Run Road rises steeply past the stone springhouse on Bartons Creek and Hungry Run northeast through the forested Bull Run Mountains State Natural Area Preserve. This parcel and several other adjacent tracts are owned by the Virginia Outdoors Foundation, an organization which holds a number of conservation easements on properties in the Little River area. A power line follows a north- to-south right-of-way largely to the west of Hungry Run Road. The stone Nutt- Creel-Robinson House is a tenth of a mile up the road on the right-east. The Robinson Cemetery of unmarked graves (located with orange flags) near the inside edge of the woods west across the yard and road clearing. Standing about four-tenths of a mile northeast of the stone house, the secondary dwelling faces southeast on a lower, cleared site, surrounded by densely-wooded, mountainous land. There are two sheds in the yard close to the main dwelling. The single, carved gravestone of Annie L. Robinson and Joseph B. Robinson is up a hill in the woods a bit northwest of the secondary dwelling and west of the power line right of way. There are piles of rocks as large as about six- to eight-feet in diameter spaced throughout the woods from the unmarked graves site to the Robinson’s gravestone and beyond.

May 2013: Hungry Run Road is a dirt road that bisects the Nutt-Creel-Robinson Property beginning in the southwest corner and running northeast through the area. In the middle of the parcel is an open, grassy clearing just east of Hungry Run Road. The area is approximately 0.7 acres (0.3 ha) and slopes down to the south. It is completely surrounded by forest area on all sides. Located within this clearing is the house associated with the Nutt-Creel-Robinson Property. The primary elevation of the house faces southwest. For this Phase IA survey, only the parcel original parcel (belonging to the Creel family) was examined. ------1979: None noted.

August 2010 Survey: Secondary dwelling, 2 sheds, rock pile site in the woods, 1 road/road trace structure, and 2 cemetery sites.

May 2013: Five secondary resources associated with the Nutt-Creel-Robinson Property were identified during this survey. These include: ruins of a stone wall, the foundation of a privy, a springhouse, a cemetery, and road traces. Surveyor Assessment: 1979: The county tax records do not indicate the exact date of construction - somehow the records were omitted at the time, but the first mention of the house in the records was 1872. At that time John Creel owned the property of 154 acres; where Creel obtained the land is not readily discernable. Currently owned by the Virginia Outdoors Foundation. In the opinion of this surveyor, this former residence should not be further investigated for its possible register potential.

August 2010 Survey: Encompassing the greater northeastern corner of Fauquier County between The Plains and Middleburg and at the base of the Bull Run Mountain, the Little River Rural Historic District’s definitive Piedmont landscape retains tangible evidence of the activities and habits of the people who occupied, built upon, used, and enjoyed the land from 1760 through 1962, the period of significance. The rural district is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A, B, and C. The district applies to Criterion A for its contribution to agriculture in the region from settlement through the twentieth century. Initially land owners subsisted on orchards, Indian corn, pasture grasses, and livestock until circulation networks further developed, allowing greater production for transport to markets in Haymarket and Alexandria. The creation of the VPI Virginia Forage Research Station Middleburg in 1948 for cattle nutrition and its equine-nutrition conversion as the Middleburg Agricultural Research and Extension Center in 1992 further relates to Criterion A.

The relocation of the Orange County Hunt from Goshen, New York to the Little River area in northeastern Fauquier County in 1903 is primarily responsible for sustaining the rural landscape and architecture in the twentieth- and-twenty-first centuries. Meeting Criterion

January 22, 2014 Page: 1 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

A, the hunt has significantly contributed to the equine-industry, entertainment/recreation, agriculture, architecture, and conservation of the farms within the Little River Rural Historic District. The hunt changed the social and economic status of working farms to gentry estates where horse breeding, racehorse training, and dressage exercises occurred, along with foxhunting, by notable high-society owners who major newspapers followed, making Middleburg the heart of hunt country (Kalbian et al, Destination Middleburg).

Representing the 19 June 1863, war-changing cavalry conflict, about 760 acres of the Middleburg Battlefield in Fauquier County and the district, containing surviving period buildings and the Washington Cocke Cemetery, meet Criterion A for military significance.

Demonstrating a cultural response to the natural environment of the rural area, three ruins of stone gristmills, as well as sawmill, distillery, and tannery sites utilized the waterpower of the Little River and timber from nearby woods. These rarely-surviving resources contribute to the industrial area of significance and Criterion A for association with broad patterns of local history. Eligible for meeting Criterion A and transportation significance, roads and bridges in this rural area represent critical circulation networks connecting settlers to properties and the surrounding region. The movement by owners such as Betty Furness (Waverly 030-0226) and Alice du Pont Mills (Burnt Mill Farm 030-5579-0092; Hickory Tree Farm 030-1017) that encouraged and succeeded in the placement of conservation easements on most of the Little River properties represents Criterion A.

Among the persons significant in the nation’s past who lived in resources within the designated Little River Rural Historic District rendering it eligible for listing under Criterion B, are President and Mrs. John F. Kennedy in 1960-63 (Glen-Ora 030-0078), U.S. diplomat/conservationist, Charles S. Whitehouse (Whitehouse Residence 030-5579-0249), mining engineer/member of the Roosevelt administration, Robert Earll McConnell (Green Pastures 030-0742), visionary-aviator, Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell (Boxwood 030-1017).

Eligible for listing under Criterion C, the rural area retains an abundant diversity of architecturally significant dwellings and agricultural buildings dating from the late-eighteenth century through the late-twentieth century, including finely-constructed, Vernacular log, frame, and stone houses, banked residences, unusual domestic dependencies, a bank smokehouse, and bank barns. Representing the first-recorded use of an intriguing, durable, and inventive-design material in the state, a fine collection of Colonial Siding cinder-block houses and barns dating to the 1950s exist in this Little River Rural Historic District. Further, the migrating New Yorkers respected the earlier architectural attributes of mansions on the farms they bought while enriching them with Colonial Revival- style designs by renowned architects such as William Lawrence Bottomley, Bradley Delehanty, Horatio W. Olcott, Ambrose C. Crane, Lewis Bowman, W.H. Irwin Fleming, Penrose V. Stout, George L. Howe, and Billy Dew. Unprecedented beyond urbanity, there are six country estate houses designed by Bottomley.

