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THE CANFRANC UNDERGROUND ASTROPARTICLE LABORATORY
Experimental Program Status, Results & Prospects
Angel Morales Laboratory of Nuclear and High Energy Physics University of Zaragoza
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 1 CONTENTS
• Short description of the Canfranc Underground Facility • Current experiments and results • Future projects
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 2 StaffStaff (PhD)(PhD) PostgraduatesPostgraduates
Morales Villasevil, Angel 1,2,3 Pobes Aranda, Carlos 1 ,3 (F.P.I.) Morales Villasevil, Julio 1,2 ,3 Martínez Pérea, María 1 ,3 (F.P.I.) Villar Rivacoba, Jose Angel 1,2 ,3 Beltran Lizarraga, Berta 2 ,3 (D.G.A.) Amaré Tafalla, Julio Cesar 1 ,3 Torres Fernandez, Lidia 1 ,3 (E.U.) Puimedón Santolaria, Jorge 1 ,3 García Abansens, Eduardo 1 ,3 TechnicalTechnical StaffStaff Sarsa Sarsa, Maria Luisa 1,2 ,3 Carmona Martinez, José Manuel 1,2 ,3 Ortiz de Solórzano, Alfonso (Ingeniero técnico) Luzón Marco, Gloria 1,2 ,3 (Ingeniero técnico) Mena Alastuey, Javier García Irastorza, Igor 1,2 ,3 Mena Alastuey, Javier (Técnico Especialista) Cebrián Guajardo, Susana 1,2 ,3 Ruz Armendáriz, Jaime Fatás Monforte, Mercedes
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 3 1.1. THETHE CCANFRANCANFRANC UUNDERGROUNDNDERGROUND FACILITYFACILITY
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 4 • Located in a Railway tunnel of ~8 Km long (not in use), crossing the Pyrenees (entrance at ~1080 m above sea level by the Canfranc Station). • Set of various small facilities at different depths: • Two small rooms of 12 m2 (plus two 35 m2 x 1 m galleries) each one at 700 m.w.e.
• One Laboratory mobile on the tracks (two trailers of 3.5 x 6 m each), at a depth from 500 to 2500 m.w.e. • One main Laboratory of 110 m2 (4.5 m height) under the Tobazo mount (~2000 m), providing shielding of rock equivalent to 2450 meters of water. • There exist 18 galleries (~100 m x 4.5 m) connecting the recently constructed road tunnel of Somport to the Railway tunnel of Canfranc. Both tunnels go in parallel at a distance of 90 m to 150 m each other.
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 5 A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 6 One main Laboratory of 110 m2 (4.5 m height) under the Tobazo mount (~2000 m), providing shielding of rock equivalent to 2450 meters of water.
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 7 A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 8 LABORATORIO SUBTERRANEO DE CANFRANC Planta del Laboratorio Principal ( Lab. 3 a 2450 mwe )
AMBAR ( 8 m2) IGEX ( 18 m2 ) Electrónica y control ANAIS ( 9 m2 ) ROSEBUD ( 4 m2 ) de ROSEBUD
Instalación de bombeo Control y electrónica Control y electrónica de IGEX (7.5 m2) de ANAIS (4,5 m2)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 9 ESQUEMA DE SITUACION
ESPAÑA : FRANCIA
Túnel Internacional de Somport (Carretero)
Galería de evacuación Nueva excavación 400 m2 Laboratorio principal 100 m2 Túnel Internacional de Canfranc (Ferroviario) Cabinas 36 m2
P.K. 2650
P.K. 2400 P.K. 2550
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 10 EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS
Depth (max.): ~ 2500 meters of water equivalent (m.w.e.)
