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Volume XIV, Issue 2 April 2020 PERSPECTIVES on TERRORISM Volume 14, Issue 2

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Volume XIV, Issue 2 April 2020 PERSPECTIVES on TERRORISM Volume 14, Issue 2 ISSN 2334-3745 Volume XIV, Issue 2 April 2020 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 14, Issue 2 Table of Contents Welcome from the Editors……………………………………………………………….............................….1 Articles Introduction to the Special Issue: Violent Mobilization and Non-Mobilization in the North Caucasus…………………………………………………………………………........................................…..2 by Julie Wilhelmsen and Mark Youngman Ideology along the Contours of Power: The Case of the Caucasus Emirate……….............................……11 by Mark Youngman Exclusion and Inclusion: The Core of Chechen Mobilization to Jihad………………............................….27 by Julie Wilhelmsen What Drove Young Dagestani Muslim to Join ISIS? A Study Based on Social Movement Theory and Collective Framing……………………………………………………...............................................………42 by Domitilla Sagramoso and Akhmet Yarlykapov Jihad at Home or Leaving for Syria and Iraq: Understanding the Motivations of Dagestani Salafists……………………………………………………………………...........................................……..57 by Jean-François Ratelle Gender and Jihad: Women from the Caucasus in the Syrian Conflict…………………..............................69 by Aleksandre Kvakhadze Islamic Conflict and Violence in Local Communities: Lessons from the North Caucasus……………………………………………………………………………………............................80 by Irina V. Starodubrovskaya Violence and the Dynamics of Political Settlements in Post-Soviet Kabardino-Balkaria………………………………………………………………………..............................93 by Jan Koehler, Alexey Gunya, Murat Shogenov and Asker Tumov Resources Bibliography: Terrorism in, or Originating from, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Russia (Part 2)…...112 Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes Counterterrorism Bookshelf: 51 Books on Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism Related Subjects………...142 Reviewed by Joshua Sinai Book Review: A. Gansewig & M. Walsh. Biographiebasierte Massnahmen in der schulischen Präventions- und Bildungsarbeit [Biography-based Measures in Prevention and Education Work in Schools]. Baden- Baden: Nomos, 2020………………………………….......................................……..……………………..154 Reviewed by Nina Käsehage Bibliography: Women and Terrorism…………………………………..............................…….………….155 Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes Recent Online Resources for the Analysis of Terrorism and Related Subjects……........................……..202 Compiled and selected by Berto Jongman Announcements Conference Calendar……………………………….........................................................…...……………..221 Compiled and selected by Reinier Bergema ISSN 2334-3745 I April 2020 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 14, Issue 2 Message from the Chairman of the Jury for the TRI Thesis Award ..……………………...……………..228 Announcement from the Editors of Perspectives on Terrorism…………………………...…..…………..229 About Perspectives on Terrorism…………………………………...………......................................……..232 Supplemental file Koehler et al. Case Studies from "Violence and the Dynamics of Political Settlements in Post-Soviet Kabardino-Balkaria"...................................................................................................................................233 ISSN 2334-3745 II April 2020 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 14, Issue 2 Words of Welcome from the Editors Dear Reader, We are pleased to announce the release of Volume XIV, Issue 2 (April 2020) of Perspectives on Terrorism (ISSN 2334-3745). Our free and independent online journal is a publication of the Terrorism Research Initiative (TRI), Vienna, and the Institute of Security and Global Affairs (ISGA) of Leiden University’s Campus in The Hague. All past and recent issues are available online at URL: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/perspectives-on-terrorism. Perspectives on Terrorism (PoT) is indexed by JSTOR, SCOPUS, and GoogleScholar. Now in its fourteenth year, it has nearly 9,000 registered subscribers and many more occasional readers and website visitors worldwide. The Articles of its six annual issues are fully peer-reviewed by external referees while its Research and Policy Notes, Special Correspondence, Resources and other content are subject to internal editorial quality control. The current issue is aSpecial Issue, focusing on political violence and conflicts in the North Caucasus. It is guest-edited by Julie Wilhelmsen, Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Dr. Wilhelmsen is an expert on Russian foreign and security policies as well as radicalisation of Islam in Eurasia. In the opening article, she and co-author Mark Youngman introduce the topics