The tract containing the stone, primary dwelling was known as Lot 9 of John Francis Mercer’s Bull Run Mountain land which was leased by Richard Nutt as early as 1805. The exterior form of Nutt’s dwelling further supports a circa 1810 date of construction of the well-built stone house. The finely-shaped stone quoins on the corners of the one-and-one-half-story main block indicate that the masonry was not to be stuccoed. Although the house was locked during the survey, a boxed corner stairway could be seen through a window, along with heavily charred ceiling joists. The latter explains the reason for interior alterations found by the 1979 surveyor.

There are few stone dwellings retaining original exterior form, including interior-end chimneys and openings for nine-over-six windows in Fauquier County, particularly representing a settlement leasehold residence. However, the property does not appear to be eligible for individual listing on the historic registers. The Nutt-Creel Robinson House deserves more intensive documentation, preservation, and the ongoing protection of the Virginia Outdoors Foundation easement applied to this Little River property.

Hungry Run Road obviously was named after the branch of water running down the Bull Run Mountain into Little River. Legend holds that Native Americans so named the waterway. Hungry Run Road began as the way into Richard Nutt’s leasehold.

John Creel, William C. Robinson, and his son, Joseph Benton Robinson were all farmers. The graveyard of unmarked graves just inside the woods to the west of the primary single dwelling was included in the 1926 deed, when William transferred seventy-five acres to Elizabeth Robinson. After his death, Joseph acquired the property, living in the stone house with his wife Anna or Annie L. Downs, the daughter of Rush William Downs and Elizabeth J. Howdershell, also of Landmark, and at least three children. It is not known why Annie and Joseph are buried about three-tenths of a mile north of the first graveyard with unmarked stones that sometimes suggest the remains of slaves or Civil War soldiers. The many rock piles in the woods from the unmarked cemetery to Annie and Joseph’s carved gravestone have cultural archaeological potential. The rock piles as one site, the Robinson Cemetery, Annie and Joseph Robinson’s gravesite, the Nutt-Creel-Robinson House, the secondary dwelling, two sheds, and Hungry Run Road contribute to the architecture/landscape, domestic, funerary, and transportation significance of the Little River Rural Historic District.

May 2013: The Nutt-Creel-Robinson Property is a good example of a late-eighteenth or early-nineteenth century stone dwelling in Fauquier County that retains its original exterior form reflecting the community planning and development of the time. Modifications have been made to the house such as the addition, repointing of the mortar, and replacement wood frame windows; however, these modifications have been sympathetic to the original form and design of the house. Therefore it is recommended that the dwelling and the resources associated with the property (cemetery, spring house, stone wall ruins, privy ruins, and road traces) be potentially eligible for NRHP listing under Criterion A and C.

The Nutt-Creel-Robinson Property is located within the Little River Rural Historic District(030-5579). It was constructed during the district’s period of significance and is representative of architectural and settlement patterns in the area. For this reason, the Nutt-Creel- Robinson Property still remains a contributing element to the Little River Rural Historic District. Surveyor Recommendation: No Data Ownership Ownership Category Ownership Entity Public - State No Data

Primary Resource Information

Resource Category: Domestic Resource Type: Single Dwelling

January 22, 2014 Page: 2 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Date of Construction: 1810Ca Historic Time Period: Early National Period (1790 - 1829) Historic Context(s): Architecture/Landscape, Domestic, Funerary, Subsistence/Agriculture, Transportation/Communication Architectural Style: Vernacular Form: No Data Number of Stories: 1.5 Condition: Good Interior Plan: No Data Threats to Resource: Vacant Architectural Description: 1979: This building has been renovated rather drastically and little can be deduced from its appearance. The 1 1/2 story wing is probably an addition of recent origin. The plan is now one large room with a new staircase and a new fireplace, with the addition being several steps lower than the main room. None of the original woodwork remains. The building may have been stuccoed when first built. Stone foundation (quarried, but random); gable roof. It is currently in good condition, but is vacant.

August 2010 Survey: This one-and-one-half-story, three-bay, stone-masonry dwelling has a boxed-wood cornice, a wood-shingled, gable roof, and two, interior-end chimneys. Nine-over-six, double-hung-sash, wood windows flank single-leaf, board-and-batten doors on the south façade and north rear. Finely-chiseled, heavy-rectangular quoins define the four corners of the house. Two, four-light-wood casement windows are in the west gable of the attic story, while one, four-light casement and a modified, nine-over-three, sash window are in the opposite east gable. A two-bay, lower, one-and-one-half-story, stone wing with a wood-shingled, gable roof sits back on the east side. The roof extends over a three-bay- wide porch. Square posts support this roof overhang. A four-light, casement window is west of a board-and-battened door that has wrought nails and multiple lock holes. The construction of the door tends to suggest that this wing was the earlier house, the feature could have been relocated. A four-light casement window is directly opposite the front window on the north rear elevation, and another is in the east gable. A date for the wing could not be suggested without interior access. Exterior survey of this dwelling raises questions that call for more intensive evaluation and documentation of the outside and interior where charred ceiling joists, seen through windows, indicate a fire in the three-bay section. Portland repointing over common mortar is evident on the exterior.

May 2013: The house is a late-eighteenth or early-nineteenth century, one-story, two-bay dwelling. It has a stone foundation and a masonry structural system of rough-cut stone laid in irregular courses with quoins. It is covered by a side-gabled roof sheathed in wood shingles. The A full porch is located on the primary façade, or southwest elevation, and is covered by a shed roof supported by wood square posts. The primary entry is centered on the southwest elevation and is filled with a wood door. A secondary entrance is located on the northeast elevation and is also filled with a wood door. Other fenestration include six-light, wood-frame, fixed windows.

A one-story, three-bay addition is located on the northwest elevation, and is most likely the main living area. It also has a stone foundation and a masonry structural system of rough-cut stone laid in irregular courses with quoins. It is covered by a side-gabled roof sheathed in wood shingles and two interior-end stone chimneys are situated on the gable-ends. An entry is centrally located on the southwest elevation and another is located on the northeast elevation. Both are filled with wood doors. Other fenestration includes nine-over-six, wood-frame, double-hung sash windows and six-light, wood-frame, fixed windows. A stone stoop leads to the entry on the southwest elevation.

Although it appears that the house was constructed in different periods, further documentation and survey work is required to determine the approximate dates of construction.