Composition of the rock and average density: limestone, mainly calcium carbonate, ρ~2.7 g/cm3 plus traces of quartz, ρ~2.6 g/cm3)
-7 2 Muon flux: φµ= 2 x 10 µ/cm s
Radon: Variable, 50-100 Bq/m3 in Laboratory
-2 2 Ambient photon flux: φγ ~ 2 x 10 γ/cm s
-6 2 Neutrons: φn ~ a few x 10 n/cm s depending on energy
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 11 CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE SITE
- Independent electric power supply to the Lab. - Telephonic link - Air conditioning and thermalization - Air extraction and forced ventilation in/from outside - Low temperature facility (12-20 mK) - Antivibrational cabin and Faraday cages - Floor reinforced for supporting heavy shielding - Tons of archaeological lead - Bench of ultra-low background HpGe detectors for radiopurity measurements
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 12 FINANCEMENT
The research infrastructures built in the tunnel, the investments on experimental equipment, the running costs and other scientific activities of the LSC are financed by the Spanish National Programs of High Energy Physics, and of Particle Physics and Accelerators of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCyT).
Other funding contributions come from the University of Zaragoza, the TMR Program of the European Union and the Regional Government of Aragon.
Punctual contributions are that of the DOE (USA) and NSF (USA), the INFN (Italy) and IN2P3 (France) and INR and ITEP from Russia.
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 13 USERS More than fifty scientists from twelve institutions from eight countries have participated in the LSC Scientific Program (Argentina, Armenia, France, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Spain and USA).
Laboratory of Nuclear and High Energy Physics, University of Zaragoza, (Spain) J.M. Carmona, S. Cebrián, E. García, I. G. Irastorza, G. Luzón, A. Morales (P.I.), J. Morales, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, J. Puimedón, M. L. Sarsa, J. A. Villar. Insitute d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, Paris (France) N. Coron, G. Dambier, J. Leblanc, P. de Marcillac Universita di Torino/INFN (Italy) A. Bottino, S. Scopel. University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (USA) C. E. Aalseth, F. T. Avignone III, J.I. Collar. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington (USA) R. L. Brodzinski, , W. K. Hensley, H. S. Miley, J. H. Reeves Institute for Nuclear Research, Baksan Neutrino Observatory, Baksan (Russia) S. B. Osetrov, M., A. A. Smolnikov, A. A. Vasenko, S. I. Vasiliev, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow (Russia) I. V. Kirpichnikov, A. A. Klimenko, A. S. Starostin Yerevan Physical Institute, Yerevan (Armenia) V. S. Pogosov, A. G. Tamanyan
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 14 2.2. CURRENTCURRENT EXPERIMENTSEXPERIMENTS ANDAND RESULTSRESULTS
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 15 MAIN LINES OF PHYSICS RESEARCH AT CANFRANC ! Neutrino Physics Double Beta Decay IGEX- 2β-decay, 76Ge2β/γ , 78Kr2β+-decay CUORICINO (LNGS) ! Dark Matter searches Direct detection of galactic WIMPs COSME1, COSME2, IGEX-DM, NaI-32, ANAIS ROSEBUD I, ROSEBUD II ! Solar axions searches Bragg scattering on crystals COSME2, SOLAX Helioscopes CAST
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 16 EXPERIMENTS ALREADY PERFORMED OR BEING CURRENTLY IN OPERATION AT LSC
- Decay of Ge76 to excited states (2β/γ coincidence exp.) - Double positron decay of 78Kr - Looking for WIMPs of low mass (COSME-1) - Search for annual modulation of WIMPs signals with scintillators (NaI- 32) - Detection of solar axions through Bragg-scattering (COSME-2) - Looking for WIMPs with a small natural Ge detector (COSME-2) - Double Beta Decay of Ge-76 (IGEX-2 β) - Direct search for WIMPs with an enriched Ge detector (IGEX-DM) - Direct search for WIMPs with thermal detectors (ROSEBUD-I) - Search for WIMPs with scintillating bolometers (ROSEBUD-II) - Search for annual modulation of WIMP signals with large masses of NaI (ANAIS)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 17 DoubleDouble BetaBeta DecayDecay SearchesSearches atat thethe CanfrancCanfranc UndergroundUnderground LaboratoryLaboratory