and authors of the seven research articles in this Special Issue. Our Resources section opens with a bibliography that supplements the literature cited in the articles of this Special Issue. This includes books, articles, theses as well as grey literature on terrorism in the Caucasus, Russia and Central Asia, and has been compiled by Judith Tinnes. Joshua Sinai, PoT’s book reviews editor, presents more than fifty books on terrorism and counter-terrorism, while Nina Käsehage introduces a new German publication on the role of former extremists in German educational programs to counter radicalisation. Next, Judith Tinnes provides a major bibliography on Women & Terrorism, followed by Berto Jongman’s regular survey of new web-based resources on terrorism and related subjects. Reinier Bergema offers an overview of recent and upcoming conferences and workshops on terrorism and related subjects, many of which might still be cancelled or have already been postponed due to the current coronavirus epidemic. In the Announcements section, we introduce Leah Farrell, Jeff Kaplan and Craig Whiteside, three scholars who have recently joined Perspectives on Terrorism as Associate Editors. Since we have been receiving article submissions on a daily basis in recent months, the current editors were compelled to expand the Editorial Team to cope with the growing workload. We have also expanded the Editorial Board, our main body of reviewers, which now includes Max Abrahms, Colin Clarke, Aaron Hoffman, Brian Nussbaum, Brian Philipps and Ahmet Yayla. Their short biographies can also be found in the Announcements section. The articles for the current issue ofPerspectives on Terrorism have, as mentioned above, been guest-edited by Julie Wilhelmsen. She has been assisted by the principal editors of our journal, Alex Schmid and James Forest. The technical online launch of this journal issue has, as usual, been in the hands of Associate Editor for IT, Christine Boelema Robertus, while Editorial Assistant Jodi Moore contributed significantly with editing and proofreading. ISSN 2334-3745 1 April 2020 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 14, Issue 2 Violent Mobilization and Non-Mobilization in the North Caucasus by Julie Wilhelmsen and Mark Youngman Following the appearance of the first reports of Chechen involvement in the Syrian conflict in 2012 and the subsequent large-scale migration of foreign fighters to the Middle East—particularly after the proclamation of the Islamic State (IS) in 2014—the North Caucasus has again become popularly associated with violence and terrorism. Although official figures have been varied and inconsistent, Russian President Vladimir Putin estimated in May 2014 that 4,000 Russian citizens had travelled to fight in Syria and Iraq.[1] Interior Ministry statements indicate that residents of the North Caucasus have accounted for the majority of these, with approximately 1,500 people from Dagestan, almost 800 from Chechnya, and around 200 each from Kabardino- Balkaria and Ingushetia.[2] These developments have, in turn, fed domestic security concerns, with the overlapping challenges posed by concerns of the potential threat posed by returning participants of the conflict in Syria and Iraq; the formal incorporation of the remnants of the North Caucasus insurgency into the ‘caliphate’; and terrorist attacks carried out by individuals inspired by, and claiming to act in the name of, IS. Between September 2015 and April 2018, IS claimed responsibility for 26 attacks in Russia, with several further attacks since then. Reliable news sources like Caucasian Knot routinely report on violent incidents and efforts to either reintegrate or prosecute returnees.[3] At the same time, the North Caucasus itself has become increasingly difficult for researchers to access, and—for Russian researchers seeking to understand their own country—even dangerous. As understanding the region has become ever more important, so have the challenges of obtaining, verifying, and analyzing information about it increased. This special edition of Perspectives on Terrorism is part of an effort to facilitate ongoing research into the causes and limits of violent mobilization, to help researchers to better understand and contextualize these complex issues. It also represents an effort to maintain a dialogue between Russian and Western research communities working in this area. The contributors are diverse: they are trained in different disciplines and academic traditions, and they rely on diverse theoretical and methodological approaches. What unites these contributions is an effort to answer the broad research questionwhy has violent mobilization in, and from, the North Caucasus occurred (or not)? The contributing authors to this Special Issue use a variety of terms to describe the phenomenon they are studying: radicalization, terrorism, insurgency, jihadism, fundamentalism, violent extremism, foreign fighting,
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