Exterior Components Component Component Type Material Material Treatment Roof Gable Wood Shingle Windows Sash, Double-Hung Wood 9/6 Windows Casement Wood 6-light Structural System and Masonry Stone Random Rubble Exterior Treatment Chimneys Interior End Stone Rubble, Random

Secondary Resource Information

Secondary Resource #1

Resource Category: Domestic Resource Type: Spring/Spring House Architectural Style: No Discernable Style Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1810 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: None Known Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: This single-bay, stone springhouse has a replacement, asphalt-shingled, gable roof that deeply overhangs the off-center, board-and-battened door on the northwest façade. A three-light window illuminates the interior from the southeast rear. Water from Bartons Creek and Hungry Run still runs through the springhouse. The inside walls retain residue of lime plaster. There is heavy repointing with

January 22, 2014 Page: 3 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Portland cement on the exterior.

May 2013: Also associated with the main house is a springhouse located near the southwest corner of the parcel. The springhouse is located approximately 750 feet (228.6 m) southwest of the house and appears to be located beyond the current parcel boundary. Set on a lower slope, stone steps lead down to it from the road. It has a stone foundation and a masonry structural system of rough-cut stone laid in irregular courses. It is covered by a front-gabled roof sheathed in asphalt shingles with wide-overhang. The primary entry is filled by a wood door. Other fenestration includes one three-light, wood-frame, fixed window. Number of Stories: 1

Secondary Resource #2

Resource Category: Other Resource Type: Other Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1900 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: None Known Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: There are at least fifteen piles of rocks spreading about six- to eight-feet in diameter and spaced throughout the woods from the site of the unmarked graves to Mr. and Mrs. Robinson’s gravestone and beyond. Several elongated stacks have been identified as portions of collapsed fencing, probably dating back to the late-eighteenth-century, Mercer-Dunlop leases. Yet, the random piles are also cultural. They may represent the clearing of the land for agriculture, such as the grazing of livestock on grasses on this mountainous property, but similar piles exist in the woods near Cedar Run on Elmwood in the Auburn Battlefield (030-5140). The piles should be documented and mapped within this Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve and evaluated as a cultural asset with archaeological potential. At this time, the site is tentatively considered a contributing agricultural asset within the Little River Rural Historic District.

May 2013: This resource was not located during the current survey.

Secondary Resource #3

Resource Category: DSS Legacy Resource Type: Shed Architectural Style: No Discernable Style Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1960 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: None Known Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: There are two storage sheds near the 4284 secondary dwelling. One is of cinder-block construction and the other is framed.

May 2013: These resources were not located/included during the current survey. Number of Stories: 1

Secondary Resource #4

Resource Category: Domestic Resource Type: Secondary Dwelling Architectural Style: No Discernable Style Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1960 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: None Known Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: This 4284 Hungry Road, one-story, cinder-block dwelling has a single wood door, wooden, two-over-two, double-hung- sash windows, an asphalt-shingled-gable roof, an exterior-end cinder-block chimney, and a one-story, one-bay, gabled-roof porch.

May 2013: This resource was not included in the current survey. Number of Stories: 1

Secondary Resource #5

January 22, 2014 Page: 4 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Resource Category: Transportation Resource Type: Road/Road Trace Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1810 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: None Known Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: Hungry Run Road is the gravel-sand-clay, farm passage that rises steeply northeast from Bull Run Mountain Road winding past the west sides of the springhouse and stone dwelling and continuing northeast.

May 2013: A possible road trace is located near the eastern boundary of the parcel running north-south.

Secondary Resource #6

Resource Category: Domestic Resource Type: Privy Architectural Style: No Discernable Style Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1930 Condition: Ruinous Threats to Resource: Deterioration Architectural Description: May 2013: East of the wall, approximately 100 feet (30.5 m) from the main house, are the remains of the privy. This consists of a square, poured-concrete foundation. Number of Stories: No Data

Secondary Resource #7

Resource Category: Landscape Resource Type: Wall Architectural Style: No Discernable Style Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1950 Condition: Ruinous Threats to Resource: Deterioration, Erosion, Neglect Architectural Description: May 2013: The remains of a stone wall are located southeast of the house and run in a north-south direction. The wall appears to have marked the boundary between the eastern edge of the open area and the forest area. At the time of this survey, the wall was in a ruinous state and its rubble pieces have begun to be taken over by vegetation.

Secondary Resource #8

Resource Category: Funerary Resource Type: Cemetery Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1934 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: Neglect Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: A nicely carved, elongated gravestone with the name ROBINSON above ANNIE L., APR. 16, 1872 – JULY 3, 1939 and JOSEPH B., OCT. 25, 1871 – MAY 28, 1934, decorated with dogwood carving along the top front, remains within a collapsed board fence within the woods about four- to five-tenths of a mile northeast of the Hungry Road entrance into the property. The gravestone remains in excellent condition, while a tree collapsed the fence. The site is best approached from the power-line right of way just past the 4284 secondary dwelling near the domestic clearing corner, continuing straight west up the slope in the woods.

May 2013: The cemetery was not located/included during the current survey. Current Use: No Data

January 22, 2014 Page: 5 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Historic Religious Affilitation: No Data Ethnic Affiliation: No Data Has Marked Graves: No Data Has Unmarked Graves: No Data Enclosure Type: No Data Number Of Gravestones: No Data Earliest Marked Death Year: No Data Latest Marked Death Year: No Data

Secondary Resource #9

Resource Category: Funerary Resource Type: Cemetery Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1930 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: Neglect Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: There are at least fifteen graves with unmarked, vertical gravestones which a Robinson descendent has identified as the Robinson Cemetery, and a plat in Fauquier County Deed Book 125/534 further locates the “grave yard.” Orange flags have been inserted in the ground beside the stones. There is a an approximately two-foot-high mound of soil within the cemetery, likely made from soil removed from graves. This cemetery site is west of the west gable-end of the stone, Nutt-Creel-Robinson House within twenty-five feet of the eastern edge of the woods.

May 2013: The cemetery associated with the Nutt-Creel-Robinson Property is located in the northwest corner of the parcel, approximately 182 feet (55.5 m) west of Hungry Run Road. This gravesite is located on a small, narrow finger ridge covered by forest and extremely rocky terrain. Currently orange flagging marks the locations of possible graves (24 pin flags total). However, only nine crude, unmarked sandstone markers were identified during this survey. Current Use: No Data Historic Religious Affilitation: No Data Ethnic Affiliation: No Data Has Marked Graves: No Data Has Unmarked Graves: No Data Enclosure Type: No Data Number Of Gravestones: No Data Earliest Marked Death Year: No Data Latest Marked Death Year: No Data

Secondary Resource #10

Resource Category: Funerary Resource Type: Cemetery Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: No Data Condition: No Data Threats to Resource: No Data Architectural Description: No Data Current Use: Abandoned Historic Religious Affilitation: Unknown Ethnic Affiliation: Unknown Has Marked Graves: True Has Unmarked Graves: True

January 22, 2014 Page: 6 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Resource Category: Transportation Resource Type: Road/Road Trace Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1810 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: None Known Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: Hungry Run Road is the gravel-sand-clay, farm passage that rises steeply northeast from Bull Run Mountain Road winding past the west sides of the springhouse and stone dwelling and continuing northeast.