DBD is an unique Laboratory to investigate: Lepton number Symmetry Neutrino vs. Antineutrinos Are they equal (Majorana) or different (Dirac)? Massive Neutrinos / Neutrino mass scale
VIEWS ON A NEW LANDSCAPE IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
Nuclear 2Beta decay is a subject seventy year old, always in the front page, which is now in its most relevant period
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 18 22ββ//γγ coincidencecoincidence experimentexperiment Decay of Ge76 to excited states
6062.56062.5 hh
Background 3 times better than the previous experiment at Frejus No accumulation of counts at Ge coincidence spectrum 1483.7 keV. The former Frejus (NaI window of 2.35σ peak is not due to any 2β decay around 559.1 keV) process ( 95% C.L.)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 19 KryptonKrypton experimentexperiment Double positron decay of Kr78
4434.54434.5 hh High pressure, high resolution chamber filled with Kripton gas enriched up to 94% in Kr78
+ 21 T1/2 (ECβ )0ν > 5.1x10 y Coincidence spectrum between + 20 T1/2 (ECβ )2ν > 1.1x10 y the IC signal and two 511 keV gammas in the scintillators + + 20 T1/2 (β β )[2ν&0ν] > 1.1x10 y (energy window of 2.35σ) (68% C.L.)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 20 IGEXIGEX--22ββ Double beta decay of Ge76
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 21 TheThe IGEXIGEX ExperimentExperiment atat CanfrancCanfranc
Phase II "3 germanium detectors of 2 kg total mass each, enriched to 86% in 76Ge. "Copper parts in the cryostat are produced by special techniques to eliminate Thorium and Radium impurities.
"Feedback resistor placed close to the crystal for low noise- capacitance effects, but separated by roman lead disk 2.5 cm thick. "Rest of front-end electronics placed outside the shield. Preamplifiers modified for Pulse Shape Discrimination.
Phys. Rev. C 59 (1999) 2108
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 22 5cm SHIELDINGSHIELDING Plastic Common shielding for IGEX and COSME scintillator
Archaeological lead side 60 cm 2.5 tons
Low activity lead side 100 cm , 10 tons
PVC bags
with N2
Cadmium layer 2 mm
Polyethylene layer (20 - 40 cms)
Ge detectors
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 23 116.75 mole-years (8.87 kg y of 76Ge) IGEXIGEX 222---ββ
02ν 5 T11/2 ≥ .57x10y Two neutrino decay 22ν 1 〈〉mν <(0.33 to 1.31) eV T1/2 =±(1.5 0.2)x10 y 90% C.L. Pulse Shape Discrimination
Single-site event
Multi-site event
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 24 WIMPWIMP DirectDirect SearchesSearches atat thethe CanfrancCanfranc UndergroundUnderground LaboratoryLaboratory
Objective:Objective: To attempt the detection of the nuclear recoil produced by a WIMP scattering of a nuclear target
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 25 How to detect (directly) WIMP particles of the halo:
Incident WIMP Scattered WIMP Energy deposit due to WIMP - Nucleus elastic scattering appears as
Heat Detector-Target Ionization Scintillation
Nuclear recoil with different degree of efficiency (Quenching factors).
The Canfranc Dark Matter Search Program measure the ionization, the scintillation, the heat, and the heat + light, according to various techniques and using several types of detectors
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 26 IGEX-DM ANAIS
Ge NaI
U. Zaragoza / South Carolina / PNNL / INR / ITEP U. Zaragoza
Ionization Collaboration Scintillation
CANFRANC EXPERIMENTS WIMP detection techniques
ROSEBUD-I ROSEBUD-II
Al2O3 Ge CaWO4 BGO CaWO4 Heat + Light
U. Zaragoza / IAS Orsay U. Zaragoza / IAS Orsay Collaboration Collaboration Heat
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 27 Methods 1. Comparison of expected signal rate with recorded (raw) background: •Derivation of exclusion plots σp(m): -Particle Dark Matter candidates interacting coherently with target nuclei, with nucleon cross-section σp (for mass m) which give rates above the recorded (background) rate are excluded.
IGEX-DM (Ge), ROSEBUD-I (Al2O3, CaWO4), ANAIS (NaI).
2. Looking for distinctive signals •Annual modulation of the WIMP signal a)NaI-32 (Completed) b)ANAIS (Annual Modulation Search with NaIs). Prototype tested. Set of 10 detectors (107 kg of NaI) being mounted. •Recoil rate dependence on the nuclear target (nuclear mass A and spin J). Explored with cryogenic detectors.
