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BULL RUN MOUNTAIN HOUSE, SITE 44FQ0313 Fauquier County, Virginia WSSI #22316.01

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BULL RUN MOUNTAIN HOUSE, SITE 44FQ0313 Fauquier County, Virginia WSSI #22316.01 BULL RUN MOUNTAIN HOUSE, SITE 44FQ0313 Fauquier County, Virginia WSSI #22316.01 Phase I Archeological Investigation (±0.65 acres) December, 2013 Prepared for: Fauquier County Department of Community Development 10 Hotel Street, 3rd Floor Warrenton, Virginia 20186 Prepared by: Boyd Sipe, M.A., RPA and Andrés E. Garzón-Oechsle 5300 Wellington Branch Drive, Suite 100 Gainesville, Virginia 20155 Tel: 703-679-5600 Email: [email protected] www.wetlandstudies.com ABSTRACT A Phase I archeological investigation was conducted within a ±0.65 acre portion of the ±3.3 acre site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House site located in Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve in Fauquier County, Virginia. Additionally, a public outreach component was undertaken that included the excavation of two test units. Thunderbird Archeology, a division of Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc., of Gainesville, Virginia, conducted the studies for Fauquier County Planning Division of Warrenton, Virginia. The fieldwork was carried out in September and October of 2013. The historic artifact assemblage recovered from the site indicates that the intensive historic occupation of site 44FQ0313 may have dated from circa 1785 to circa 1825 during John Monday’s ownership of the property. The late historic finds, represented primarily by bottle glass dating to the late 19th century and early 20th century may be associated with the reported ephemeral use of the property as a hunting lodge or retreat during these periods. A previously unknown prehistoric component of the site that likely dates to the Archaic period (8000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.) was also discovered during the Phase I investigations. Although late historic or modern subsurface disturbances were identified in portions of the site, we feel that both the prehistoric and historic components of the site retain significant research potential, due in part, to the limited archeological data available on similar historic or prehistoric occupations in mountainous regions of Fauquier County, Virginia. We recommend that site 44FQ0313 be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion D as an individual resource and a contributing element of the Little River Rural Historic District (030-5579). We also concur with previous recommendations regarding the Bull Run Mountain House (030- 0600) and recommend that the resource be considered eligible for the NRHP under criteria A and C. Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. ii LIST OF EXHIBITS ....................................................................................................... iii LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ..................................................................................... 1 PALEOENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND ............................................................ 4 CULTURAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................. 6 Prehistoric Overview .................................................................................................... 6 Historic Overview ....................................................................................................... 12 PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ......................................................... 27 RESEARCH EXPECTATIONS .................................................................................... 35 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS ................................................................. 35 RESULTS OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................. 37 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................ 52 REFERENCES CITED .................................................................................................. 53 PLATES ........................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX I ................................................................................................................... 79 Archival Research (Provided by Fauquier County Planning Division) ................ 79 APPENDIX II .................................................................................................................. 89 DHR Resource Forms ................................................................................................. 89 APPENDIX III .............................................................................................................. 105 Artifact Inventory ..................................................................................................... 105 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page ii LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit 1 : Portion of the 2007 ADC Northern Virginia Regional Map Showing the Location of the Project Area ................................................................ 2 Exhibit 2 : Portion of the USGS 1981 Middleburg, VA 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area ................................................................ 3 Exhibit 3 : Summer 2012 Natural Color Imagery Aerial Photograph Showing the Project Area.......................................................................................... 5 Exhibit 4 : Portion of 1862 McDowell Map of Northeast Virginia and Vicinity of Washington D.C. Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ............................................................................................. 20 Exhibit 5 : Portion of 1863 Hotchkiss Map of Fauquier County, Virginia, Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ........................................ 21 Exhibit 6 : Portion of 1876 Map of Fauquier County, Virginia, Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ........................................ 24 Exhibit 7 : Portion of 1914 Fauquier County, Virginia Board of Trade Map Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ......................... 26 Exhibit 8 : Portion of the USGS 1933 Middleburg, VA 15’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area .............................................................. 28 Exhibit 9 : Portion of the USGS 1944 Middleburg, VA 15’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area .............................................................. 29 Exhibit 10 : Portion of the USGS 1946 Middleburg, VA 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area .............................................................. 30 Exhibit 11 : Portion of the USGS 1968 Middleburg, VA 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area .............................................................. 31 Exhibit 12 : Portion of the USGS 1977 Middleburg, VA 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area .............................................................. 32 Exhibit 13 : DHR Architectural Resources and Archeological Sites Map Showing the Location of the Project Area ............................................... 33 Exhibit 14 : Location of Structures and Cemetery Associated with Site 44FQ0313 ..... 38 Exhibit 15 : Map Showing the Overview of Phase I Testing ......................................... 39 Exhibit 16 : Representative Soil Profiles from Project Area .......................................... 40 Exhibit 17 : Representative Soil Profiles from Project Area .......................................... 42 Exhibit 18 : Historic and Prehistoric Components within Site 44FQ0313 ..................... 47 Exhibit 19 : North Wall Profile of Test Unit 1 ............................................................... 48 Exhibit 20 : West Wall Profile of Test Unit 2.................................................................49 Phase I Archeological Investigation of Site 44FQ0313, the Bull Run Mountain House WSSI #22316.01 - December 2013 Page iii LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Bull Run Mountain House (Primary Resource of 033-0600) .............................. 63 Plate 2: Fieldstone Marked Cemetery, View to the East .................................................. 63 Plate 3: Well Head for Modern/ Late Historic Well ......................................................... 65 Plate 4: Poured Concrete Privy ......................................................................................... 65 Plate 5: Representative Vegetation ................................................................................... 67 Plate 6: Representative Vegetation ................................................................................... 67 Plate 7: STP 11 (Builder’s Trench) North Profile ............................................................ 69 Plate 8: Disturbances – Hungry Run Road, View to the North ........................................ 71 Plate 9: Disturbances –
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