May 2013: A possible road trace is located near the eastern boundary of the parcel running north-south.

Secondary Resource #6

Resource Category: Domestic Resource Type: Privy Architectural Style: No Discernable Style Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1930 Condition: Ruinous Threats to Resource: Deterioration Architectural Description: May 2013: East of the wall, approximately 100 feet (30.5 m) from the main house, are the remains of the privy. This consists of a square, poured-concrete foundation. Number of Stories: No Data

Secondary Resource #7

Resource Category: Landscape Resource Type: Wall Architectural Style: No Discernable Style Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1950 Condition: Ruinous Threats to Resource: Deterioration, Erosion, Neglect Architectural Description: May 2013: The remains of a stone wall are located southeast of the house and run in a north-south direction. The wall appears to have marked the boundary between the eastern edge of the open area and the forest area. At the time of this survey, the wall was in a ruinous state and its rubble pieces have begun to be taken over by vegetation.

Secondary Resource #8

Resource Category: Funerary Resource Type: Cemetery Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1934 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: Neglect Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: A nicely carved, elongated gravestone with the name ROBINSON above ANNIE L., APR. 16, 1872 – JULY 3, 1939 and JOSEPH B., OCT. 25, 1871 – MAY 28, 1934, decorated with dogwood carving along the top front, remains within a collapsed board fence within the woods about four- to five-tenths of a mile northeast of the Hungry Road entrance into the property. The gravestone remains in excellent condition, while a tree collapsed the fence. The site is best approached from the power-line right of way just past the 4284 secondary dwelling near the domestic clearing corner, continuing straight west up the slope in the woods.

May 2013: The cemetery was not located/included during the current survey. Current Use: No Data

January 22, 2014 Page: 5 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Historic Religious Affilitation: No Data Ethnic Affiliation: No Data Has Marked Graves: No Data Has Unmarked Graves: No Data Enclosure Type: No Data Number Of Gravestones: No Data Earliest Marked Death Year: No Data Latest Marked Death Year: No Data

Secondary Resource #9

Resource Category: Funerary Resource Type: Cemetery Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: 1930 Condition: Good Threats to Resource: Neglect Architectural Description: August 2010 Survey: There are at least fifteen graves with unmarked, vertical gravestones which a Robinson descendent has identified as the Robinson Cemetery, and a plat in Fauquier County Deed Book 125/534 further locates the “grave yard.” Orange flags have been inserted in the ground beside the stones. There is a an approximately two-foot-high mound of soil within the cemetery, likely made from soil removed from graves. This cemetery site is west of the west gable-end of the stone, Nutt-Creel-Robinson House within twenty-five feet of the eastern edge of the woods.

May 2013: The cemetery associated with the Nutt-Creel-Robinson Property is located in the northwest corner of the parcel, approximately 182 feet (55.5 m) west of Hungry Run Road. This gravesite is located on a small, narrow finger ridge covered by forest and extremely rocky terrain. Currently orange flagging marks the locations of possible graves (24 pin flags total). However, only nine crude, unmarked sandstone markers were identified during this survey. Current Use: No Data Historic Religious Affilitation: No Data Ethnic Affiliation: No Data Has Marked Graves: No Data Has Unmarked Graves: No Data Enclosure Type: No Data Number Of Gravestones: No Data Earliest Marked Death Year: No Data Latest Marked Death Year: No Data

Secondary Resource #10

Resource Category: Funerary Resource Type: Cemetery Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: No Data Condition: No Data Threats to Resource: No Data Architectural Description: No Data Current Use: Abandoned Historic Religious Affilitation: Unknown Ethnic Affiliation: Unknown Has Marked Graves: True Has Unmarked Graves: True

January 22, 2014 Page: 6 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Enclosure Type: None Number Of Gravestones: 11 - 25 Earliest Marked Death Year: No Data Latest Marked Death Year: No Data

Secondary Resource #11

Resource Category: Funerary Resource Type: Cemetery Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: No Data Condition: No Data Threats to Resource: No Data Architectural Description: No Data Current Use: No Data Historic Religious Affilitation: No Data Ethnic Affiliation: No Data Has Marked Graves: False Has Unmarked Graves: False Enclosure Type: No Data Number Of Gravestones: No Data Earliest Marked Death Year: No Data Latest Marked Death Year: No Data Significant Burials Marked Type First Name Last Name Birth Year Death Year Other No Data No Data No Data No Data Marked Annie L. Robinson 1872 1939 Marked Joseph B. Robinson 1871 1934 Secondary Resource #12

Resource Category: DSS Legacy Resource Type: Shed Architectural Style: No Data Form: No Data Date of Construction: No Data Condition: No Data Threats to Resource: No Data Architectural Description: No Data Number of Stories: No Data

Historic District Information

Historic District Name: Little River Rural Historic District Local Historic District Name: No Data Historic District Significance: No Data

CRM Events

January 22, 2014 Page: 7 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 030-0600 Architectural Survey Form Other DHR ID: 030-5579-0045

Event Type: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Project Review File Number: No Data Investigator: DovetailCRG Organization/Company: Unknown (DSS) Sponsoring Organization: No Data Survey Date: 5/1/2013 Dhr Library Report Number: FQ-082 Project Staff/Notes: Barile, Kerri S., Marco A. Gonzalez, and Caitlin M. Oshida. “Phase IA Cultural Resource Survey of the Bull Run Mountain/Creel Property, Fauquier County, Virginia” Dovetail Cultural Resource Group, Fredericksburg, Virginia, May 2013.

Event Type: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Project Review File Number: 030-5579-0045 Investigator: Millennium Preservation, Services LLC Organization/Company: Unknown (DSS) Sponsoring Organization: No Data Survey Date: 8/16/2010 Dhr Library Report Number: FQ-082 Project Staff/Notes: This property was surveyed for the Little River Rural Historic District National Register Nomination sponsored by the Goose Creek Association.