ROSEBUD, (Rare Objects SEarch with Bolometers UndergrounD) (Al2O3, Ge, CaWO4, BGO).
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 28 Looking for WIMPs of low mass COSMECOSME--11
130.7130.7 kgkg.d.d
COSME spectrum (with and without filtering microphonics & electronic noise)
Exclusion plot for spin independent interactions
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 29 COSMECOSME 22 Looking for WIMPs with a small natural Ge detector 7373 kgkg.d.d
COSME2 background spectrum COSME-1
COSME-2
IGEX-DM 2000
DAMA region COSME-1
Exclusion plots for spin dependent interactions
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 30 COSMECOSME 22 Detection of solar axions through Bragg-scattering Primakoff conversion inside the crystal electric field -9 -1 gaγγ < 2.8x10 GeV
At 95% C.L.
typical example of the temporal pattern expected along one day
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 31 IGEXIGEX--DMDM
Direct search for WIMPs with an enriched Ge
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza detector 32 SHIELDINGSHIELDING 22 (summer(summer 2001)2001) 5 cm Plastic Only one detector scintillator
archaeological lead side 60 cm 2.5 tons
Low activity lead side 100 cm , 10 tons
PVC bags
with N2
Cadmium layer 2 mm Polyethylene layer + borated water (20 - 40 cms)
RG-II detector A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 33 IGEXIGEXIGEX-DM--DMDM 20012001 RESULTSRESULTS
1.0 NEW BACKGROUND 0.9 4-10 keV background: 0.21 c/keV/kg/day 0.8 10-20 keV background:0.10 c/keV/kg/day 25-40 keV background:0.04 c/keV/kg/day 0.7 0.6 Previous spectrum (236 kg-days) 0.5 0.4 IGEX-DM new data summer 2001 (80 kg-days) counts/keV/kg/day 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 1020304050
Energy (keV)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 34 IGEXIGEXIGEX-DM--DMDM 20012001 EXCLUSIONEXCLUSION In 80 kg- day,6 IGEX-DM has excluded10 WIMP-nucleon cross-section (for SI IGEX-DM 2000 interactions) above 7x10-6 pb for masses from 20 to IGEX-DM 2001 200 GeV. That is the best exclusion10- 7 ever obtained with these type of detectors (nbarn) n s 10- 8
10- 9 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
MW (GeV) A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 35 # Set of Germanium crystals in one cryostat # IGEX Technology GEDEONGEDEON # 30 Kg total mass in 1st stage. 60 Kg 2nd stage # Background of 2 - 5 x 10-3 c/keV.Kg.day is expected # Annual modulation can be searched (Astrop. Phys. 14, 339)
50 cm borated water
10 cm high purity polyethylene 1 to 2 25 cm radiopure lead Kg. 15 cm archeological lead
# EASY # LOW-COST # NO TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 36 PROSPECTS OF THE CANFRANC DARK MATTER SEARCHES WITH GERMANIUM
IGEX-DM 10- 6 Provided low E events are rejected - 7 IGEX-DM PROJECT E (thr) = 4 keV 10 Flat 0,04 c/keV.Kg.d 10- 8 MT = 1 Kg.y
- (nbarn) 10 9 n GEDEON σ - E (thr) = 4 keV 10 10
Flat 0,0O2 c/keV.Kg.d GEDEON PROJECT 10- 11 MT = 24 Kg.y 1 5 10 50 100 5001000
MW (GeV)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 37 Search for annual modulation of NaINaI--3232 WIMPs signals with scintillators 4613.64613.6 kgkg.d.d
Exclusion plots for coherent and spin dependent interactions in units of the Dirac neutrino c. s. Background spectrum
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 38 Experimental set-up of the prototype
ANAIS Search for annual modulation of WIMP signals with large masses of NaI
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 39 FirstFirst resultsresults inin 2069.852069.85 kgkg..dd 30 • Threshold: raw data 25 after noise rejection ~4 keV 210Pb 20 d) • Bkg: kg 15 V escape I X rays 1.2 c/(keV.kg.d) Pb X rays 10 for 46.5 keV c/(ke in 4-10 keV 5
0 0 2040608010010 energy (keV) PSD 1 d) kg 0.1 data 2069.85 kg.d c/(keV estimate PSD 0.01 0 2 4 6 8 101214161820 A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza energy (keV) 40 ExclusionExclusion plotsplots forfor WIMPsWIMPs s(s(mwmw))
Scalar Interactions SI
0 prototype I •Prototype (solid 10 Na NaI line) -1 estimate, 10 without PSD •Estimate: 10-2 •1 c/(keV kg d) in 2-8 keV -3 (pb) 10 •107 kg x y n σ 10-4 • without PSD estimate, (dotted) with PSD 10-5 •with PSD S.I., 90% C. L. (dashed) 10-6 1 10 100 1000 mW (GeV) DAMA region
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 41 Experimento ANAIS En fase de montaje Laboratorio 3 ( 2450 m.w.e.)