Event Type: Survey:Phase II/Intensive Project Review File Number: 030-0600 Investigator: MacLeod, Cynthia Organization/Company: Unknown (DSS) Sponsoring Organization: No Data Survey Date: 7/1/1979 Dhr Library Report Number: FQ-082 Project Staff/Notes: No Data

Bibliographic Information

Bibliography: No Data Property Notes: No Data Project Bibliographic Information: Name: Dovetail CRG, Inc. DHR CRM Report Number: FQ-082 Record Type: Report Bibliographic Notes: Phase IA Cultural Resource Survey of the Bull Run Mountain/Creel Property, Fauquier County, Virginia Kerri Barile, Marco González, Caitlin Oshida May 2013 ------Record Type: Deed Bibliographic Notes: Fauquier County Deed Book 16, Page 124. James Dunlop & wife Elizabeth of Georgetown, D.C. to John Crain of Fauquier, 4,000 acres in Fauquier and Prince William counties, being the same parcel heretofore assigned to John Francis Mercer, Esq., as his one-half moiety of a large tract of John Mercer, Esq., deceased, 12 March 1804, 27 May 1805.

Fauquier County Deed Book 17, Page 226. John Crain & wife Mary to Richard Nutt of Fauquier County, 202 acres formerly James Dunlop to John Crain known as Lot 9 in the division formerly made by said Dunlop to hiss tenants, 25 June 1808.

January 22, 2014 Page: 8 of 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44FQ0313 Archaeological Site Record

Snapshot Date Generated: January 22, 2014

Site Name: Bull Run Mountain House Site Evaluation Status Site Classification: Terrestrial, open air Year(s): 1775 - 1799, 1800 - 1899, 1900 - 1999 Not Evaluated Site Type(s): Camp, Dwelling, single, Dwelling, single, Dwelling, single Other DHR ID: 030-0600 Temporary Designation: 44FQ9999

Locational Information

USGS Quad: MIDDLEBURG County/Independent City: Fauquier (County) Physiographic Province: Piedmont Elevation: 840 Aspect: Flat Drainage: Potomac Slope: 6 - 10 Acreage: 14.560 Landform: Ridge, Saddle Ownership Status: Private Government Entity Name: No Data

Site Components

Component 1 Category: Domestic Site Type: Dwelling, single Cultural Affiliation: Euro-American DHR Time Period: 18th Century: 4th quarter Start Year: 1775 End Year: 1799 Comments: May 2013

(WSSI/TA 2013) Intensive historic occupation during John Monday's ownership of the property from circa 1785 to circa 1825. Component 2 Category: Domestic Site Type: Dwelling, single Cultural Affiliation: Euro-American DHR Time Period: 20th Century Start Year: 1900 End Year: 1999 Comments: May 2013

(WSSI/TA 2013) A single cinderblock dwelling built circa 1960 with two associated graves. This is the Robinsons family occupation. Component 3 Category: Domestic Site Type: Dwelling, single Cultural Affiliation: Euro-American DHR Time Period: 19th Century

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 1 of 5 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44FQ0313 Archaeological Site Record

Start Year: 1800 End Year: 1899 Comments: May 2013

(WSSI/TA 2013) Intensive historic occupation during John Monday's ownership of the property from circa 1785 to circa 1825. Ephemeral use of the property during the late 19th century as a possible hunting or retreat lodge. Component 4 Category: Domestic Site Type: Camp Cultural Affiliation: Native American DHR Time Period: Early Archaic Period, Late Archaic Period, Middle Archaic Period Start Year: No Data End Year: No Data Comments: (WSSI/TA 2013) The absence of prehistoric pottery and the one projectile point found suggests that the site dates to the Archaic period (8000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.). The lack of tertiary flakes or retouch flakes along with the absence of scrapers and knives suggest that the site’s occupational activities centered on the reduction of lithics into bifaces that were then transported elsewhere for further refinement.

Bibliographic Information

Bibliography: No Data Informant Data: No Data

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 2 of 5 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44FQ0313 Archaeological Site Record

CRM Events

Event Type: Survey:Phase I

Project Staff/Notes: A limited Phase I archeological investigation within a ±0.65 acre portion of the ±3.3 acre site 44FQ0313, the Nutt Creel Robinson House site located in Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve in Fauquier County, Virginia was carried out by Thunderbird Archeology with the purpose of understanding the age and characteristics of sub- surface deposits in the area immediately surrounding the main dwelling, to provide additional information relevant to the initial date of construction for the dwelling and period of occupation for the site. Additionally, a public outreach component was undertaken along with the excavation of two test units. All artifacts, research data and field data resulting from this project are currently on repository at the Thunderbird offices in Gainesville, Virginia. Project Review File Number: No Data Sponsoring Organization: No Data Organization/Company: Thunderbird Archeology, a division of Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc. Investigator: Boyd Sipe Survey Date: 9/13/2013 Survey Description: The Phase I field methods included systematic shovel testing and pedestrian reconnaissance. Shovel test pits measured at least 15 inches in diameter and were excavated in natural or cultural soil horizons, depending upon the specific field conditions. Excavations ceased when gleyed soils, gravel, water, or well developed B horizons too old for human occupation were reached. All excavated soils were screened through 1/4-inch mesh hardware cloth screens and were classified and recorded according to standard pedological designations (A, Ap, B, C, etc.); excepting the terms Fill and Fill horizon, which are used to describe culturally modified, disturbed or transported sediments and soils.

A total of 37 shovel test pits were excavated at 25 foot intervals in the immediate vicinity of the historic structure. In addition to 3 feet by 3 feet Test Units were excavated. One was placed in the highest concentration of historic artifacts and the other one and the highest concentration of prehistoric artifacts. The Test Units served as didactic element during the Public Outreach component carried out on October 12th, 2013. Current Land Use Date of Use Comments Dwelling, single 10/1/2013 12:00:00 AM Protected by the Virginia Outdoors Foundation. Threats to Resource: None Known Site Conditions: Surface Deposits Present And With Subsurface Integrity Survey Strategies: Historic Map Projection, Informant, Observation, Subsurface Testing, Surface Testing Specimens Collected: Yes Specimens Observed, Not Collected: No Artifacts Summary and Diagnostics: DHR Table Site 44FQ0313

Ceramics 1 kaolin pipe stem 39 pearlware (1780-1830) 1 refined white earthenware 25 redware 4 stoneware Glass 9 bottle, bottle/jar, tableware 3 bottle, contact mold (1810-1880) 6 bottle/jar , clear manganese, chilled iron mold (1880-1930) 22 bottle, bottle/jar, jar, automatic bottle machine (ABM) (1907-present) 1 bottle, pink selenium (1911-1930) 2 bottle, duraglas (1940-present) 12 unidentified glass 4 windowpane, potash (pre-1864) 5 windowpane, soda/potash (pre-1864) 2 windowpane, lime soda (1864-present) Metal 1 brass washer 1 horseshoe 5 nail, wrought 25 nail, cut (post-1790) 11 nail, wire (1890-present) 3 nail, unidentified 4 unidentified ferrous metal 5 white metal alloy .22 caliber cartridge casing 1 wire Miscellaneous 20 bone 4 charcoal 21 mortar 4 oyster shell

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 3 of 5 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44FQ0313 Archaeological Site Record

Prehistoric 6 chert primary reduction flake 8 chert biface thinning flake 1 chert projectile point fragment, Archaic (8000 BC-1000 BC) 3 hornfels primary reduction flake 1 hornfels biface thinning flake 1 hornfels flake fragment 1 quartz decortication flake 37 quartz primary reduction flake 15 quartz biface thinning flake 5 quartz flake fragment 5 quartzite primary reduction flake 1 quartzite possible hammerstone 1 rhyolite primary reduction flake Summary of Specimens Observed, Not Collected: No Data Current Curation Repository: WSSI/TA Gainesville, VA Permanent Curation Repository: Fauquier County Field Notes: Yes Field Notes Repository: WSSI/TA Gainesville, VA Photographic Media: Digital Survey Reports: Yes Survey Report Information: Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Nutt Creel Robinson House December 2013

Boyd Sipe and Andres Garzon-Oechsle Survey Report Repository: WSSI/TA Gainesville, Va DHR Library Reference Number: No Data Significance Statement: (WSSI/TA December 2013) The historic artifact assemblage recovered from the site indicates that the intensive historic occupation of site 44FQ0313 may have dated from circa 1785 to circa 1825 during John Monday’s ownership of the property. The late historic finds, represented primarily by bottle glass dating to the late 19th century and early 20th century may be associated with the reported ephemeral use of the property as a hunting lodge or retreat during these periods.

A previously unknown prehistoric component of the site was discovered during the Phase I investigations in the south yard. Prehistoric finds included quartz decortication and primary reduction flakes, quartzite primary reduction flakes, gray chert and hornfels biface thinning flakes, a quartzite hanmmerstone, and a black chert notched, unfinished projectile point fragment. Although the projectile point fragment could not be definitively typed, it likely dates to the Archaic period (8000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.) and provides the only evidence for dating the prehistoric site component. The prehistoric component of site 44FQ0313 appears to be representative of a camp and lithic reduction station; raw materials were most likely transported to the site in the form of nodules and large flakes from nearby quartz, quartzite, and, possibly, hornfels quarries. Similarly, nodules and large flakes of black and gray chert and rhyolite were transported to the site from more distant locations.

Although late historic or modern subsurface disturbances were identified in portions of the site, we feel that both the prehistoric and historic components of the site retain significant research potential, due in part, to the limited archeological data available on similar historic or prehistoric occupations in mountainous regions of Fauquier County, Virginia. We recommend that site 44FQ0313 be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion D as an individual resource and a contributing element of the Little River Rural Historic District (030-5579). We also concur with previous recommendations regarding the Nutt Creel Robinson House (030-0600) and recommend that the resource be considered eligible for the NRHP under criteria A and C. Surveyor's Eligibility Recommendations: Recommended Potentially Eligible Surveyor's NR Criteria Recommendations, : D Surveyor's NR Criteria Considerations: No Data

Event Type: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance

Project Staff/Notes: On behalf of Department of Community Development, Fauquier County, Dovetail Cultural Resource Group I, Inc. conducted a Phase IA reconnaissance study of the Bull Run Mountain/Creel Property in Fauquier County, Virginia.

This site is recommended potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D.

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 4 of 5 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44FQ0313 Archaeological Site Record

Project Review File Number: No Data Sponsoring Organization: No Data Organization/Company: Dovetail CRG (DSS) Investigator: Barile, Kerri Survey Date: 5/1/2013 Survey Description: [2013 Dovetail CRG] The field survey consisted of one Dovetail archaeologist and one architectural historian inspecting the entire proposed project area. The survey methodology comprised field notes and photographic documentation during a pedestrian inspection of the Bull Run Mountain/Creel Property. Dovetail also conducted subsurface excavations with the excavation of judgmentally placed shovel test pits across the portions of the project area identified visually as potential archaeological site locations. STPs measured approximately 15 inches (38 cm) in diameter and were excavated to penetrate at least 4 inches (10.2 cm) into sterile subsoil where possible.

Threats to Resource: Vacant Site Conditions: Surface Deposits, Surface Deposits Present And With Subsurface Integrity Survey Strategies: Historic Map Projection, Observation, Subsurface Testing Specimens Collected: Yes Specimens Observed, Not Collected: Yes Artifacts Summary and Diagnostics: [2013 Dovetail CRG] A total of 4 artifacts was recovered from 2 shovel tests at this site. All artifacts were recovered from the upper level of the soil stratigraphy. The artifacts include a domestic artifact scatter of architectural debris, glass and ceramic. Recovered artifacts include two clear bottle glass fragments, one porcellanous ceramic foot rim fragment and one ungalvanized wire nail. Summary of Specimens Observed, Not Collected: No Data Current Curation Repository: Dovetail CRG Permanent Curation Repository: No Data Field Notes: Yes Field Notes Repository: Dovetail CRG Photographic Media: No Data Survey Reports: Yes Survey Report Information: 2013 Phase IA Cultural Resource Survey of the Bull Run Mountain/Creel Property, Fauquier County, Virginia by Kerri S. Barile, Marco A. González and Caitlin M. Oshida Survey Report Repository: Fauquier County DHR Library Reference Number: No Data Significance Statement: No Data Surveyor's Eligibility Recommendations: Legacy Surveyor's NR Criteria Recommendations, : A, B, C Surveyor's NR Criteria Considerations: Birth Place or Grave, Cemetery, Commemorative Property, Moved Property, Reconstructed Property, Religious Property, Significance of less than Fifty Years

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 5 of 5 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 104 APPENDIX III Artifact Inventory

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 105 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 106 BULL RUN MOUNTAIN SITE 44FQ0313 SITE TESTING ARTIFACT INVENTORY