2 1. Vibration insulator 3 2. 40 cm neutron shielding 3. 2 x 0.5 m2 veto 4. 2 mm Cd 5. PVC box 7 6 6. 20 cm lead 8 5 7. 10 cm roman lead 8. 10 x 10.7 Kg NaI
4
1
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 42 ROSEBUDROSEBUD Rare Objects SEarch with Bolometers UndergrounD Bol 278
54g CaWO4 Bol 276 Ge (IR) Roman lead Bol 265 67g Ge Bol 213
50g Al2O3
FARADAY CAGE EXTERNAL SHIELDING
Al2O3
BGO
Ge CaWO4 Search for WIMPs with thermal
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza and scintillating detectors 43 ROSEBUDROSEBUD BestBest ResultsResults 20002000 inin CanfrancCanfranc
420 eV threshold in 67g Ge LOW ENERGY GE SPECTRUM
1 keV threshold in 50g Al2O3 5 evts/keV/kg/day at 100 keV 10,37keV X-ray Ga
T1/2=11,2 días
70Ge (n,γ) 71Ge
Energy (keV)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 44 Light/HeatLight/Heat discriminationdiscrimination 238U chain Alphas 1 MeV Scintillator (CaWO4, BGO) Optical detector (Ge) 2 MeV
Vheat Vlight
VHeat(mV) Xray source Optical fiber Reflecting cavity λ=820 nm (Ag-coated Cu) 241Am source: Ge-NTD α’s + 237Np recoils+60 keV γ’s
54g CaWO4 45 keV thr. (V) 46g BGO 6,5 keV thr. (V) Light Relative light yields Light V γ/α/n V V (V) 1/4/10 VHeat(V)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 45 3.3. FUTUREFUTURE PROJECTSPROJECTS
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 46 THE PROJECT OF A NEW LABORATORY
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 47 A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 48 NEW LABORATORY
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 49 DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEW LABORATORY
SPAIN INTERNATIONAL ROAD TUNNEL FRANCE
INDEPENDENT ENTRANCE (BUILT)
PK. 5278 MAIN HALL 675 m2 45x15 m (h=10 m)
VENTILATION pumps Clean rooms, etc EVACUATION Conexion 2,5x43x3 m GALLERY 91,2 m Actual Laboratory (100 m2)
Parking, Logistic, ...
Machines room. ... Machines room. ... To CERN
INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL RAILWAY TUNNELTUNNEL PK. 2550
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 50 NEW LABORATORY SCHEMATIC VIEW
MAIL HALL 675 m2 Offices and clean rooms 240 m2 (45 x 15 m) h=10m
To road tunnel
OLD LABORATORY RAILWAY TUNNEL 20 x 5 m (h=4,5 m)
Machines room 120 m2
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 51 THETHE CANFRANCCANFRANC UNDERGROUUNDERGROUNNDD ASTROPARTICLEASTROPARTICLE NATIONALNATIONAL LABORATORYLABORATORY
# FINANCEMENT APROVED
# EXECUTION ADMINISTRATIVE DEADLINES
# MANAGEMENT DGA-UZ CONSORTIUM
PARTNERSHIP WITH LNGS (Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. Italia) LSM (Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane. Francia) Boulby (Institute for Underground Science. Boulby Laboratory. UK)
A. Morales LSC. & U. de Zaragoza 52