STP 02, Ap horizon Glass 3 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherds, automatic bottle machine (1910- present) 6 clear manganese cylindrical bottle/jar sherds, chilled iron mold (1880- 1915) 1 unidentified clear spall STP 03, Apb horizon Ceramics 1 redware sherd, light brown glazed interior, unglazed exterior, hollow vessel Glass 1 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherd, automatic bottle machine (1910- present) STP 05, Ap horizon Ceramics 1 pearlware sherd, brown hand painted rim band, rim fragment, indeterminate vessel shape and rim diameter 2 pearlware sherds, undecorated, hollow vessel (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 1 redware sherd, brown glazed interior and exterior, hollow vessel 1 redware sherd, unglazed, indeterminate vessel shape Glass 1 windowpane sherd, potash (pre-1864) Metal 1 cut nail fragment, unidentified head (post-1790) STP 06, Ap horizon Miscellaneous 4 oyster shell fragments, 7.4 grams STP 07, Apb horizon Ceramics 1 redware sherd, red glazed interior, indeterminate vessel shape Glass 1 amber cylindrical bottle sherd, automatic bottle machine (1907- present) 1 light green square/rectangular bottle sherd, automatic bottle machine (1907-present) 1 unidentified pale green sherd, flat, patinated Metal 1 cut nail fragment (post-1790) 1 cut nail fragment, machine headed (post-1830) 1 cut nail fragment, unidentified head (post-1790)

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 107 1 wire 8d nail (1890-present) 1 wire nail fragment (1890-present) STP 08, Fill horizon Glass 1 amber cylindrical bottle sherd, base fragment, duraglas stippling (1940- present) Metal 2 cut nail fragments, machine headed (post-1830) 2 unidentified nail fragments STP 11, Fill horizon Glass 1 amber cylindrical bottle sherd, automatic bottle machine (1907- present) 1 amber cylindrical bottle sherd, base fragment, duraglas stippling (1940- present) 2 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherds 3 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherds, automatic bottle machine (1910- present) 1 unidentified clear spall 1 unidentified very pale aqua sherd, flat, patinated 1 unidentified very pale green sherd, flat, patinated 1 windowpane sherd, soda/potash (pre-1864) Miscellaneous 1 mortar fragment, gray, 9.8 grams 3 mortar fragments, beige, 3.5 grams STP 11, Builders Trench Fill horizon Glass 2 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherds, automatic bottle machine, stained (1910-present) 1 honey amber cylindrical bottle sherd, automatic bottle machine (1907- present) 1 pink selenium cylindrical bottle sherd (1911-1930) 2 unidentified clear spalls 1 unidentified very pale aqua sherd, flat Miscellaneous 1 mortar fragment, 0.4 grams STP 12, Ap horizon Ceramics 3 pearlware sherds (two mend), undecorated, indeterminate vessel shape (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 1 redware sherd, annular trailed slip decoration interior, indeterminate vessel shape 1 redware sherd, brown glazed interior, unglazed exterior, hollow vessel 1 redware sherd, unglazed, indeterminate vessel shape 3 redware sherds (mend), rim fragments, annular trailed slip decoration

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 108 interior, unglazed exterior, hollow vessel, 9.0 inch rim diameter 1 redware spall, brown glazed, indeterminate vessel shape STP 13, Ao/Ap horizon Ceramics 1 pearlware sherd, undecorated, base fragment, flat vessel, indeterminate base diameter, stained (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) Prehistoric 1 quartz decortication flake, proximal 1 quartz primary reduction flake, whole, 19.2 mm x 12.8 mm STP 14, Ap horizon Ceramics 1 pearlware sherd, undecorated, hollow vessel (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 1 redware sherd, brownish-yellow glazed interior and exterior, hollow vessel Glass 3 honey amber cylindrical bottle sherds, automatic bottle machine (1907- present) Metal 1 ferrous metal horseshoe Miscellaneous 1 bone fragment Prehistoric 1 dark gray chert biface thinning flake, proximal 2 gray chert biface thinning flakes, proximal 2 quartz primary reduction flakes, proximal STP 15, Ap horizon Ceramics 1 gray bodied coarse stoneware sherd, cobalt hand painted decoration, clear glazed interior, clear salt glazed exterior, hollow vessel Metal 1 cut nail fragment, machine headed (post-1830) 2 cut nail fragments, one burned (post-1790) 1 wire nail fragment, pulled (1890-present) Miscellaneous 1 bone fragment Prehistoric 1 quartz primary reduction flake, proximal 1 quartz primary reduction flake, whole, 18.3 mm x 16.1 mm STP 16, Ap horizon Glass 1 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherd, patinated Metal 1 cut nail fragment (post-1790) 1 cut nail fragment, unidentified head, burned (post-1790)

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 109 STP 17, Ap horizon Miscellaneous 2 mortar fragments, 10.4 grams STP 18, Ap horizon Glass 1 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherd, automatic bottle machine (1910- present) Metal 1 cut nail fragment, unidentified head (post-1790) 1 unidentified ferrous metal fragment, curved, thin 2 unidentified ferrous metal fragments Prehistoric 1 quartzite primary reduction flake, whole, 10.8 mm x 24.8 mm STP 19, Fill horizon Ceramics 1 pearlware sherd, undecorated, flat vessel pearlware sherd Glass 2 windowpane sherds, lime soda (1864-present) Metal 1 wire nail fragment (1890-present) Miscellaneous 3 charcoal fragments 12 mortar fragments, beige, 64.1 grams 2 mortar fragments, gray, 50.9 grams STP 20, Ap horizon Ceramics 1 pearlware sherd, undecorated, indeterminate vessel shape (1780- 1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 1 pearlware sherd, unidentified blue decoration, rim fragment, indeterminate vessel shape and rim diameter 1 redware sherd, brown glazed interior, unglazed exterior, hollow vessel 1 redware sherd, unglazed exterior, indeterminate vessel shape, burned 1 redware sherd, unglazed, indeterminate vessel shape 3 redware sherds, brown mottled glazed, indeterminate vessel shape Glass 1 aqua cylindrical bottle/jar sherd, scratched, patinated Metal 1 cut nail fragment (post-1790) 1 unidentified ferrous metal fragment Prehistoric 1 quartz biface thinning flake, proximal STP 21, Ap horizon Prehistoric 1 black chert biface thinning flake, distal STP 22, Ap horizon

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 110 Ceramics 1 pearlware sherd, undecorated, base diameter, flat vessel, 4.0 inch base diameter (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) Prehistoric 1 gray chert primary reduction flake, medial 1 gray chert primary reduction flake, whole, 19.2 mm x 11.6 mm 1 hornfels biface thinning flake, proximal 1 quartz primary reduction flake, medial 1 quartzite possible hammerstone, pecking one side STP 23, Ap horizon Prehistoric 1 quartz biface thinning flake, whole, 18.0 mm x 7.8 mm 2 quartz primary reduction flakes, proximal STP 24, Ap horizon Ceramics 1 pearlware sherd, undecorated, flat vessel (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) Prehistoric 1 quartz primary reduction flake, medial 1 quartz primary reduction flake, proximal STP 25, Ap horizon Metal 2 wire nail fragments (1890-present) STP 26, Ap horizon Prehistoric 1 quartz biface thinning flake, proximal 1 quartz primary reduction flake, proximal STP 28, Fill horizon Prehistoric 1 quartz biface thinning flake, medial STP 28, Apb horizon Glass 1 Ball blue cylindrical canning jar sherd, automatic bottle machine, automatic bottle machine (1909-1938) STP 29, Fill horizon Ceramics 2 pearlware sherds (mend), brown hand painted decoration, indeterminate vessel shape STP 30, Apb horizon Prehistoric 1 black chert projectile point fragment, unfinished, notched, Archaic (8000 BC - 1000 BC) STP 31, Ap horizon Metal 1 unidentified nail fragment

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 111 STP 37, Ap horizon Prehistoric 1 quartz primary reduction flake, distal Test Unit 1, Ap horizon Ceramics 2 gray bodied coarse stoneware sherds (mend), brown salt glazed interior, hollow vessel 1 kaolin pipe stem fragment, 5/64th inch bore hole diameter, stained 1 pearlware sherd, green hand painted floral decoration, indeterminate vessel shape 1 pearlware sherd, undecorated, hollow vessel (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 1 pearlware sherd, undecorated, rim fragment, flat vessel, 6.0 inch rim diameter (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 1 pearlware sherd, underglaze blue hand painted decoration, flat vessel (1780-1820, South 1977; 1780-1830, Miller 1992) 1 pearlware sherd, underglaze blue hand painted floral decoration, scalloped rim fragment, flat vessel, indeterminate rim diameter (1780- 1820, South 1977; 1780-1830, Miller 1992) 1 pearlware sherd, unidentified blue decoration, scalloped rim fragment, flat vessel, indeterminate rim diameter 4 pearlware sherds, undecorated, flat vessels (1780-1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 6 pearlware sherds, undecorated, indeterminate vessel shape (1780- 1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 1 refined white earthenware sherd, gizzard/gaming stone, worn, rounded Glass 1 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherd, patinated 1 olive green oval/rectangular bottle sherd, base or shoulder fragment, contact mold (1810-1880) 1 olive green oval/rectangular bottle sherd, contact mold (1810-1880) 1 olive green oval/rectangular bottle sherd, embossed "...AR...", contact mold (1810-1880) 1 unidentified green spall 1 windowpane sherd, soda/potash (pre-1864) 2 windowpane sherds, potash (pre-1864) Metal 1 brass washer, threaded interior, uneven wear along edge 3 cut nail fragments (post-1790) 2 cut nail fragments, machine headed (post-1830) 2 cut nail fragments, unidentified heads (post-1790) 1 wire 10d nail, pulled (1890-present) Miscellaneous 16 bone fragments 1 charcoal fragment

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 112 2 tooth fragments Prehistoric 1 gray chert biface thinning flake, distal 1 gray chert biface thinning flake, whole, 7.9 mm x 12.5 mm 2 gray chert biface thinning flakes, medial 1 gray chert primary reduction flake, medial 2 gray chert primary reduction flakes, proximal 1 hornfels primary reduction flake, proximal 1 hornfels primary reduction flake, proximal, utilized 1 quartz biface thinning flake, proximal 1 quartz biface thinning flake, whole, 15.0 mm x 5.9 mm 1 quartz biface thinning flake, whole, 5.5 mm x 7.2 mm 1 quartz biface thinning flake, whole, 8.1 mm x 10.1 mm 3 quartz biface thinning flakes, distal 3 quartz biface thinning flakes, medial 5 quartz flake fragments 1 quartz primary reduction flake, whole, 15.7 mm x 10.8 mm 2 quartz primary reduction flakes, distal 9 quartz primary reduction flakes, medial 12 quartz primary reduction flakes, proximal 1 quartzite primary reduction flake, proximal 1 quartzite primary reduction flake, whole, 36.6 mm x 31.6 mm 1 rhyolite primary reduction flake, proximal Test Unit 2, Ap horizon Ceramics 1 gray bodied coarse stoneware sherd, dark brown glazed interior, clear salt glazed exterior, hollow vessel 1 pearlware sherd, orange hand painted floral decoration, hollow vessel 7 pearlware sherds, undecorated, hollow vessels, one burned (1780- 1830, South 1977; Miller 1992) 1 redware sherd, brown glazed interior, hollow vessel 1 redware sherd, dark brown glazed interior and exterior, hollow vessel 1 redware sherd, light brown glazed, indeterminate vessel shape 1 redware sherd, rim fragment, rouletted/coggled rim decoration, annular trailed slip decoration interior, unglazed exterior, flat vessel 1 redware sherd, unglazed, indeterminate vessel shape 2 redware sherds, unglazed, flat vessel Glass 1 amber cylindrical bottle sherd, external thread lip finish fragment, automatic bottle machine (1907-present) 2 clear cylindrical bottle/jar sherds, automatic bottle machine (1910- present) 1 clear cylindrical tableware sherd, molded, tumbler fragment, patinated 1 honey amber cylindrical bottle sherd, unidentified embossing, automatic bottle machine (1907-present)

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 113 3 olive green cylindrical bottle sherds, stained, patinated 3 unidentified pale green sherds, flat, patinated 1 windowpane sherd, potash (pre-1864) 3 windowpane sherds, soda/potash (pre-1864) Metal 2 cut nail fragment, machine headed, one pulled (post-1790) 3 cut nail fragments (two mend), pulled (post-1790) 1 white metal alloy .22 caliber cartridge casing, headstamp "HI.../..../S..." 4 white metal alloy .22 caliber cartridge casings, headstamp "HI/U/SPEED" 1 wire fragment, bent end 4 wire nail fragments, pulled (1890-present) 1 wrought nail fragment, spatulate tip 4 wrought nail fragments, unidentified heads, two pulled Prehistoric 1 black chert primary reduction flake, proximal 1 hornfels flake fragment, rounded 1 hornfels primary reduction flake, proximal 1 light gray quartzite primary reduction flake, proximal 1 quartz biface thinning flake, proximal 1 quartz primary reduction flake, proximal 1 quartzite primary reduction flake, proximal

Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House

WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page 114